docs: update differences.md to reflect SYSTEM/ACCOUNT types and imports/exports implemented

Add ProcessServiceImport method to NatsServer that transforms subjects
from importer to exporter namespace and delivers to destination account
subscribers. Wire service import checking into ProcessMessage so that
publishes matching a service import "From" pattern are automatically
forwarded to the destination account. Includes MapImportSubject for
wildcard-aware subject mapping and WireServiceImports for import setup.

.claude/settings.local.json

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "hooks": {
+    "PostToolUse": [
+      {
+        "matcher": "Write|Edit|MultiEdit",
+        "hooks": [
+          {
+            "type": "command",
+            "command": "slopwatch analyze -d . --hook",
+            "timeout": 60000
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}

.slopwatch/config.json.example

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "suppressions": [
+    {
+      "ruleId": "SW002",
+      "pattern": "**/Generated/**",
+      "justification": "Generated code from protobuf/gRPC compiler - cannot be modified"
+    }
+  ],
+  "globalSuppressions": []
+}

Directory.Packages.props

@@ -8,11 +8,16 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions" Version="10.0.3" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Serilog.Extensions.Hosting" Version="10.0.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Serilog.Sinks.Console" Version="6.1.1" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Serilog.Sinks.File" Version="6.0.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Serilog.Sinks.SyslogMessages" Version="3.0.1" />
 
     <!-- Authentication -->
     <PackageVersion Include="NATS.NKeys" Version="1.0.0-preview.3" />
     <PackageVersion Include="BCrypt.Net-Next" Version="4.0.3" />
 
+    <!-- Windows Service -->
+    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting.WindowsServices" Version="10.0.0" />
+
     <!-- Testing -->
     <PackageVersion Include="coverlet.collector" Version="6.0.4" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.14.1" />

differences.md

@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+# Go vs .NET NATS Server: Functionality Differences
+
+> Excludes clustering/routes, gateways, leaf nodes, and JetStream.
+> Generated 2026-02-22 by comparing `golang/nats-server/server/` against `src/NATS.Server/`.
+
+---
+
+## 1. Core Server Lifecycle
+
+### Server Initialization
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| NKey generation (server identity) | Y | Y | Ed25519 key pair via NATS.NKeys at startup |
+| System account setup | Y | Y | `$SYS` account with InternalEventSystem, event publishing, request-reply services |
+| Config file validation on startup | Y | Y | Full config parsing with error collection via `ConfigProcessor` |
+| PID file writing | Y | Y | Written on startup, deleted on shutdown |
+| Profiling HTTP endpoint (`/debug/pprof`) | Y | Stub | `ProfPort` option exists but endpoint not implemented |
+| Ports file output | Y | Y | JSON ports file written to `PortsFileDir` on startup |
+
+### Accept Loop
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Exponential backoff on accept errors | Y | Y | .NET backs off from 10ms to 1s on repeated failures |
+| Config reload lock during client creation | Y | N | Go holds `reloadMu` around `createClient` |
+| Goroutine/task tracking (WaitGroup) | Y | Y | `Interlocked` counter + drain with 10s timeout on shutdown |
+| Callback-based error handling | Y | N | Go uses `errFunc` callback pattern |
+| Random/ephemeral port (port=0) | Y | Y | Port resolved after `Bind`+`Listen`, stored in `_options.Port` |
+
+### Shutdown
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Graceful shutdown with `WaitForShutdown()` | Y | Y | Idempotent CAS-guarded `ShutdownAsync()` + blocking `WaitForShutdown()` |
+| Close reason tracking per connection | Y | Y | 37-value `ClosedState` enum, CAS-based first-writer-wins `MarkClosed()` |
+| Lame duck mode (stop new, drain existing) | Y | Y | `LameDuckShutdownAsync()` with grace period + stagger-close with jitter |
+| Wait for accept loop completion | Y | Y | `TaskCompletionSource` signaled in accept loop `finally` |
+| Flush pending data before close | Y | Y | `FlushAndCloseAsync()` with best-effort flush, skip-flush for error conditions |
+
+### Signal Handling
+| Signal | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|--------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| SIGINT (Ctrl+C) | Y | Y | Both handle graceful shutdown |
+| SIGTERM | Y | Y | `PosixSignalRegistration` triggers `ShutdownAsync()` |
+| SIGUSR1 (reopen logs) | Y | Y | SIGUSR1 handler calls ReOpenLogFile |
+| SIGUSR2 (lame duck mode) | Y | Y | Triggers `LameDuckShutdownAsync()` |
+| SIGHUP (config reload) | Y | Y | Re-parses config, diffs options, applies reloadable subset; CLI flags preserved |
+| Windows Service integration | Y | Y | `--service` flag with `Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting.WindowsServices` |
+
+---
+
+## 2. Client / Connection Handling
+
+### Concurrency Model
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Separate read + write loops | Y | Y | Channel-based `RunWriteLoopAsync` with `QueueOutbound()` |
+| Write coalescing / batch flush | Y | Y | Write loop drains all channel items before single `FlushAsync` |
+| Dynamic buffer sizing (512B-64KB) | Y | N | .NET delegates to `System.IO.Pipelines` |
+| Output buffer pooling (3-tier) | Y | N | Go pools at 512B, 4KB, 64KB |
+
+### Connection Types
+| Type | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| CLIENT | Y | Y | |
+| ROUTER | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
+| GATEWAY | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
+| LEAF | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
+| SYSTEM (internal) | Y | Y | InternalClient + InternalEventSystem with Channel-based send/receive loops |
+| JETSTREAM (internal) | Y | N | |
+| ACCOUNT (internal) | Y | Y | Lazy per-account InternalClient with import/export subscription support |
+| WebSocket clients | Y | N | |
+| MQTT clients | Y | N | |
+
+### Client Features
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Echo suppression (`echo: false`) | Y | Y | .NET checks echo in delivery path (NatsServer.cs:234,253) |
+| Verbose mode (`+OK` responses) | Y | Y | Sends `+OK` after CONNECT, SUB, UNSUB, PUB when `verbose:true` |
+| No-responders validation | Y | Y | CONNECT rejects `no_responders` without `headers`; 503 HMSG on no match |
+| Slow consumer detection | Y | Y | Pending bytes threshold (64MB) + write deadline timeout (10s) |
+| Write deadline / timeout policies | Y | Y | `WriteDeadline` option with `CancellationTokenSource.CancelAfter` on flush |
+| RTT measurement | Y | Y | `_rttStartTicks`/`Rtt` property, computed on PONG receipt |
+| Per-client trace mode | Y | Y | `SetTraceMode()` toggles parser logger dynamically via `ClientFlags.TraceMode` |
+| Detailed close reason tracking | Y | Y | 37-value `ClosedState` enum with CAS-based `MarkClosed()` |
+| Connection state flags (16 flags) | Y | Y | 7-flag `ClientFlagHolder` with `Interlocked.Or`/`And` |
+
+### Slow Consumer Handling
+Go implements a sophisticated slow consumer detection system:
+- Tracks `pendingBytes` per client output buffer
+- If pending exceeds `maxPending`, enters stall mode (2-5ms waits)
+- Total stall capped at 10ms per read cycle
+- Closes with `SlowConsumerPendingBytes` or `SlowConsumerWriteDeadline`
+- Sets `isSlowConsumer` flag for monitoring
+
+.NET now implements pending bytes tracking and write deadline enforcement via `Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>>`. Key differences from Go: no stall/retry mode (immediate close on threshold exceeded), write deadline via `CancellationTokenSource.CancelAfter` instead of `SetWriteDeadline`. `IsSlowConsumer` flag and server-level `SlowConsumerCount` stats are tracked for monitoring.
+
+### Stats Tracking
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Per-connection atomic stats | Y | Y | .NET uses `Interlocked` for stats access |
+| Per-read-cycle stat batching | Y | Y | Local accumulators flushed via `Interlocked.Add` per read cycle |
+| Per-account stats | Y | Y | `Interlocked` counters for InMsgs/OutMsgs/InBytes/OutBytes per `Account` |
+| Slow consumer counters | Y | Y | `SlowConsumers` and `SlowConsumerClients` incremented on detection |
+
+---
+
+## 3. Protocol Parsing
+
+### Parser Architecture
+| Aspect | Go | .NET |
+|--------|-----|------|
+| Approach | Byte-by-byte state machine (74 states) | Two-phase: line extraction + command dispatch |
+| Case handling | Per-state character checks | Bit-mask lowercase normalization (`\| 0x20`) |
+| Buffer strategy | Jump-ahead optimization for payloads | Direct size-based reads via Pipe |
+| Split-buffer handling | argBuf accumulation with scratch buffer | State variables (`_awaitingPayload`, etc.) |
+| Error model | Inline error sending + error return | Exception-based (`ProtocolViolationException`) |
+| CRLF in payload | Included in message buffer | Excluded by design |
+
+### Protocol Operations
+| Operation | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|-----------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| PUB | Y | Y | |
+| HPUB (headers) | Y | Y | |
+| SUB | Y | Y | |
+| UNSUB | Y | Y | |
+| CONNECT | Y | Y | |
+| INFO | Y | Y | |
+| PING / PONG | Y | Y | |
+| MSG / HMSG | Y | Y | |
+| +OK / -ERR | Y | Y | |
+| RS+/RS-/RMSG (routes) | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
+| A+/A- (accounts) | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
+| LS+/LS-/LMSG (leaf) | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
+
+### Protocol Parsing Gaps
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Multi-client-type command routing | Y | N | Go checks `c.kind` to allow/reject commands |
+| Protocol tracing in parser | Y | Y | `TraceInOp()` logs `<<- OP arg` at `LogLevel.Trace` via optional `ILogger` |
+| Subject mapping (input→output) | Y | Y | Compiled `SubjectTransform` engine with 9 function tokens; wired into `ProcessMessage` |
+| MIME header parsing | Y | Y | `NatsHeaderParser.Parse()` — status line + key-value headers from `ReadOnlySpan<byte>` |
+| Message trace event initialization | Y | N | |
+
+### Protocol Writing
+| Aspect | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|--------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| INFO serialization | Once at startup | Once at startup | Cached at startup; nonce connections serialize per-connection |
+| MSG/HMSG construction | Direct buffer write | Span-based buffer write | `int.TryFormat` + `CopyTo` into rented buffer, no string allocations |
+| Pre-encoded constants | Y | Y | Both pre-encode PING/PONG/OK |
+
+---
+
+## 4. Subscriptions & Subject Matching
+
+### Trie Implementation
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Basic trie with `*`/`>` wildcards | Y | Y | Core matching identical |
+| Queue group support | Y | Y | |
+| Result caching (1024 max) | Y | Y | Same limits |
+| `plist` optimization (>256 subs) | Y | N | Go converts high-fanout nodes to array |
+| Async cache sweep (background) | Y | N | .NET sweeps inline under write lock |
+| Atomic generation ID for invalidation | Y | Y | `Interlocked.Increment` on insert/remove; cached results store generation |
+| Cache eviction strategy | Random | First-N | Semantic difference minimal |
+
+### SubList Features
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| `Stats()` — comprehensive statistics | Y | Y | Matches, cache hits, inserts, removes tracked via `Interlocked` |
+| `HasInterest()` — fast bool check | Y | Y | Walks trie without allocating result list |
+| `NumInterest()` — fast count | Y | Y | Counts plain + queue subs without allocation |
+| `ReverseMatch()` — pattern→literal query | Y | Y | Finds subscriptions whose wildcards match a literal subject |
+| `RemoveBatch()` — efficient bulk removal | Y | Y | Single generation increment for batch; increments `_removes` per sub |
+| `All()` — enumerate all subscriptions | Y | Y | Recursive trie walk returning all subscriptions |
+| Notification system (interest changes) | Y | N | |
+| Local/remote subscription filtering | Y | N | |
+| Queue weight expansion (remote subs) | Y | N | |
+| `MatchBytes()` — zero-copy byte API | Y | N | |
+
+### Subject Validation
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Basic validation (empty tokens, wildcards) | Y | Y | |
+| Literal subject check | Y | Y | |
+| UTF-8/null rune validation | Y | Y | `IsValidSubject(string, bool checkRunes)` rejects null bytes |
+| Collision detection (`SubjectsCollide`) | Y | Y | Token-by-token wildcard comparison; O(n) via upfront `Split` |
+| Token utilities (`tokenAt`, `numTokens`) | Y | Y | `TokenAt` returns `ReadOnlySpan<char>`; `NumTokens` counts separators |
+| Stack-allocated token buffer | Y | N | Go uses `[32]string{}` on stack |
+
+### Subscription Lifecycle
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Per-account subscription limit | Y | Y | `Account.IncrementSubscriptions()` returns false when `MaxSubscriptions` exceeded |
+| Auto-unsubscribe on max messages | Y | Y | Enforced at delivery; sub removed from trie + client dict when exhausted |
+| Subscription routing propagation | Y | N | For clusters |
+| Queue weight (`qw`) field | Y | N | For remote queue load balancing |
+
+---
+
+## 5. Authentication & Authorization
+
+### Auth Mechanisms
+| Mechanism | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|-----------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Username/password | Y | Y | |
+| Token | Y | Y | |
+| NKeys (Ed25519) | Y | Y | .NET has framework but integration is basic |
+| JWT validation | Y | Y | `NatsJwt` decode/verify, `JwtAuthenticator` with account resolution + revocation |
+| Bcrypt password hashing | Y | Y | .NET supports bcrypt (`$2*` prefix) with constant-time fallback |
+| TLS certificate mapping | Y | Y | X500DistinguishedName with full DN match and CN fallback |
+| Custom auth interface | Y | N | |
+| External auth callout | Y | N | |
+| Proxy authentication | Y | N | |
+| Bearer tokens | Y | Y | `UserClaims.BearerToken` skips nonce signature verification |
+| User revocation tracking | Y | Y | Per-account `ConcurrentDictionary` with wildcard (`*`) revocation support |
+
+### Account System
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Per-account SubList isolation | Y | Y | |
+| Multi-account user resolution | Y | Y | `AccountConfig` per account in `NatsOptions.Accounts`; `GetOrCreateAccount` wires limits |
+| Account exports/imports | Y | Y | ServiceImport/StreamImport with ExportAuth, subject transforms, response routing |
+| Per-account connection limits | Y | Y | `Account.AddClient()` returns false when `MaxConnections` exceeded |
+| Per-account subscription limits | Y | Y | `Account.IncrementSubscriptions()` enforced in `ProcessSub()` |
+| Account JetStream limits | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
+
+### Permissions
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Publish allow list | Y | Y | |
+| Subscribe allow list | Y | Y | |
+| Publish deny list | Y | Y | Full enforcement with LRU-cached results |
+| Subscribe deny list | Y | Y | Queue-aware deny checking in `IsSubscribeAllowed` |
+| Message-level deny filtering | Y | Y | `IsDeliveryAllowed()` checked before MSG send; auto-unsub cleanup on deny |
+| Permission caching (128 entries) | Y | Y | `PermissionLruCache` — Dictionary+LinkedList LRU, matching Go's `maxPermCacheSize` |
+| Response permissions (reply tracking) | Y | Y | `ResponseTracker` with configurable TTL + max messages; not LRU-cached |
+| Auth expiry enforcement | Y | Y | `Task.Delay` timer closes client when JWT/auth expires |
+| Permission templates (JWT) | Y | Y | `PermissionTemplates.Expand()` — 6 functions with cartesian product for multi-value tags |
+
+---
+
+## 6. Configuration
+
+### CLI Flags
+| Flag | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| `-p/--port` | Y | Y | |
+| `-a/--addr` | Y | Y | |
+| `-n/--name` (ServerName) | Y | Y | |
+| `-m/--http_port` (monitoring) | Y | Y | |
+| `-c` (config file) | Y | Y | Full config parsing: lexer → parser → processor; CLI args override config |
+| `-D/-V/-DV` (debug/trace) | Y | Y | `-D`/`--debug` for debug, `-V`/`-T`/`--trace` for trace, `-DV` for both |
+| `--tlscert/--tlskey/--tlscacert` | Y | Y | |
+| `--tlsverify` | Y | Y | |
+| `--http_base_path` | Y | Y | |
+| `--https_port` | Y | Y | |
+
+### Configuration System
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Config file parsing | Y | Y | Custom NATS conf lexer/parser ported from Go; supports includes, variables, blocks |
+| Hot reload (SIGHUP) | Y | Y | Reloads logging, auth, limits, TLS certs on SIGHUP; rejects non-reloadable changes |
+| Config change detection | Y | Y | SHA256 digest comparison; `InCmdLine` tracks CLI flag precedence |
+| ~450 option fields | Y | ~72 | .NET covers core + all single-server options; cluster/JetStream keys silently ignored |
+
+### Missing Options Categories
+- ~~Logging options~~ — file logging, rotation, syslog, debug/trace, color, timestamps, per-subsystem log control all implemented
+- ~~Advanced limits (MaxSubs, MaxSubTokens, MaxPending, WriteDeadline)~~ — `MaxSubs`, `MaxSubTokens` implemented; MaxPending/WriteDeadline already existed
+- ~~Tags/metadata~~ — `Tags` dictionary implemented in `NatsOptions`
+- ~~OCSP configuration~~ — `OcspConfig` with 4 modes (Auto/Always/Must/Never), peer verification, and stapling
+- WebSocket/MQTT options
+- ~~Operator mode / account resolver~~ — `JwtAuthenticator` + `IAccountResolver` + `MemAccountResolver` with trusted keys
+
+---
+
+## 7. Monitoring
+
+### HTTP Endpoints
+| Endpoint | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|----------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| `/healthz` | Y | Y | |
+| `/varz` | Y | Y | |
+| `/connz` | Y | Y | |
+| `/` (root listing) | Y | Y | |
+| `/routez` | Y | Stub | Returns empty response |
+| `/gatewayz` | Y | Stub | Returns empty response |
+| `/leafz` | Y | Stub | Returns empty response |
+| `/subz` / `/subscriptionsz` | Y | Y | Account filtering, test subject filtering, pagination, and subscription details |
+| `/accountz` | Y | Stub | Returns empty response |
+| `/accstatz` | Y | Stub | Returns empty response |
+| `/jsz` | Y | Stub | Returns empty response |
+
+### Varz Response
+| Field Category | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|----------------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Identity (ID, Name, Version) | Y | Y | |
+| Network (Host, Port, URLs) | Y | Y | |
+| Security (AuthRequired, TLS) | Y | Y | |
+| Limits (MaxConn, MaxPayload) | Y | Y | |
+| Timing (Start, Now, Uptime) | Y | Y | |
+| Runtime (Mem, CPU, Cores) | Y | Y | |
+| Connections (current, total) | Y | Y | |
+| Messages (in/out msgs/bytes) | Y | Y | |
+| SlowConsumer breakdown | Y | N | Go tracks per connection type |
+| Cluster/Gateway/Leaf blocks | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
+| JetStream block | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
+| TLS cert expiry info | Y | Y | `TlsCertNotAfter` loaded via `X509CertificateLoader` in `/varz` |
+
+### Connz Response
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Filtering by CID, user, account | Y | Partial | |
+| Sorting (11 options) | Y | Y | All options including ByStop, ByReason, ByRtt |
+| State filtering (open/closed/all) | Y | Y | `state=open|closed|all` query parameter |
+| Closed connection tracking | Y | Y | `ConcurrentQueue<ClosedClient>` capped at 10,000 entries |
+| Pagination (offset, limit) | Y | Y | |
+| Subscription detail mode | Y | N | |
+| TLS peer certificate info | Y | N | |
+| JWT/IssuerKey/Tags fields | Y | N | |
+| MQTT client ID filtering | Y | N | |
+| Proxy info | Y | N | |
+
+---
+
+## 8. TLS
+
+### TLS Modes
+| Mode | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| No TLS | Y | Y | |
+| INFO-first (default NATS) | Y | Y | |
+| TLS-first (before INFO) | Y | Y | |
+| Mixed/Fallback | Y | Y | |
+| TLS-required | Y | Y | |
+
+### TLS Features
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| PEM cert/key loading | Y | Y | |
+| CA chain validation | Y | Y | |
+| Mutual TLS (client certs) | Y | Y | |
+| Certificate pinning (SHA256 SPKI) | Y | Y | |
+| TLS handshake timeout | Y | Y | |
+| TLS rate limiting | Y | Y | Rate enforcement with refill; unit tests cover rate limiting and refill |
+| First-byte peeking (0x16 detection) | Y | Y | |
+| Cert subject→user mapping | Y | Y | X500DistinguishedName with full DN match and CN fallback |
+| OCSP stapling | Y | Y | `SslStreamCertificateContext.Create` with `offline:false` for runtime OCSP fetch |
+| Min TLS version control | Y | Y | |
+
+---
+
+## 9. Logging
+
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Structured logging | Partial | Y | .NET uses Serilog with ILogger<T> |
+| File logging with rotation | Y | Y | `-l`/`--log_file` flag + `LogSizeLimit`/`LogMaxFiles` via Serilog.Sinks.File |
+| Syslog (local and remote) | Y | Y | `--syslog` and `--remote_syslog` flags via Serilog.Sinks.SyslogMessages |
+| Log reopening (SIGUSR1) | Y | Y | SIGUSR1 handler calls ReOpenLogFile callback |
+| Trace mode (protocol-level) | Y | Y | `-V`/`-T`/`--trace` flags; parser `TraceInOp()` logs at Trace level |
+| Debug mode | Y | Y | `-D`/`--debug` flag lowers Serilog minimum to Debug |
+| Per-subsystem log control | Y | Y | `--log_level_override ns=level` CLI flag with Serilog `MinimumLevel.Override` |
+| Color output on TTY | Y | Y | Auto-detected via `Console.IsOutputRedirected`, uses `AnsiConsoleTheme.Code` |
+| Timestamp format control | Y | Y | `--logtime` and `--logtime_utc` flags |
+
+---
+
+## 10. Ping/Pong & Keepalive
+
+| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
+|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
+| Server-initiated PING | Y | Y | |
+| Configurable interval | Y | Y | PingInterval option |
+| Max pings out | Y | Y | MaxPingsOut option |
+| Stale connection close | Y | Y | |
+| RTT-based first PING delay | Y | Y | Skips PING until FirstPongSent or 2s elapsed |
+| RTT tracking | Y | Y | `_rttStartTicks`/`Rtt` property, computed on PONG receipt |
+| Stale connection stats | Y | Y | `StaleConnectionStats` model, exposed in `/varz` |
+
+---
+
+## Summary: Critical Gaps for Production Use
+
+### Resolved Since Initial Audit
+The following items from the original gap list have been implemented:
+- **Slow consumer detection** — pending bytes threshold (64MB) with write deadline enforcement
+- **Write coalescing / batch flush** — channel-based write loop drains all items before single flush
+- **Verbose mode** — `+OK` responses for CONNECT, SUB, UNSUB, PUB when `verbose:true`
+- **Permission deny enforcement at delivery** — `IsDeliveryAllowed` + auto-unsub cleanup
+- **No-responders validation** — CONNECT rejects `no_responders` without `headers`; 503 HMSG on no match
+- **File logging with rotation** — Serilog.Sinks.File with rolling file support
+- **TLS certificate mapping** — X500DistinguishedName with full DN match and CN fallback
+- **Protocol tracing** — `-V`/`-T` flag enables trace-level logging; `-D` for debug
+- **Subscription statistics** — `Stats()`, `HasInterest()`, `NumInterest()`, etc.
+- **Per-account limits** — connection + subscription limits via `AccountConfig`
+- **Reply subject tracking** — `ResponseTracker` with TTL + max messages
+- **JWT authentication** — `JwtAuthenticator` with decode/verify, account resolution, revocation, permission templates
+- **OCSP support** — peer verification via `X509RevocationMode.Online`, stapling via `SslStreamCertificateContext`
+- **Subject mapping** — compiled `SubjectTransform` engine with 9 function tokens, wired into message delivery
+- **Windows Service integration** — `--service` flag with `Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting.WindowsServices`
+- **Per-subsystem log control** — `--log_level_override` CLI flag with Serilog overrides
+- **Per-client trace mode** — `SetTraceMode()` with dynamic parser logger toggling
+- **Per-account stats** — `Interlocked` counters for InMsgs/OutMsgs/InBytes/OutBytes
+- **TLS cert expiry in /varz** — `TlsCertNotAfter` populated via `X509CertificateLoader`
+- **Permission templates** — `PermissionTemplates.Expand()` with 6 functions and cartesian product
+- **Bearer tokens** — `UserClaims.BearerToken` skips nonce verification
+- **User revocation** — per-account tracking with wildcard (`*`) revocation
+- **Config file parsing** — custom lexer/parser ported from Go; supports includes, variables, nested blocks, size suffixes
+- **Hot reload (SIGHUP)** — re-parses config, diffs changes, validates reloadable set, applies with CLI precedence
+- **SYSTEM client type** — InternalClient with InternalEventSystem, Channel-based send/receive loops, event publishing
+- **ACCOUNT client type** — lazy per-account InternalClient with import/export subscription support
+- **System event publishing** — connect/disconnect advisories, server stats, shutdown/lame-duck events, auth errors
+- **System request-reply services** — $SYS.REQ.SERVER.*.VARZ/CONNZ/SUBSZ/HEALTHZ/IDZ/STATSZ with ping wildcards
+- **Account exports/imports** — service and stream imports with ExportAuth, subject transforms, response routing, latency tracking
+
+### Remaining Lower Priority
+1. **Dynamic buffer sizing** — delegated to Pipe, less optimized for long-lived connections

docs/plans/2026-02-22-core-lifecycle-design.md

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# Core Server Lifecycle — Design
+
+Implements all gaps from section 1 of `differences.md` (Core Server Lifecycle).
+
+Reference: `golang/nats-server/server/server.go`, `client.go`, `signal.go`
+
+## Components
+
+### 1. ClosedState Enum & Close Reason Tracking
+
+New file `src/NATS.Server/ClosedState.cs` — full Go enum (37 values from `client.go:188-228`).
+
+- `NatsClient` gets `CloseReason` property, `MarkClosed(ClosedState)` method
+- Close reason set in `RunAsync` finally blocks based on exception type
+- Error-related reasons (ReadError, WriteError, TLSHandshakeError) skip flush on close
+- `NatsServer.RemoveClient` logs close reason via structured logging
+
+### 2. Accept Loop Exponential Backoff
+
+Port Go's `acceptError` pattern from `server.go:4607-4627`.
+
+- Constants: `AcceptMinSleep = 10ms`, `AcceptMaxSleep = 1s`
+- On `SocketException`: sleep `tmpDelay`, double it, cap at 1s
+- On success: reset to 10ms
+- During sleep: check `_quitCts` to abort if shutting down
+- Non-temporary errors break the loop
+
+### 3. Ephemeral Port (port=0)
+
+After `_listener.Bind()` + `Listen()`, resolve actual port:
+
+```csharp
+if (_options.Port == 0)
+{
+    var actualPort = ((IPEndPoint)_listener.LocalEndPoint!).Port;
+    _options.Port = actualPort;
+    _serverInfo.Port = actualPort;
+}
+```
+
+Add public `Port` property on `NatsServer` exposing the resolved port.
+
+### 4. Graceful Shutdown with WaitForShutdown
+
+New fields on `NatsServer`:
+- `_shutdown` (volatile bool)
+- `_shutdownComplete` (TaskCompletionSource)
+- `_quitCts` (CancellationTokenSource) — internal shutdown signal
+
+`ShutdownAsync()` sequence:
+1. Guard: if already shutting down, return
+2. Set `_shutdown = true`, cancel `_quitCts`
+3. Close `_listener` (stops accept loop)
+4. Close all client connections with `ServerShutdown` reason
+5. Wait for active client tasks to drain
+6. Stop monitor server
+7. Signal `_shutdownComplete`
+
+`WaitForShutdown()`: blocks on `_shutdownComplete.Task`.
+
+`Dispose()`: calls `ShutdownAsync` synchronously if not already shut down.
+
+### 5. Task Tracking
+
+Track active client tasks for clean shutdown:
+- `_activeClientCount` (int, Interlocked)
+- `_allClientsExited` (TaskCompletionSource, signaled when count hits 0 during shutdown)
+- Increment in `AcceptClientAsync`, decrement in `RunClientAsync` finally block
+- `ShutdownAsync` waits on `_allClientsExited` with timeout
+
+### 6. Flush Pending Data Before Close
+
+`NatsClient.FlushAndCloseAsync(bool minimalFlush)`:
+- If not skip-flush reason: flush stream with 100ms write deadline
+- Close socket
+
+`MarkClosed(ClosedState)` sets skip-flush flag for: ReadError, WriteError, SlowConsumerPendingBytes, SlowConsumerWriteDeadline, TLSHandshakeError.
+
+### 7. Lame Duck Mode
+
+New options: `LameDuckDuration` (default 2min), `LameDuckGracePeriod` (default 10s).
+
+`LameDuckShutdownAsync()`:
+1. Set `_lameDuckMode = true`
+2. Close listener (stop new connections)
+3. Wait `LameDuckGracePeriod` (10s default) for clients to drain naturally
+4. Stagger-close remaining clients over `LameDuckDuration - GracePeriod`
+   - Sleep interval = remaining duration / client count (min 1ms, max 1s)
+   - Randomize slightly to avoid reconnect storms
+5. Call `ShutdownAsync()` for final cleanup
+
+Accept loop: on error, if `_lameDuckMode`, exit cleanly.
+
+### 8. PID File & Ports File
+
+New options: `PidFile` (string?), `PortsFileDir` (string?).
+
+PID file: `File.WriteAllText(pidFile, Process.GetCurrentProcess().Id.ToString())`
+Ports file: JSON with `{ "client": port, "monitor": monitorPort }` written to `{dir}/{exe}_{pid}.ports`
+
+Written at startup, deleted at shutdown.
+
+### 9. Signal Handling
+
+In `Program.cs`, use `PosixSignalRegistration` (.NET 6+):
+
+- `SIGTERM` → `server.ShutdownAsync()` then exit
+- `SIGUSR2` → `server.LameDuckShutdownAsync()`
+- `SIGUSR1` → log "log reopen not yet supported"
+- `SIGHUP` → log "config reload not yet supported"
+
+Keep existing Ctrl+C handler (SIGINT).
+
+### 10. Server Identity NKey (Stub)
+
+Generate Ed25519 key pair at construction. Store as `ServerNKey` (public) and `_serverSeed` (private). Not used in protocol yet — placeholder for future cluster identity.
+
+### 11. System Account (Stub)
+
+Create `$SYS` account in `_accounts` at construction. Expose as `SystemAccount` property. No internal subscriptions yet.
+
+### 12. Config File & Profiling (Stubs)
+
+- `NatsOptions.ConfigFile` — if set, log warning "config file parsing not yet supported"
+- `NatsOptions.ProfPort` — if set, log warning "profiling endpoint not yet supported"
+- `Program.cs`: add `-c` CLI flag
+
+## Testing
+
+- Accept loop backoff: mock socket that throws N times, verify delays
+- Ephemeral port: start server with port=0, verify resolved port > 0
+- Graceful shutdown: start server, connect clients, call ShutdownAsync, verify all disconnected
+- WaitForShutdown: verify it blocks until shutdown completes
+- Close reason tracking: verify correct ClosedState for auth timeout, max connections, stale connection
+- Lame duck mode: start server, connect clients, trigger lame duck, verify staggered closure
+- PID file: start server with PidFile option, verify file contents, verify deleted on shutdown
+- Ports file: start server with PortsFileDir, verify JSON contents
+- Flush before close: verify data is flushed before socket close during shutdown
+- System account: verify $SYS account exists after construction

docs/plans/2026-02-22-core-lifecycle-plan.md.tasks.json

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "planPath": "docs/plans/2026-02-22-core-lifecycle-plan.md",
+  "tasks": [
+    {"id": 5, "subject": "Task 0: Create ClosedState enum", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 6, "subject": "Task 1: Add close reason tracking to NatsClient", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [5]},
+    {"id": 7, "subject": "Task 2: Add NatsOptions for lifecycle features", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 8, "subject": "Task 3: Ephemeral port support", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 9, "subject": "Task 4: Graceful shutdown infrastructure", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [5, 6, 7, 8]},
+    {"id": 10, "subject": "Task 5: Flush pending data before close", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [9]},
+    {"id": 11, "subject": "Task 6: Lame duck mode", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [9]},
+    {"id": 12, "subject": "Task 7: PID file and ports file", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [9]},
+    {"id": 13, "subject": "Task 8: System account and NKey identity stubs", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 14, "subject": "Task 9: Signal handling and CLI stubs", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [11]},
+    {"id": 15, "subject": "Task 10: Update differences.md", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [14]},
+    {"id": 16, "subject": "Task 11: Final verification", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [15]}
+  ],
+  "lastUpdated": "2026-02-22T00:00:00Z"
+}

docs/plans/2026-02-22-section2-client-connection-handling-design.md

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+# Section 2: Client/Connection Handling — Design
+
+> Implements all in-scope gaps from differences.md Section 2.
+
+## Scope
+
+8 features, all single-server client-facing (no clustering/routes/gateways/leaf):
+
+1. Close reason tracking (ClosedState enum)
+2. Connection state flags (bitfield replacing `_connectReceived`)
+3. Channel-based write loop with batch flush
+4. Slow consumer detection (pending bytes + write deadline)
+5. Write deadline / timeout
+6. Verbose mode (`+OK` responses)
+7. No-responders validation and notification
+8. Per-read-cycle stat batching
+
+## A. Close Reasons
+
+New `ClientClosedReason` enum with 16 values scoped to single-server:
+
+```
+ClientClosed, AuthenticationTimeout, AuthenticationViolation, TLSHandshakeError,
+SlowConsumerPendingBytes, SlowConsumerWriteDeadline, WriteError, ReadError,
+ParseError, StaleConnection, ProtocolViolation, MaxPayloadExceeded,
+MaxSubscriptionsExceeded, ServerShutdown, MsgHeaderViolation, NoRespondersRequiresHeaders
+```
+
+Go has 37 values; excluded: route/gateway/leaf/JWT/operator-mode values.
+
+Per-client `CloseReason` property set before closing. Available in monitoring (`/connz`).
+
+## B. Connection State Flags
+
+`ClientFlags` bitfield enum backed by `int`, manipulated via `Interlocked.Or`/`Interlocked.And`:
+
+```
+ConnectReceived = 1,
+FirstPongSent = 2,
+HandshakeComplete = 4,
+CloseConnection = 8,
+WriteLoopStarted = 16,
+IsSlowConsumer = 32,
+ConnectProcessFinished = 64
+```
+
+Replaces current `_connectReceived` (int with Volatile.Read/Write).
+
+Helper methods: `SetFlag(flag)`, `ClearFlag(flag)`, `HasFlag(flag)`.
+
+## C. Channel-based Write Loop
+
+### Architecture
+
+Replace inline `_writeLock` + direct stream writes:
+
+```
+Producer threads → QueueOutbound(bytes) → Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>> → WriteLoop → Stream
+```
+
+### Components
+
+- `Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>>` — bounded (capacity derived from MaxPending / avg message size, or 8192 items)
+- `_pendingBytes` (long) — tracks queued but unflushed bytes via `Interlocked.Add`
+- `RunWriteLoopAsync` — background task: `WaitToReadAsync` → drain all via `TryRead` → single `FlushAsync`
+- `QueueOutbound(ReadOnlyMemory<byte>)` — enqueue, update pending bytes, check slow consumer
+
+### Coalescing
+
+The write loop drains all available items from the channel before flushing:
+
+```
+while (await reader.WaitToReadAsync(ct))
+{
+    while (reader.TryRead(out var data))
+        await stream.WriteAsync(data, ct);  // buffered writes, no flush yet
+    await stream.FlushAsync(ct);             // single flush after batch
+}
+```
+
+### Migration
+
+All existing write paths refactored:
+- `SendMessageAsync` → serialize MSG/HMSG to byte array → `QueueOutbound`
+- `WriteAsync` → serialize protocol message → `QueueOutbound`
+- Remove `_writeLock` SemaphoreSlim
+
+## D. Slow Consumer Detection
+
+### Pending Bytes (Hard Limit)
+
+In `QueueOutbound`, before writing to channel:
+
+```
+if (_pendingBytes + data.Length > _maxPending)
+{
+    SetFlag(IsSlowConsumer);
+    CloseWithReason(SlowConsumerPendingBytes);
+    return;
+}
+```
+
+- `MaxPending` default: 64MB (matching Go's `MAX_PENDING_SIZE`)
+- New option in `NatsOptions`
+
+### Write Deadline (Timeout)
+
+In write loop flush:
+
+```
+using var cts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(ct);
+cts.CancelAfter(_writeDeadline);
+await stream.FlushAsync(cts.Token);
+```
+
+On timeout → close with `SlowConsumerWriteDeadline`.
+
+- `WriteDeadline` default: 10 seconds
+- New option in `NatsOptions`
+
+### Monitoring
+
+- `IsSlowConsumer` flag readable for `/connz`
+- Server-level `SlowConsumerCount` stat incremented
+
+## E. Verbose Mode
+
+After successful command processing (CONNECT, SUB, UNSUB, PUB), check `ClientOpts?.Verbose`:
+
+```
+if (ClientOpts?.Verbose == true)
+    QueueOutbound(OkBytes);
+```
+
+`OkBytes` = pre-encoded `+OK\r\n` static byte array in `NatsProtocol`.
+
+## F. No-Responders
+
+### CONNECT Validation
+
+```
+if (clientOpts.NoResponders && !clientOpts.Headers)
+{
+    CloseWithReason(NoRespondersRequiresHeaders);
+    return;
+}
+```
+
+### Publish-time Notification
+
+In `NatsServer` message delivery, after `Match()` returns zero subscribers:
+
+```
+if (!delivered && reply.Length > 0 && publisher.ClientOpts?.NoResponders == true)
+{
+    // Send HMSG with NATS/1.0 503 status back to publisher
+    var header = $"NATS/1.0 503\r\nNats-Subject: {subject}\r\n\r\n";
+    publisher.SendNoRespondersAsync(reply, sid, header);
+}
+```
+
+## G. Stat Batching
+
+In read loop, accumulate locally:
+
+```
+long localInMsgs = 0, localInBytes = 0;
+// ... per message: localInMsgs++; localInBytes += size;
+// End of read cycle:
+Interlocked.Add(ref _inMsgs, localInMsgs);
+Interlocked.Add(ref _inBytes, localInBytes);
+// Same for server stats
+```
+
+Reduces atomic operations from per-message to per-read-cycle.
+
+## Files
+
+| File | Change | Size |
+|------|--------|------|
+| `ClientClosedReason.cs` | New | Small |
+| `ClientFlags.cs` | New | Small |
+| `NatsClient.cs` | Major rewrite of write path | Large |
+| `NatsServer.cs` | No-responders, close reason | Medium |
+| `NatsOptions.cs` | MaxPending, WriteDeadline | Small |
+| `NatsProtocol.cs` | +OK bytes, NoResponders | Small |
+| `ClientTests.cs` | Verbose, close reasons, flags | Medium |
+| `ServerTests.cs` | No-responders, slow consumer | Medium |
+
+## Test Plan
+
+- **Verbose mode**: Connect with `verbose:true`, send SUB/PUB, verify `+OK` responses
+- **Close reasons**: Trigger each close path, verify reason is set
+- **State flags**: Set/clear/check flags concurrently
+- **Slow consumer (pending bytes)**: Queue more than MaxPending, verify close
+- **Slow consumer (write deadline)**: Use a slow/blocked stream, verify timeout close
+- **No-responders**: Publish to empty subject with reply, verify 503 HMSG
+- **Write coalescing**: Send multiple messages rapidly, verify batched flush
+- **Stat batching**: Send N messages, verify stats match after read cycle

docs/plans/2026-02-22-section2-client-connection-handling-plan.md.tasks.json

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "planPath": "docs/plans/2026-02-22-section2-client-connection-handling-plan.md",
+  "tasks": [
+    {"id": 4, "subject": "Task 1: Add ClientClosedReason enum", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 5, "subject": "Task 2: Add ClientFlags bitfield", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 6, "subject": "Task 3: Add MaxPending and WriteDeadline to NatsOptions", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 7, "subject": "Task 4: Integrate ClientFlags into NatsClient", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [4, 5, 6]},
+    {"id": 8, "subject": "Task 5: Implement channel-based write loop", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [7]},
+    {"id": 9, "subject": "Task 6: Write tests for write loop and slow consumer", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [8]},
+    {"id": 10, "subject": "Task 7: Update NatsServer for SendMessage + no-responders", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [8]},
+    {"id": 11, "subject": "Task 8: Implement verbose mode", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [10]},
+    {"id": 12, "subject": "Task 9: Implement no-responders CONNECT validation", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [10]},
+    {"id": 13, "subject": "Task 10: Implement stat batching in read loop", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [8]},
+    {"id": 14, "subject": "Task 11: Update ConnzHandler for close reason + pending bytes", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [13]},
+    {"id": 15, "subject": "Task 12: Fix existing tests for new write model", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [13]},
+    {"id": 16, "subject": "Task 13: Final verification and differences.md update", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [14, 15]}
+  ],
+  "lastUpdated": "2026-02-22T00:00:00Z"
+}

docs/plans/2026-02-23-config-parsing-design.md

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# Config File Parsing & Hot Reload Design
+
+> Resolves the two remaining high-priority gaps in differences.md.
+
+## Goals
+
+1. Port the Go NATS config file parser (`conf/lex.go` + `conf/parse.go`) to .NET
+2. Map parsed config to existing + new `NatsOptions` fields (single-server scope)
+3. Implement SIGHUP hot reload matching Go's reloadable option set
+4. Add unit tests for lexer, parser, config processor, and reload
+
+## Architecture
+
+```
+Config File
+  → NatsConfLexer (state-machine tokenizer)
+  → NatsConfParser (builds Dictionary<string, object?>)
+  → ConfigProcessor.Apply(dict, NatsOptions)
+  → NatsOptions populated
+
+SIGHUP
+  → NatsServer.ReloadConfig()
+  → Re-parse config file
+  → Merge with CLI flag snapshot
+  → ConfigReloader.Diff(old, new) → IConfigChange[]
+  → Validate (reject non-reloadable)
+  → Apply each change to running server
+```
+
+## Component 1: Lexer (`NatsConfLexer.cs`)
+
+Direct port of Go `conf/lex.go` (~1320 lines Go → ~400 lines C#).
+
+State-machine tokenizer producing typed tokens:
+- `Key`, `String`, `Bool`, `Integer`, `Float`, `DateTime`
+- `ArrayStart`/`ArrayEnd`, `MapStart`/`MapEnd`
+- `Variable`, `Include`, `Comment`, `EOF`, `Error`
+
+Supported syntax:
+- Key separators: `=`, `:`, or whitespace
+- Comments: `#` and `//`
+- Strings: `"double"`, `'single'`, raw (unquoted)
+- Booleans: `true/false`, `yes/no`, `on/off`
+- Integers with size suffixes: `1k`, `2mb`, `1gb`
+- Floats, ISO8601 datetimes (`2006-01-02T15:04:05Z`)
+- Block strings: `(` multi-line raw text `)`
+- Hex escapes: `\x##`, plus `\t`, `\n`, `\r`, `\"`, `\\`
+
+## Component 2: Parser (`NatsConfParser.cs`)
+
+Direct port of Go `conf/parse.go` (~529 lines Go → ~300 lines C#).
+
+Consumes token stream, produces `Dictionary<string, object?>`:
+- Stack-based context tracking for nested maps/arrays
+- Variable resolution: `$VAR` searches current context stack, then environment
+- Cycle detection for variable references
+- `include "path"` resolves relative to current config file
+- Pedantic mode with line/column tracking for error messages
+- SHA256 digest of parsed content for reload change detection
+
+## Component 3: Config Processor (`ConfigProcessor.cs`)
+
+Maps parsed dictionary keys to `NatsOptions` fields. Port of Go `processConfigFileLine` in `opts.go`.
+
+Key categories handled:
+- **Network**: `listen`, `port`, `host`/`net`, `client_advertise`, `max_connections`/`max_conn`
+- **Logging**: `debug`, `trace`, `trace_verbose`, `logtime`, `logtime_utc`, `logfile`/`log_file`, `log_size_limit`, `log_max_num`, `syslog`, `remote_syslog`
+- **Auth**: `authorization { ... }` block (username, password, token, users, nkeys, timeout), `no_auth_user`
+- **Accounts**: `accounts { ... }` block, `system_account`, `no_system_account`
+- **TLS**: `tls { ... }` block (cert_file, key_file, ca_file, verify, verify_and_map, timeout, pinned_certs, handshake_first, handshake_first_fallback), `allow_non_tls`
+- **Monitoring**: `http_port`/`monitor_port`, `https_port`, `http`/`https` (combined), `http_base_path`
+- **Limits**: `max_payload`, `max_control_line`, `max_pending`, `max_subs`, `max_sub_tokens`, `max_traced_msg_len`, `write_deadline`
+- **Ping**: `ping_interval`, `ping_max`/`ping_max_out`
+- **Lifecycle**: `lame_duck_duration`, `lame_duck_grace_period`
+- **Files**: `pidfile`/`pid_file`, `ports_file_dir`
+- **Misc**: `server_name`, `server_tags`, `disable_sublist_cache`, `max_closed_clients`, `prof_port`
+
+Error handling: accumulate all errors, report together (not fail-fast). Unknown keys silently ignored (allows cluster/JetStream configs to coexist).
+
+## Component 4: Hot Reload (`ConfigReloader.cs`)
+
+### Reloadable Options (matching Go)
+
+- **Logging**: Debug, Trace, TraceVerbose, Logtime, LogtimeUTC, LogFile, LogSizeLimit, LogMaxFiles, Syslog, RemoteSyslog
+- **Auth**: Username, Password, Authorization, Users, NKeys, NoAuthUser, AuthTimeout
+- **Limits**: MaxConnections, MaxPayload, MaxPending, WriteDeadline, PingInterval, MaxPingsOut, MaxControlLine, MaxSubs, MaxSubTokens, MaxTracedMsgLen
+- **TLS**: cert/key/CA file paths (reload certs without restart)
+- **Misc**: Tags, LameDuckDuration, LameDuckGracePeriod, ClientAdvertise, MaxClosedClients
+
+### Non-Reloadable (error if changed)
+
+- Host, Port, ServerName
+
+### IConfigChange Interface
+
+```csharp
+interface IConfigChange
+{
+    string Name { get; }
+    void Apply(NatsServer server);
+    bool IsLoggingChange { get; }
+    bool IsAuthChange { get; }
+    bool IsTlsChange { get; }
+}
+```
+
+### Reload Flow
+
+1. SIGHUP → `NatsServer.ReloadConfig()`
+2. Re-parse config file via `ConfigProcessor.ProcessConfigFile()`
+3. Merge with CLI flag snapshot (CLI always wins)
+4. `ConfigReloader.Diff(oldOpts, newOpts)` → list of `IConfigChange`
+5. Validate: reject if non-reloadable options changed
+6. Apply each change to running server (logging, auth, limits, TLS grouped)
+7. Log applied changes at Information level, errors at Warning
+
+## New NatsOptions Fields
+
+Added for single-server parity with Go:
+
+| Field | Type | Default | Go equivalent |
+|-------|------|---------|---------------|
+| `ClientAdvertise` | string? | null | `client_advertise` |
+| `TraceVerbose` | bool | false | `trace_verbose` |
+| `MaxTracedMsgLen` | int | 0 | `max_traced_msg_len` |
+| `DisableSublistCache` | bool | false | `disable_sublist_cache` |
+| `ConnectErrorReports` | int | 3600 | `connect_error_reports` |
+| `ReconnectErrorReports` | int | 1 | `reconnect_error_reports` |
+| `NoHeaderSupport` | bool | false | `no_header_support` |
+| `MaxClosedClients` | int | 10000 | `max_closed_clients` |
+| `NoSystemAccount` | bool | false | `no_system_account` |
+| `SystemAccount` | string? | null | `system_account` |
+
+## Integration Points
+
+### NatsServer.cs
+
+- Constructor: if `ConfigFile` set, parse before startup
+- SIGHUP handler: call `ReloadConfig()` instead of warning log
+- New `ReloadConfig()` method for reload orchestration
+- Store CLI flag snapshot (`HashSet<string> InCmdLine`)
+
+### Program.cs
+
+- Parse config file after defaults, before CLI args
+- Track CLI-set options in `InCmdLine`
+- Rebuild Serilog config on logging reload
+
+## File Layout
+
+```
+src/NATS.Server/Configuration/
+  NatsConfLexer.cs          (~400 lines)
+  NatsConfParser.cs         (~300 lines)
+  NatsConfToken.cs          (~30 lines)
+  ConfigProcessor.cs        (~350 lines)
+  ConfigReloader.cs         (~250 lines)
+  IConfigChange.cs          (~15 lines)
+```
+
+## Test Plan
+
+### Test Files
+
+- `NatsConfLexerTests.cs` — all token types, comments, escapes, edge cases
+- `NatsConfParserTests.cs` — nested blocks, arrays, variables, includes, errors
+- `ConfigProcessorTests.cs` — all option key mappings, type coercion, error collection
+- `ConfigReloadTests.cs` — reload flow, reloadable vs non-reloadable, CLI precedence
+
+### Test Data
+
+```
+tests/NATS.Server.Tests/TestData/
+  basic.conf          — minimal server config
+  auth.conf           — authorization block with users/nkeys
+  tls.conf            — TLS configuration
+  full.conf           — all supported options
+  includes/           — include directive tests
+  invalid.conf        — error case configs
+```
+
+## Task Reference
+
+Implementation tasks will be created via the writing-plans skill.

docs/plans/2026-02-23-config-parsing-plan.md.tasks.json

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "planPath": "docs/plans/2026-02-23-config-parsing-plan.md",
+  "tasks": [
+    {"id": 6, "subject": "Task 1: Token Types and Lexer Infrastructure", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 7, "subject": "Task 2: Config Parser", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6]},
+    {"id": 8, "subject": "Task 3: New NatsOptions Fields", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 9, "subject": "Task 4: Config Processor", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [7, 8]},
+    {"id": 10, "subject": "Task 5: Hot Reload System", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [9]},
+    {"id": 11, "subject": "Task 6: Server Integration", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [10]},
+    {"id": 12, "subject": "Task 7: Update differences.md", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [11]},
+    {"id": 13, "subject": "Task 8: Full Test Suite Verification", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [12]}
+  ],
+  "lastUpdated": "2026-02-23T00:00:00Z"
+}

docs/plans/2026-02-23-mqtt-connection-type-design.md

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# MQTT Connection Type Port Design
+
+## Goal
+Port MQTT-related connection type parity from Go into the .NET server for two scoped areas:
+1. JWT `allowed_connection_types` behavior for `MQTT` / `MQTT_WS` (plus existing known types).
+2. `/connz` filtering by `mqtt_client`.
+
+## Scope
+- In scope:
+  - JWT allowed connection type normalization and enforcement semantics.
+  - `/connz?mqtt_client=` option parsing and filtering.
+  - Unit/integration tests for new and updated behavior.
+  - `differences.md` updates after implementation is verified.
+- Out of scope:
+  - Full MQTT transport implementation.
+  - WebSocket transport implementation.
+  - Leaf/route/gateway transport plumbing.
+
+## Architecture
+- Add an auth-facing connection-type model that can be passed through `ClientAuthContext`.
+- Implement Go-style allowed connection type conversion and matching in `JwtAuthenticator`:
+  - normalize input to uppercase.
+  - retain recognized types.
+  - collect unknown types as non-fatal if at least one valid type remains.
+  - reject when only unknown types are present.
+  - enforce current connection type against the resulting allowed set.
+- Extend connz monitoring options to parse `mqtt_client` and apply exact-match filtering before sort/pagination.
+
+## Components
+- `src/NATS.Server/Auth/IAuthenticator.cs`
+  - Extend `ClientAuthContext` with a connection-type value.
+- `src/NATS.Server/Auth/Jwt/JwtConnectionTypes.cs` (new)
+  - Canonical constants for known connection types:
+    - `STANDARD`, `WEBSOCKET`, `LEAFNODE`, `LEAFNODE_WS`, `MQTT`, `MQTT_WS`, `INPROCESS`.
+  - Helper(s) for normalization and validation behavior.
+- `src/NATS.Server/Auth/JwtAuthenticator.cs`
+  - Evaluate `userClaims.Nats?.AllowedConnectionTypes` using Go-compatible semantics.
+  - Enforce against current `ClientAuthContext.ConnectionType`.
+- `src/NATS.Server/NatsClient.cs`
+  - Populate auth context connection type (currently `STANDARD`).
+- `src/NATS.Server/Monitoring/Connz.cs`
+  - Add `MqttClient` to `ConnzOptions` with JSON field `mqtt_client`.
+- `src/NATS.Server/Monitoring/ConnzHandler.cs`
+  - Parse `mqtt_client` query param.
+  - Filter connection list by exact `MqttClient` match when provided.
+- `src/NATS.Server/Monitoring/ClosedClient.cs`
+  - Add `MqttClient` field to closed snapshots.
+- `src/NATS.Server/NatsServer.cs`
+  - Persist `MqttClient` into `ClosedClient` snapshot (empty for now).
+
+## Data Flow
+1. Client sends `CONNECT`.
+2. `NatsClient.ProcessConnectAsync` builds `ClientAuthContext` with `ConnectionType=STANDARD`.
+3. `AuthService` invokes `JwtAuthenticator` for JWT-based auth.
+4. `JwtAuthenticator`:
+   - converts `allowed_connection_types` to valid/unknown buckets.
+   - rejects unknown-only lists.
+   - enforces connection-type membership when valid list is non-empty.
+5. Monitoring request `/connz`:
+   - `ConnzHandler.ParseQueryParams` reads `mqtt_client`.
+   - open/closed conn rows are materialized.
+   - rows are filtered on exact `MqttClient` when filter is present.
+   - sorting and pagination run on filtered results.
+
+## Error Handling and Compatibility
+- Auth failures remain non-throwing (`Authenticate` returns `null`).
+- Unknown connection type tokens in JWT are tolerated only when at least one known allowed type remains.
+- Unknown-only allowed lists are rejected to avoid unintended allow-all behavior.
+- `mqtt_client` query parsing is lenient and string-based; empty filter means no filter.
+- Existing JSON schema compatibility is preserved.
+
+## Current Runtime Limitation (Explicit)
+- MQTT transport is not implemented yet in this repository.
+- Runtime connection type currently resolves to `STANDARD` in auth context.
+- `mqtt_client` values remain empty until MQTT path populates them.
+
+## Testing Strategy
+- `tests/NATS.Server.Tests/JwtAuthenticatorTests.cs`
+  - allow `STANDARD` for current client context.
+  - reject `MQTT` for current client context.
+  - allow mixed known+unknown when current type is known allowed.
+  - reject unknown-only list.
+  - validate case normalization behavior.
+- `tests/NATS.Server.Tests/MonitorTests.cs`
+  - `/connz?mqtt_client=<id>` returns matching connections only.
+  - `/connz?state=closed&mqtt_client=<id>` filters closed snapshots.
+  - non-existing ID yields empty connection set.
+
+## Success Criteria
+- JWT `allowed_connection_types` behavior matches Go semantics for known/unknown mixing and unknown-only rejection.
+- `/connz` supports exact `mqtt_client` filtering for open and closed sets.
+- Added tests pass.
+- `differences.md` accurately reflects implemented parity.

docs/plans/2026-02-23-remaining-gaps-design.md

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# Remaining Lower-Priority Gaps — Design Document
+
+**Goal:** Resolve all remaining lower-priority gaps from differences.md with full Go parity, bringing the .NET NATS server to feature completeness for single-server (non-clustered) deployments.
+
+**Approach:** Full Go parity — implement all listed gaps including JWT authentication, subject mapping, OCSP, and quick wins.
+
+---
+
+## 1. JWT Authentication
+
+The largest component. NATS uses standard JWT encoding (base64url header.payload.signature) with Ed25519 signing via the `nats-io/jwt/v2` Go library.
+
+### New Files
+
+- **`Auth/Jwt/NatsJwt.cs`** — JWT decode/encode utilities. Base64url parsing, header extraction, Ed25519 signature verification via NATS.NKeys. Detects JWT by `"eyJ"` prefix.
+- **`Auth/Jwt/UserClaims.cs`** — User claim record: `Subject` (nkey), `Issuer` (account nkey), `IssuerAccount` (scoped signer), `Name`, `Tags`, `BearerToken`, `Permissions` (pub/sub allow/deny), `ResponsePermission`, `Src` (allowed CIDRs), `Times` (time-based access), `AllowedConnectionTypes`, `IssuedAt`, `Expires`.
+- **`Auth/Jwt/AccountClaims.cs`** — Account claim record: `Subject`, `Issuer` (operator nkey), `SigningKeys`, `Limits`, `Exports`, `Imports`.
+- **`Auth/Jwt/PermissionTemplates.cs`** — Template expansion for all 6 mustache-style templates:
+  - `{{name()}}` → user's Name
+  - `{{subject()}}` → user's Subject (nkey)
+  - `{{tag(name)}}` → user tags matching `name:` prefix
+  - `{{account-name()}}` → account display name
+  - `{{account-subject()}}` → account nkey
+  - `{{account-tag(name)}}` → account tags matching prefix
+  - Cartesian product applied for multi-value tags.
+- **`Auth/Jwt/AccountResolver.cs`** — `IAccountResolver` interface (`FetchAsync`, `StoreAsync`, `IsReadOnly`) + `MemAccountResolver` in-memory implementation.
+- **`Auth/JwtAuthenticator.cs`** — Implements `IAuthenticator`. Flow: decode user JWT → resolve account → verify Ed25519 signature against nonce → expand permission templates → build `NkeyUser` → validate source IP + time restrictions → check user revocation.
+
+### Modified Files
+
+- **`Auth/Account.cs`** — Add `Nkey`, `Issuer`, `SigningKeys` (Dictionary), `RevokedUsers` (ConcurrentDictionary<string, long>).
+- **`NatsOptions.cs`** — Add `TrustedKeys` (string[]), `AccountResolver` (IAccountResolver).
+- **`NatsClient.cs`** — Pass JWT + signature from CONNECT opts to authenticator.
+
+### Design Decisions
+
+- No external JWT NuGet — NATS JWTs are simple enough to parse inline (base64url + System.Text.Json + Ed25519 via NATS.NKeys).
+- `MemAccountResolver` only — URL/directory resolvers are deployment infrastructure.
+- User revocation: `ConcurrentDictionary<string, long>` on Account (nkey → issuedAt; JWTs issued before revocation time are rejected).
+- Source IP validation via `System.Net.IPNetwork.Contains()` (.NET 8+).
+
+---
+
+## 2. Subject Mapping / Transforms
+
+Port Go's `subject_transform.go`. Configurable source pattern → destination template with function tokens.
+
+### New File
+
+- **`Subscriptions/SubjectTransform.cs`** — A transform has a source pattern (with wildcards) and a destination template with function tokens. On match, captured wildcard values are substituted into the destination.
+
+### Transform Functions
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `{{wildcard(n)}}` / `$n` | Replace with nth captured wildcard token (1-based) |
+| `{{partition(num,tokens...)}}` | FNV-1a hash of captured tokens mod `num` |
+| `{{split(token,delim)}}` | Split captured token by delimiter into subject tokens |
+| `{{splitFromLeft(token,pos)}}` | Split token into two at position from left |
+| `{{splitFromRight(token,pos)}}` | Split token into two at position from right |
+| `{{sliceFromLeft(token,size)}}` | Slice token into fixed-size chunks from left |
+| `{{sliceFromRight(token,size)}}` | Slice token into fixed-size chunks from right |
+| `{{left(token,len)}}` | Take first `len` chars |
+| `{{right(token,len)}}` | Take last `len` chars |
+
+### Integration
+
+- `NatsOptions.SubjectMappings` — `Dictionary<string, string>` of source→destination rules.
+- Transforms compiled at config time into token operation lists (no runtime regex).
+- Applied in `NatsServer.DeliverMessage` before subject matching.
+- Account-level mappings for import/export rewriting.
+
+---
+
+## 3. OCSP Support
+
+Two dimensions: peer verification (client cert revocation checking) and stapling (server cert status).
+
+### New File
+
+- **`Tls/OcspConfig.cs`** — `OcspMode` enum (`Auto`, `Always`, `Must`, `Never`) + `OcspConfig` record with `Mode` and `OverrideUrls`.
+
+### Peer Verification
+
+- Modify `TlsConnectionWrapper` to set `X509RevocationMode.Online` when `OcspPeerVerify` is true.
+- Checks CRL/OCSP during TLS handshake for client certificates.
+
+### OCSP Stapling
+
+- Build `SslStreamCertificateContext.Create(cert, chain, offline: false)` at startup — .NET fetches OCSP response automatically.
+- Pass to `SslServerAuthenticationOptions.ServerCertificateContext`.
+- `Must` mode: verify OCSP response obtained; fail startup if not.
+
+### Modified Files
+
+- `NatsOptions.cs` — `OcspConfig` and `OcspPeerVerify` properties.
+- `TlsConnectionWrapper.cs` — Peer verification in cert validation callback.
+- `NatsServer.cs` — `SslStreamCertificateContext` with OCSP at startup.
+- `VarzHandler.cs` — Populate `TlsOcspPeerVerify` field.
+
+---
+
+## 4. Quick Wins
+
+### A. Windows Service Integration
+
+- Add `Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting.WindowsServices` NuGet.
+- Detect `--service` flag in `Program.cs`, call `UseWindowsService()`.
+- .NET generic host handles service lifecycle automatically.
+
+### B. Per-Subsystem Log Control
+
+- `NatsOptions.LogOverrides` — `Dictionary<string, string>` mapping namespace→level.
+- CLI: `--log_level_override "NATS.Server.Protocol=Trace"` (repeatable).
+- Serilog: `MinimumLevel.Override(namespace, level)` per entry.
+
+### C. Per-Client Trace Mode
+
+- `TraceMode` flag in `ClientFlagHolder`.
+- When set, parser receives logger regardless of global `options.Trace`.
+- Connz response includes `trace` boolean per connection.
+
+### D. Per-Account Stats
+
+- `long _inMsgs, _outMsgs, _inBytes, _outBytes` on `Account` with `Interlocked`.
+- `IncrementInbound(long bytes)` / `IncrementOutbound(long bytes)`.
+- Called from `DeliverMessage` (outbound) and message processing (inbound).
+- `/accountz` endpoint returns per-account stats.
+
+### E. TLS Certificate Expiry in /varz
+
+- In `VarzHandler`, read server TLS cert `NotAfter`.
+- Populate existing `TlsCertNotAfter` field.
+
+### F. differences.md Update
+
+- Mark all resolved features as Y with notes.
+- Update summary section.
+- Correct any stale entries.
+
+---
+
+## Task Dependencies
+
+```
+Independent (parallelizable):
+  - JWT Authentication (#23)
+  - Subject Mapping (#24)
+  - OCSP Support (#25)
+  - Windows Service (#26)
+  - Per-Subsystem Logging (#27)
+  - Per-Client Trace (#28)
+  - Per-Account Stats (#29)
+  - TLS Cert Expiry (#30)
+
+Dependent:
+  - Update differences.md (#31) — blocked by all above
+```
+
+Most tasks can run in parallel since they touch different files. JWT and Subject Mapping are the two largest. The quick wins (26-30) are all independent of each other and of the larger tasks.

docs/plans/2026-02-23-remaining-gaps-plan.md.tasks.json

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "planPath": "docs/plans/2026-02-23-remaining-gaps-plan.md",
+  "tasks": [
+    {"id": 1, "subject": "Task 1: JWT Core — Decode/Verify + Claim Structs", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 2, "subject": "Task 2: Permission Templates", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [1]},
+    {"id": 3, "subject": "Task 3: Account Resolver", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 4, "subject": "Task 4: JwtAuthenticator — Wire JWT into Auth", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [1, 2, 3]},
+    {"id": 5, "subject": "Task 5: Subject Transform — Core Engine", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 6, "subject": "Task 6: Wire Subject Transforms into Delivery", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [5]},
+    {"id": 7, "subject": "Task 7: OCSP Config and Peer Verification", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 8, "subject": "Task 8: OCSP Stapling", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [7]},
+    {"id": 9, "subject": "Task 9: Windows Service Integration", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 10, "subject": "Task 10: Per-Subsystem Log Control", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 11, "subject": "Task 11: Per-Client Trace Mode", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 12, "subject": "Task 12: Per-Account Stats", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 13, "subject": "Task 13: TLS Cert Expiry in /varz", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 14, "subject": "Task 14: Update differences.md", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]}
+  ],
+  "lastUpdated": "2026-02-23T00:00:00Z"
+}

docs/plans/2026-02-23-sections-7-10-gaps-design.md

@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+# Sections 7-10 Gaps Design: Monitoring, TLS, Logging, Ping/Pong
+
+**Date:** 2026-02-23
+**Scope:** Implement remaining gaps in differences.md sections 7 (Monitoring), 8 (TLS), 9 (Logging), 10 (Ping/Pong)
+**Goal:** Go parity for all features within scope
+
+---
+
+## Section 7: Monitoring
+
+### 7a. `/subz` Endpoint
+
+Replace the empty stub with a full `SubszHandler`.
+
+**Models:**
+- `Subsz` — response envelope: `Id`, `Now`, `SublistStats`, `Total`, `Offset`, `Limit`, `Subs[]`
+- `SubszOptions` — `Offset`, `Limit`, `Subscriptions` (bool for detail), `Account` (filter), `Test` (literal subject filter)
+- Reuse existing `SubDetail` from Connz
+
+**Algorithm:**
+1. Iterate all accounts (or filter by `Account` param)
+2. Collect all subscriptions from each account's SubList
+3. If `Test` subject provided, filter using `SubjectMatch.MatchLiteral()` to only return subs that would receive that message
+4. Apply pagination (offset/limit)
+5. If `Subscriptions` is true, include `SubDetail[]` array
+
+**SubList stats** — add a `Stats()` method to `SubList` returning `SublistStats` (count, cache size, inserts, removes, matches, cache hits).
+
+**Files:** New `Monitoring/SubszHandler.cs`, `Monitoring/Subsz.cs`. Modify `MonitorServer.cs`, `SubList.cs`.
+
+### 7b. Connz `ByStop` / `ByReason` Sorting
+
+Add two missing sort options for closed connection queries.
+
+- Add `ByStop` and `ByReason` to `SortOpt` enum
+- Parse `sort=stop` and `sort=reason` in query params
+- Validate: these sorts only work with `state=closed` — return error if used with open connections
+
+### 7c. Connz State Filtering & Closed Connections
+
+Track closed connections and support state-based filtering.
+
+**Closed connection tracking:**
+- `ClosedClient` record: `Cid`, `Ip`, `Port`, `Start`, `Stop`, `Reason`, `Name`, `Lang`, `Version`, `InMsgs`, `OutMsgs`, `InBytes`, `OutBytes`, `NumSubs`, `Rtt`, `TlsVersion`, `TlsCipherSuite`
+- `ConcurrentQueue<ClosedClient>` on `NatsServer` (capped at 10,000 entries)
+- Populate in `RemoveClient()` from client state before disposal
+
+**State filter:**
+- Parse `state=open|closed|all` query param
+- `open` (default): current live connections only
+- `closed`: only from closed connections list
+- `all`: merge both
+
+**Files:** Modify `NatsServer.cs`, `ConnzHandler.cs`, new `Monitoring/ClosedClient.cs`.
+
+### 7d. Varz Slow Consumer Stats
+
+Already at parity. `SlowConsumersStats` is populated from `ServerStats` counters. No changes needed.
+
+---
+
+## Section 8: TLS
+
+### 8a. TLS Rate Limiting
+
+Already implemented via `TlsRateLimiter` (semaphore + periodic refill timer). Wired into `AcceptClientAsync`. Only a unit test needed.
+
+### 8b. TLS Cert-to-User Mapping (TlsMap)
+
+Full DN parsing using .NET built-in `X500DistinguishedName`.
+
+**New `TlsMapAuthenticator`:**
+- Implements `IAuthenticator`
+- Receives the list of configured `User` objects
+- On `Authenticate()`:
+  1. Extract `X509Certificate2` from auth context (passed from `TlsConnectionState`)
+  2. Parse subject DN via `cert.SubjectName` (`X500DistinguishedName`)
+  3. Build normalized DN string from RDN components
+  4. Try exact DN match against user map (key = DN string)
+  5. If no exact match, try CN-only match
+  6. Return `AuthResult` with matched user's permissions
+
+**Auth context extension:**
+- Add `X509Certificate2? ClientCertificate` to `ClientAuthContext`
+- Pass certificate from `TlsConnectionState` in `ProcessConnectAsync`
+
+**AuthService integration:**
+- When `options.TlsMap && options.TlsVerify`, add `TlsMapAuthenticator` to authenticator chain
+- TlsMap auth runs before other authenticators (cert-based auth takes priority)
+
+**Files:** New `Auth/TlsMapAuthenticator.cs`. Modify `Auth/AuthService.cs`, `Auth/ClientAuthContext.cs`, `NatsClient.cs`.
+
+---
+
+## Section 9: Logging
+
+### 9a. File Logging with Rotation
+
+**New options on `NatsOptions`:**
+- `LogFile` (string?) — path to log file
+- `LogSizeLimit` (long) — file size in bytes before rotation (0 = unlimited)
+- `LogMaxFiles` (int) — max retained rotated files (0 = unlimited)
+
+**CLI flags:** `--log_file`, `--log_size_limit`, `--log_max_files`
+
+**Serilog config:** Add `WriteTo.File()` with `fileSizeLimitBytes` and `retainedFileCountLimit` when `LogFile` is set.
+
+### 9b. Debug/Trace Modes
+
+**New options on `NatsOptions`:**
+- `Debug` (bool) — enable debug-level logging
+- `Trace` (bool) — enable trace/verbose-level logging
+
+**CLI flags:** `-D` (debug), `-V` or `-T` (trace), `-DV` (both)
+
+**Serilog config:**
+- Default: `MinimumLevel.Information()`
+- `-D`: `MinimumLevel.Debug()`
+- `-V`/`-T`: `MinimumLevel.Verbose()`
+
+### 9c. Color Output
+
+Auto-detect TTY via `Console.IsOutputRedirected`.
+- TTY: use `Serilog.Sinks.Console` with `AnsiConsoleTheme.Code`
+- Non-TTY: use `ConsoleTheme.None`
+
+Matches Go's behavior of disabling color when stderr is not a terminal.
+
+### 9d. Timestamp Format Control
+
+**New options on `NatsOptions`:**
+- `Logtime` (bool, default true) — include timestamps
+- `LogtimeUTC` (bool, default false) — use UTC format
+
+**CLI flags:** `--logtime` (true/false), `--logtime_utc`
+
+**Output template adjustment:**
+- With timestamps: `[{Timestamp:yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss.ffffff} {Level:u3}] {Message:lj}{NewLine}{Exception}`
+- Without timestamps: `[{Level:u3}] {Message:lj}{NewLine}{Exception}`
+- UTC: set `Serilog.Formatting` culture to UTC
+
+### 9e. Log Reopening (SIGUSR1)
+
+When file logging is configured:
+- SIGUSR1 handler calls `ReOpenLogFile()` on the server
+- `ReOpenLogFile()` flushes and closes current Serilog logger, creates new one with same config
+- This enables external log rotation tools (logrotate)
+
+**Files:** Modify `NatsOptions.cs`, `Program.cs`, `NatsServer.cs`.
+
+---
+
+## Section 10: Ping/Pong
+
+### 10a. RTT Tracking
+
+**New fields on `NatsClient`:**
+- `_rttStartTicks` (long) — UTC ticks when PING sent
+- `_rtt` (long) — computed RTT in ticks
+- `Rtt` property (TimeSpan) — computed from `_rtt`
+
+**Logic:**
+- In `RunPingTimerAsync`, before writing PING: `_rttStartTicks = DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks`
+- In `DispatchCommandAsync` PONG handler: compute `_rtt = DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks - _rttStartTicks` (min 1 tick)
+- `computeRTT()` helper ensures minimum 1 tick (handles clock granularity on Windows)
+
+**Monitoring exposure:**
+- Populate `ConnInfo.Rtt` as formatted string (e.g., `"1.234ms"`)
+- Add `ByRtt` sort option to Connz
+
+### 10b. RTT-Based First PING Delay
+
+**New state on `NatsClient`:**
+- `_firstPongSent` flag in `ClientFlags`
+
+**Logic in `RunPingTimerAsync`:**
+- Before first PING, check: `_firstPongSent || timeSinceStart > 2 seconds`
+- If neither condition met, skip this PING cycle
+- Set `_firstPongSent` on first PONG after CONNECT (in PONG handler)
+
+This prevents the server from sending PING (for RTT) before the client has had a chance to respond to the initial INFO with CONNECT+PING.
+
+### 10c. Stale Connection Stats
+
+**New model:**
+- `StaleConnectionStats` — `Clients`, `Routes`, `Gateways`, `Leafs` (matching Go)
+
+**ServerStats extension:**
+- Add `StaleConnectionClients`, `StaleConnectionRoutes`, etc. fields
+- Increment in `MarkClosed(StaleConnection)` based on connection kind
+
+**Varz exposure:**
+- Add `StaleConnectionStats` field to `Varz`
+- Populate from `ServerStats` counters
+
+**Files:** Modify `NatsClient.cs`, `ServerStats.cs`, `Varz.cs`, `VarzHandler.cs`, `Connz.cs`, `ConnzHandler.cs`.
+
+---
+
+## Test Coverage
+
+Each section includes unit tests:
+
+| Feature | Test File | Tests |
+|---------|-----------|-------|
+| Subz endpoint | SubszHandlerTests.cs | Empty response, with subs, account filter, test subject filter, pagination |
+| Connz closed state | ConnzHandlerTests.cs | State=closed, ByStop sort, ByReason sort, validation errors |
+| TLS rate limiter | TlsRateLimiterTests.cs | Rate enforcement, refill behavior |
+| TlsMap auth | TlsMapAuthenticatorTests.cs | DN matching, CN fallback, no match |
+| File logging | LoggingTests.cs | File creation, rotation on size limit |
+| RTT tracking | ClientTests.cs | RTT computed on PONG, exposed in connz, ByRtt sort |
+| First PING delay | ClientTests.cs | PING delayed until first PONG or 2s |
+| Stale stats | ServerTests.cs | Stale counters incremented, exposed in varz |
+
+---
+
+## Parallelization Strategy
+
+These work streams are independent and can be developed by parallel subagents:
+
+1. **Monitoring stream** (7a, 7b, 7c): SubszHandler + Connz closed connections + state filter
+2. **TLS stream** (8b): TlsMapAuthenticator
+3. **Logging stream** (9a-9e): All logging improvements
+4. **Ping/Pong stream** (10a-10c): RTT tracking + first PING delay + stale stats
+
+Streams 1-4 touch different files with minimal overlap. The only shared touch point is `NatsOptions.cs` (new options for logging and ping/pong), which can be handled by one stream first and the others will build on it.

docs/plans/2026-02-23-sections-7-10-gaps-plan.md.tasks.json

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "planPath": "docs/plans/2026-02-23-sections-7-10-gaps-plan.md",
+  "tasks": [
+    {"id": 6, "subject": "Task 0: Add NuGet dependencies for logging sinks", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 7, "subject": "Task 1: Add logging and ping/pong options to NatsOptions", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6]},
+    {"id": 8, "subject": "Task 2: Add CLI flag parsing for logging and debug/trace", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6, 7]},
+    {"id": 9, "subject": "Task 3: Implement log reopening on SIGUSR1", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6, 7]},
+    {"id": 10, "subject": "Task 4: Add RTT tracking to NatsClient", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6, 7]},
+    {"id": 11, "subject": "Task 5: Add stale connection stats and expose in varz", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6, 7]},
+    {"id": 12, "subject": "Task 6: Add closed connection tracking and connz state filtering", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [10]},
+    {"id": 13, "subject": "Task 7: Implement /subz endpoint", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6, 7]},
+    {"id": 14, "subject": "Task 8: Implement TLS cert-to-user mapping (TlsMap)", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6, 7]},
+    {"id": 15, "subject": "Task 9: Add TLS rate limiter test", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6, 7]},
+    {"id": 16, "subject": "Task 10: File logging tests", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6, 7, 8]},
+    {"id": 17, "subject": "Task 11: Run full test suite and verify", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]},
+    {"id": 18, "subject": "Task 12: Update differences.md", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [17]}
+  ],
+  "lastUpdated": "2026-02-23T00:00:00Z"
+}

docs/plans/2026-02-23-sections3-6-gaps-design.md

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+# Sections 3-6 Gaps Implementation Design
+
+> Approved 2026-02-23. Implements all remaining gaps in Protocol Parsing, Subscriptions & Subject Matching, Authentication & Authorization, and Configuration.
+
+---
+
+## Section 3 — Protocol Parsing
+
+### 3a. INFO Serialization Caching
+
+Add `byte[] _infoJsonCache` on `NatsServer`. Build once in `StartAsync()` after `ServerInfo` is populated. Rebuild only on config reload.
+
+`NatsClient.SendInfo()` uses cached bytes for non-nonce connections. For NKey connections (which need a per-connection nonce), clone `ServerInfo`, set nonce, serialize fresh.
+
+**Files:** `NatsServer.cs`, `NatsClient.cs`
+
+### 3b. Protocol Tracing
+
+Add `ILogger` to `NatsParser`. Add `TraceInOp(ReadOnlySpan<byte> op, ReadOnlySpan<byte> arg)` that logs at `LogLevel.Trace` after each command dispatch in `TryParse()`.
+
+Controlled by `NatsOptions.Trace` (which sets log level filter).
+
+**Files:** `NatsParser.cs`, `NatsOptions.cs`
+
+### 3c. MIME Header Parsing
+
+New `NatsHeaderParser` static class in `Protocol/`. Parses `NATS/1.0 <status> <description>\r\n` status line + `Key: Value\r\n` pairs.
+
+Returns `NatsHeaders` readonly struct with `Status` (int), `Description` (string), and key-value `Dictionary<string, string[]>` lookup.
+
+Used in `ProcessMessage()` for header inspection (no-responders status, future message tracing).
+
+**Files:** New `Protocol/NatsHeaderParser.cs`, `NatsServer.cs`
+
+### 3d. MSG/HMSG Construction Optimization
+
+Pre-allocate buffers for MSG/HMSG prefix using `Span<byte>` and `Utf8Formatter` instead of string interpolation + `Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes()`. Reduces per-message allocations.
+
+**Files:** `NatsClient.cs`
+
+---
+
+## Section 4 — Subscriptions & Subject Matching
+
+### 4a. Atomic Generation ID for Cache Invalidation
+
+Add `long _generation` to `SubList`. Increment via `Interlocked.Increment` on every `Insert()` and `Remove()`. Cache entries store generation at computation time. On `Match()`, stale generation = cache miss.
+
+Replaces current explicit per-key cache removal. O(1) invalidation.
+
+**Files:** `SubList.cs`
+
+### 4b. Async Background Cache Sweep
+
+Replace inline sweep (runs under write lock) with `PeriodicTimer`-based background task. Acquires write lock briefly to snapshot + evict stale entries. Triggered when cache count > 1024, sweeps to 256.
+
+**Files:** `SubList.cs`
+
+### 4c. `plist` Optimization for High-Fanout Nodes
+
+On `TrieNode`, when `PlainSubs.Count > 256`, convert `HashSet<Subscription>` to `Subscription[]` flat array in `PList` field. `Match()` iterates `PList` when present. On count < 128, convert back to HashSet.
+
+**Files:** `SubList.cs`
+
+### 4d. SubList Utility Methods
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `Stats()` | Returns `SubListStats` record with NumSubs, NumCache, NumInserts, NumRemoves, NumMatches, CacheHitRate, MaxFanout. Track via `Interlocked` counters. |
+| `HasInterest(string)` | Walk trie without building result, return true on first hit. |
+| `NumInterest(string)` | Walk trie, count without allocating result arrays. |
+| `ReverseMatch(string)` | Walk trie with literal tokens, collect all subscription patterns matching the literal. |
+| `RemoveBatch(IEnumerable<Subscription>)` | Single write-lock, batch removes, single generation bump. |
+| `All()` | Depth-first trie walk, yield all subscriptions. Returns `IReadOnlyList<Subscription>`. |
+| `MatchBytes(ReadOnlySpan<byte>)` | Zero-copy match using byte-based `TokenEnumerator`. |
+
+**Files:** `SubList.cs`, new `SubListStats.cs`
+
+### 4e. SubjectMatch Utilities
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `SubjectsCollide(string, string)` | Token-by-token comparison handling `*` and `>`. Two patterns collide if any literal could match both. |
+| `TokenAt(string, int)` | Return nth dot-delimited token as `ReadOnlySpan<char>`. |
+| `NumTokens(string)` | Count dots + 1. |
+| UTF-8/null validation | Add `checkRunes` parameter to `IsValidSubject()`. When true, scan for `\0` bytes and validate UTF-8. |
+
+**Files:** `SubjectMatch.cs`
+
+### 4f. Per-Account Subscription Limits
+
+Add `MaxSubscriptions` to `Account`. Track `SubscriptionCount` via `Interlocked`. Enforce in `ProcessSub()`. Close with `ClientClosedReason.MaxSubscriptionsExceeded`.
+
+**Files:** `Account.cs`, `NatsClient.cs`
+
+---
+
+## Section 5 — Authentication & Authorization
+
+### 5a. Deny List Enforcement at Delivery Time
+
+In `NatsServer.DeliverMessage()`, before sending MSG, check `subscriber.Client.Permissions?.IsDeliveryAllowed(subject)`. New method checks publish deny list for the receiving client ("msg delivery filter"). Cache results in pub cache.
+
+**Files:** `NatsServer.cs`, `ClientPermissions.cs`
+
+### 5b. Permission Caching with 128-Entry LRU
+
+Replace `ConcurrentDictionary<string, bool>` with custom `PermissionLruCache` (128 entries). `Dictionary<string, LinkedListNode>` + `LinkedList` for LRU ordering. Lock-protected (per-client, low contention).
+
+**Files:** `ClientPermissions.cs`, new `Auth/PermissionLruCache.cs`
+
+### 5c. Subscribe Deny Queue-Group Checking
+
+`IsSubscribeAllowed(subject, queue)` checks queue group against subscribe deny list (currently ignores queue parameter).
+
+**Files:** `ClientPermissions.cs`
+
+### 5d. Response Permissions (Reply Tracking)
+
+New `ResponseTracker` class on `NatsClient`. Created when `Permissions.Response` is non-null. Tracks reply subjects with TTL (`ResponsePermission.Expires`) and max count (`ResponsePermission.MaxMsgs`). `IsPublishAllowed()` consults tracker for reply subjects not in static allow list. Expired entries cleaned lazily + in ping timer.
+
+**Files:** New `Auth/ResponseTracker.cs`, `ClientPermissions.cs`, `NatsClient.cs`
+
+### 5e. Per-Account Connection Limits
+
+Add `MaxConnections` to `Account`. Enforce in `ProcessConnectAsync()` after account assignment. Reject with `-ERR maximum connections for account exceeded`.
+
+**Files:** `Account.cs`, `NatsClient.cs`
+
+### 5f. Multi-Account User Resolution
+
+Add `NatsOptions.Accounts` as `Dictionary<string, AccountConfig>` with per-account MaxConnections, MaxSubscriptions, DefaultPermissions. `AuthService` resolves account name to configured `Account` with limits.
+
+**Files:** `NatsOptions.cs`, new `Auth/AccountConfig.cs`, `AuthService.cs`, `NatsServer.cs`
+
+### 5g. Auth Expiry Enforcement
+
+In `ProcessConnectAsync()`, if `AuthResult.Expiry` is set, start `CancellationTokenSource.CancelAfter(expiry - now)`. Link to client lifetime. On fire, close with `ClientClosedReason.AuthenticationExpired`.
+
+**Files:** `NatsClient.cs`
+
+### 5h. Auto-Unsub Cleanup
+
+In `DeliverMessage()`, when `sub.MessageCount >= sub.MaxMessages`, call `sub.Client.RemoveSubscription(sub.Sid)` and `subList.Remove(sub)` to clean up both tracking dict and trie. Currently only skips delivery.
+
+**Files:** `NatsServer.cs`, `NatsClient.cs`
+
+---
+
+## Section 6 — Configuration
+
+### 6a. Debug/Trace CLI Flags
+
+Add `-D`/`--debug`, `-V`/`--trace`, `-DV` to `Program.cs`. Set `NatsOptions.Debug` and `NatsOptions.Trace`. Wire into Serilog minimum level.
+
+**Files:** `Program.cs`
+
+### 6b. New NatsOptions Fields
+
+| Field | Type | Default | Purpose |
+|-------|------|---------|---------|
+| `MaxSubs` | int | 0 (unlimited) | Per-connection subscription limit |
+| `MaxSubTokens` | int | 0 (unlimited) | Max tokens in a subject |
+| `Debug` | bool | false | Enable debug-level logging |
+| `Trace` | bool | false | Enable trace-level protocol logging |
+| `LogFile` | string? | null | Log to file instead of console |
+| `LogSizeLimit` | long | 0 | Max log file size before rotation |
+| `Tags` | Dictionary<string, string>? | null | Server metadata tags |
+
+**Files:** `NatsOptions.cs`
+
+### 6c. Logging Options Wiring
+
+In `Program.cs`, if `LogFile` is set, add Serilog `File` sink with `LogSizeLimit`. If `Debug`/`Trace`, override Serilog minimum level.
+
+**Files:** `Program.cs`
+
+---
+
+## Implementation Strategy
+
+Execute in a git worktree. Parallelize where files don't overlap:
+
+- **Parallel batch 1:** SubjectMatch utilities (4e) | NatsOptions + CLI flags (6a, 6b) | NatsHeaderParser (3c) | PermissionLruCache (5b) | SubListStats (4d stats class)
+- **Parallel batch 2:** SubList overhaul (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d methods) | Account limits + config (4f, 5e, 5f, 5g) | Response tracker (5d)
+- **Parallel batch 3:** Protocol tracing (3b) | INFO caching (3a) | MSG optimization (3d)
+- **Sequential:** Delivery-time enforcement (5a, 5c, 5h) — touches NatsServer.cs + ClientPermissions.cs, must be coordinated
+- **Final:** Logging wiring (6c) | differences.md update
+
+Tests added alongside each feature in the appropriate test file.

docs/plans/2026-02-23-sections3-6-gaps-plan.md.tasks.json

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "planPath": "docs/plans/2026-02-23-sections3-6-gaps-plan.md",
+  "tasks": [
+    {"id": 6, "subject": "Task 1: NatsOptions — Add New Configuration Fields", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 7, "subject": "Task 2: CLI Flags — Add -D/-V/-DV and Logging Options", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6]},
+    {"id": 8, "subject": "Task 3: SubjectMatch Utilities", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 9, "subject": "Task 4: SubList — Generation ID, Stats, and Utility Methods", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 10, "subject": "Task 5: NatsHeaderParser — MIME Header Parsing", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 11, "subject": "Task 6: PermissionLruCache — 128-Entry LRU", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 12, "subject": "Task 7: Account Limits and AccountConfig", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6]},
+    {"id": 13, "subject": "Task 8: MaxSubs Enforcement, Subscribe Deny Queue, Delivery-Time Deny", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [11, 12]},
+    {"id": 14, "subject": "Task 9: Response Permissions (Reply Tracking)", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [11, 13]},
+    {"id": 15, "subject": "Task 10: Auth Expiry Enforcement", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 16, "subject": "Task 11: INFO Serialization Caching", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 17, "subject": "Task 12: Protocol Tracing", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6]},
+    {"id": 18, "subject": "Task 13: MSG/HMSG Construction Optimization", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 19, "subject": "Task 14: Verify, Run Full Test Suite, Update differences.md", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}
+  ],
+  "lastUpdated": "2026-02-23T00:00:00Z"
+}

docs/plans/2026-02-23-system-account-types-design.md

@@ -0,0 +1,565 @@
+# Design: SYSTEM and ACCOUNT Connection Types
+
+**Date:** 2026-02-23
+**Status:** Approved
+**Approach:** Bottom-Up Layered Build (6 layers)
+
+## Overview
+
+Port the SYSTEM and ACCOUNT internal connection types from the Go NATS server to .NET. This includes:
+- Client type differentiation (ClientKind enum)
+- Internal client infrastructure (socketless clients with callback-based delivery)
+- Full system event publishing ($SYS.ACCOUNT.*.CONNECT, DISCONNECT, STATSZ, etc.)
+- System request-reply monitoring services ($SYS.REQ.SERVER.*.VARZ, CONNZ, etc.)
+- Account service/stream imports and exports (cross-account message routing)
+- Response routing for service imports with latency tracking
+
+**Go reference files:**
+- `golang/nats-server/server/client.go` — client type constants (lines 45-65), `isInternalClient()`, message delivery (lines 3789-3803)
+- `golang/nats-server/server/server.go` — system account setup (lines 1822-1892), `createInternalClient()` (lines 1910-1936)
+- `golang/nats-server/server/events.go` — `internal` struct (lines 124-147), event subjects (lines 41-97), send/receive loops (lines 474-668), event publishing, subscriptions (lines 1172-1495)
+- `golang/nats-server/server/accounts.go` — `Account` struct (lines 52-119), import/export structs (lines 142-263), `addServiceImport()` (lines 1560-2112), `addServiceImportSub()` (lines 2156-2187), `internalClient()` (lines 2114-2122)
+
+---
+
+## Layer 1: ClientKind Enum + INatsClient Interface + InternalClient
+
+### ClientKind Enum
+
+**New file:** `src/NATS.Server/ClientKind.cs`
+
+```csharp
+public enum ClientKind
+{
+    Client,      // End user connection
+    Router,      // Cluster peer (out of scope)
+    Gateway,     // Inter-cluster bridge (out of scope)
+    Leaf,        // Leaf node (out of scope)
+    System,      // Internal system client
+    JetStream,   // Internal JetStream client (out of scope)
+    Account,     // Internal per-account client
+}
+
+public static class ClientKindExtensions
+{
+    public static bool IsInternal(this ClientKind kind) =>
+        kind is ClientKind.System or ClientKind.JetStream or ClientKind.Account;
+}
+```
+
+### INatsClient Interface
+
+Extract from `NatsClient` the surface used by `Subscription`, `DeliverMessage`, `ProcessMessage`:
+
+```csharp
+public interface INatsClient
+{
+    ulong Id { get; }
+    ClientKind Kind { get; }
+    bool IsInternal { get; }
+    Account? Account { get; }
+    ClientOptions? ClientOpts { get; }
+    ClientPermissions? Permissions { get; }
+    void SendMessage(string subject, string sid, string? replyTo,
+        ReadOnlyMemory<byte> headers, ReadOnlyMemory<byte> payload);
+    bool QueueOutbound(ReadOnlyMemory<byte> data);
+}
+```
+
+### InternalClient Class
+
+**New file:** `src/NATS.Server/InternalClient.cs`
+
+Lightweight, socketless client for internal messaging:
+
+- `ClientKind Kind` — System, Account, or JetStream
+- `Account Account` — associated account
+- `ulong Id` — unique client ID from server's ID counter
+- Headers always enabled, echo always disabled
+- `SendMessage` invokes internal callback delegate or pushes to Channel
+- No socket, no read/write loops, no parser
+- `QueueOutbound` is a no-op (internal clients don't write wire protocol)
+
+### Subscription Change
+
+`Subscription.Client` changes from `NatsClient?` to `INatsClient?`. This is the biggest refactoring step — all code referencing `sub.Client` as `NatsClient` needs updating.
+
+`NatsClient` implements `INatsClient` with `Kind = ClientKind.Client`.
+
+---
+
+## Layer 2: System Event Infrastructure
+
+### InternalEventSystem Class
+
+**New file:** `src/NATS.Server/Events/InternalEventSystem.cs`
+
+Core class managing the server's internal event system, mirroring Go's `internal` struct:
+
+```csharp
+public sealed class InternalEventSystem : IAsyncDisposable
+{
+    // Core state
+    public Account SystemAccount { get; }
+    public InternalClient SystemClient { get; }
+    private ulong _sequence;
+    private int _subscriptionId;
+    private readonly string _serverHash;
+    private readonly string _inboxPrefix;
+
+    // Message queues (Channel<T>-based)
+    private readonly Channel<PublishMessage> _sendQueue;
+    private readonly Channel<InternalSystemMessage> _receiveQueue;
+    private readonly Channel<InternalSystemMessage> _receiveQueuePings;
+
+    // Background tasks
+    private Task? _sendLoop;
+    private Task? _receiveLoop;
+    private Task? _receiveLoopPings;
+
+    // Remote server tracking
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, ServerUpdate> _remoteServers = new();
+
+    // Timers
+    private PeriodicTimer? _statszTimer;    // 10s interval
+    private PeriodicTimer? _accountConnsTimer; // 30s interval
+    private PeriodicTimer? _orphanSweeper;  // 90s interval
+}
+```
+
+### Message Types
+
+```csharp
+public record PublishMessage(
+    InternalClient? Client,     // Use specific client or default to system client
+    string Subject,
+    string? Reply,
+    ServerInfo? Info,
+    byte[]? Headers,
+    object? Body,               // JSON-serializable
+    bool Echo = false,
+    bool IsLast = false);
+
+public record InternalSystemMessage(
+    Subscription? Sub,
+    INatsClient? Client,
+    Account? Account,
+    string Subject,
+    string? Reply,
+    ReadOnlyMemory<byte> Headers,
+    ReadOnlyMemory<byte> Message,
+    Action<Subscription?, INatsClient?, Account?, string, string?, ReadOnlyMemory<byte>, ReadOnlyMemory<byte>> Callback);
+```
+
+### Lifecycle
+
+- `StartAsync(NatsServer server)` — creates system client, starts 3 background Tasks
+- `StopAsync()` — publishes shutdown event with `IsLast=true`, signals channels complete, awaits all tasks
+
+### Send Loop
+
+Consumes from `_sendQueue`:
+1. Fills in ServerInfo metadata (name, host, ID, sequence, version, tags)
+2. Serializes body to JSON using source-generated serializer
+3. Calls `server.ProcessMessage()` on the system account to deliver locally
+4. Handles compression if configured
+
+### Receive Loop(s)
+
+Two instances (general + pings) consuming from their respective channels:
+- Pop messages, invoke callbacks
+- Exit on cancellation
+
+### APIs on NatsServer
+
+```csharp
+public void SendInternalMsg(string subject, string? reply, object? msg);
+public void SendInternalAccountMsg(Account account, string subject, object? msg);
+public Subscription SysSubscribe(string subject, SystemMessageHandler callback);
+public Subscription SysSubscribeInternal(string subject, SystemMessageHandler callback);
+```
+
+### noInlineCallback Pattern
+
+Wraps a `SystemMessageHandler` so that instead of executing inline during message delivery, it enqueues to `_receiveQueue` for async dispatch. This prevents system event handlers from blocking the publishing path.
+
+---
+
+## Layer 3: System Event Publishing
+
+### Event Types (DTOs)
+
+**New folder:** `src/NATS.Server/Events/`
+
+All events embed a `TypedEvent` base:
+
+```csharp
+public record TypedEvent(string Type, string Id, DateTime Time);
+```
+
+| Event Class | Type String | Published On |
+|-------------|-------------|-------------|
+| `ConnectEventMsg` | `io.nats.server.advisory.v1.client_connect` | `$SYS.ACCOUNT.{acc}.CONNECT` |
+| `DisconnectEventMsg` | `io.nats.server.advisory.v1.client_disconnect` | `$SYS.ACCOUNT.{acc}.DISCONNECT` |
+| `AccountNumConns` | `io.nats.server.advisory.v1.account_connections` | `$SYS.ACCOUNT.{acc}.SERVER.CONNS` |
+| `ServerStatsMsg` | (stats) | `$SYS.SERVER.{id}.STATSZ` |
+| `ShutdownEventMsg` | (shutdown) | `$SYS.SERVER.{id}.SHUTDOWN` |
+| `LameDuckEventMsg` | (lameduck) | `$SYS.SERVER.{id}.LAMEDUCK` |
+| `AuthErrorEventMsg` | `io.nats.server.advisory.v1.client_auth` | `$SYS.SERVER.{id}.CLIENT.AUTH.ERR` |
+
+### Integration Points
+
+| Location | Event | Trigger |
+|----------|-------|---------|
+| `NatsServer.HandleClientAsync()` after auth | `ConnectEventMsg` | Client authenticated |
+| `NatsServer.RemoveClient()` | `DisconnectEventMsg` | Client disconnected |
+| `NatsServer.ShutdownAsync()` | `ShutdownEventMsg` | Server shutting down |
+| `NatsServer.LameDuckShutdownAsync()` | `LameDuckEventMsg` | Lame duck mode |
+| Auth failure in `NatsClient.ProcessConnect()` | `AuthErrorEventMsg` | Auth rejected |
+| Periodic timer (10s) | `ServerStatsMsg` | Timer tick |
+| Periodic timer (30s) | `AccountNumConns` | Timer tick, for each account with connections |
+
+### JSON Serialization
+
+`System.Text.Json` source generator context:
+
+```csharp
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(ConnectEventMsg))]
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(DisconnectEventMsg))]
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(ServerStatsMsg))]
+// ... etc
+internal partial class EventJsonContext : JsonSerializerContext { }
+```
+
+---
+
+## Layer 4: System Request-Reply Services
+
+### Subscriptions Created in initEventTracking()
+
+Server-specific (only this server responds):
+
+| Subject | Handler | Response |
+|---------|---------|----------|
+| `$SYS.REQ.SERVER.{id}.IDZ` | `IdzReq` | Server identity |
+| `$SYS.REQ.SERVER.{id}.STATSZ` | `StatszReq` | Server stats (same as /varz stats) |
+| `$SYS.REQ.SERVER.{id}.VARZ` | `VarzReq` | Same as /varz JSON |
+| `$SYS.REQ.SERVER.{id}.CONNZ` | `ConnzReq` | Same as /connz JSON |
+| `$SYS.REQ.SERVER.{id}.SUBSZ` | `SubszReq` | Same as /subz JSON |
+| `$SYS.REQ.SERVER.{id}.HEALTHZ` | `HealthzReq` | Health status |
+| `$SYS.REQ.SERVER.{id}.ACCOUNTZ` | `AccountzReq` | Account info |
+
+Wildcard ping (all servers respond):
+
+| Subject | Handler |
+|---------|---------|
+| `$SYS.REQ.SERVER.PING.STATSZ` | `StatszReq` |
+| `$SYS.REQ.SERVER.PING.VARZ` | `VarzReq` |
+| `$SYS.REQ.SERVER.PING.IDZ` | `IdzReq` |
+| `$SYS.REQ.SERVER.PING.HEALTHZ` | `HealthzReq` |
+
+Account-scoped:
+
+| Subject | Handler |
+|---------|---------|
+| `$SYS.REQ.ACCOUNT.*.CONNZ` | `AccountConnzReq` |
+| `$SYS.REQ.ACCOUNT.*.SUBSZ` | `AccountSubszReq` |
+| `$SYS.REQ.ACCOUNT.*.INFO` | `AccountInfoReq` |
+| `$SYS.REQ.ACCOUNT.*.STATZ` | `AccountStatzReq` |
+
+### Implementation
+
+Handlers reuse existing `MonitorServer` data builders. The request body (if present) is parsed for options (e.g., sort, limit for CONNZ). Response is serialized to JSON and published on the request's reply subject via `SendInternalMsg`.
+
+---
+
+## Layer 5: Import/Export Model + ACCOUNT Client
+
+### Export Types
+
+**New file:** `src/NATS.Server/Imports/StreamExport.cs`
+
+```csharp
+public sealed class StreamExport
+{
+    public ExportAuth Auth { get; init; } = new();
+}
+```
+
+**New file:** `src/NATS.Server/Imports/ServiceExport.cs`
+
+```csharp
+public sealed class ServiceExport
+{
+    public ExportAuth Auth { get; init; } = new();
+    public Account? Account { get; init; }
+    public ServiceResponseType ResponseType { get; init; } = ServiceResponseType.Singleton;
+    public TimeSpan ResponseThreshold { get; init; } = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(2);
+    public ServiceLatency? Latency { get; init; }
+    public bool AllowTrace { get; init; }
+}
+```
+
+**New file:** `src/NATS.Server/Imports/ExportAuth.cs`
+
+```csharp
+public sealed class ExportAuth
+{
+    public bool TokenRequired { get; init; }
+    public uint AccountPosition { get; init; }
+    public HashSet<string>? ApprovedAccounts { get; init; }
+    public Dictionary<string, long>? RevokedAccounts { get; init; }
+
+    public bool IsAuthorized(Account account) { ... }
+}
+```
+
+### Import Types
+
+**New file:** `src/NATS.Server/Imports/StreamImport.cs`
+
+```csharp
+public sealed class StreamImport
+{
+    public required Account SourceAccount { get; init; }
+    public required string From { get; init; }
+    public required string To { get; init; }
+    public SubjectTransform? Transform { get; init; }
+    public bool UsePub { get; init; }
+    public bool Invalid { get; set; }
+}
+```
+
+**New file:** `src/NATS.Server/Imports/ServiceImport.cs`
+
+```csharp
+public sealed class ServiceImport
+{
+    public required Account DestinationAccount { get; init; }
+    public required string From { get; init; }
+    public required string To { get; init; }
+    public SubjectTransform? Transform { get; init; }
+    public ServiceExport? Export { get; init; }
+    public ServiceResponseType ResponseType { get; init; }
+    public byte[]? Sid { get; set; }
+    public bool IsResponse { get; init; }
+    public bool UsePub { get; init; }
+    public bool Invalid { get; set; }
+    public bool Share { get; init; }
+    public bool Tracking { get; init; }
+}
+```
+
+### Account Extensions
+
+Add to `Account`:
+
+```csharp
+// Export/Import maps
+public ExportMap Exports { get; } = new();
+public ImportMap Imports { get; } = new();
+
+// Internal ACCOUNT client (lazy)
+private InternalClient? _internalClient;
+public InternalClient GetOrCreateInternalClient(NatsServer server) { ... }
+
+// Internal subscription management
+private ulong _internalSubId;
+public Subscription SubscribeInternal(string subject, SystemMessageHandler callback) { ... }
+
+// Import/Export APIs
+public void AddServiceExport(string subject, ServiceResponseType responseType, IEnumerable<Account>? approved);
+public void AddStreamExport(string subject, IEnumerable<Account>? approved);
+public ServiceImport AddServiceImport(Account destination, string from, string to);
+public void AddStreamImport(Account source, string from, string to);
+```
+
+### ExportMap / ImportMap
+
+```csharp
+public sealed class ExportMap
+{
+    public Dictionary<string, StreamExport> Streams { get; } = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+    public Dictionary<string, ServiceExport> Services { get; } = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+    public Dictionary<string, ServiceImport> Responses { get; } = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+}
+
+public sealed class ImportMap
+{
+    public List<StreamImport> Streams { get; } = [];
+    public Dictionary<string, List<ServiceImport>> Services { get; } = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+}
+```
+
+### Service Import Subscription Flow
+
+1. `account.AddServiceImport(dest, "requests.>", "api.>")` called
+2. Account creates its `InternalClient` (Kind=Account) if needed
+3. Creates subscription on `"requests.>"` in account's SubList with `Client = internalClient`
+4. Subscription carries a `ServiceImport` reference
+5. When message matches, `DeliverMessage` detects internal client → invokes `ProcessServiceImport`
+
+### ProcessServiceImport Callback
+
+1. Transform subject if transform configured
+2. Match against destination account's SubList
+3. Deliver to destination subscribers (rewriting reply subject for response routing)
+4. If reply present: set up response service import (see Layer 6)
+
+### Stream Import Delivery
+
+In `DeliverMessage`, before sending to subscriber:
+- If subscription has `StreamImport` reference, apply subject transform
+- Deliver with transformed subject
+
+### Message Delivery Path Changes
+
+`NatsServer.ProcessMessage` needs modification:
+- After matching local account SubList, also check for service imports that might forward to other accounts
+- For subscriptions with `sub.StreamImport != null`, transform subject before delivery
+
+---
+
+## Layer 6: Response Routing + Latency Tracking
+
+### Service Reply Prefix
+
+Generated per request: `_R_.{random10chars}.` — unique reply namespace in the exporting account.
+
+### Response Service Import Creation
+
+When `ProcessServiceImport` handles a request with a reply subject:
+
+1. Generate new reply prefix: `_R_.{random}.`
+2. Create response `ServiceImport` in the exporting account:
+   - `From = newReplyPrefix + ">"` (wildcard to catch all responses)
+   - `To = originalReply` (original reply subject in importing account)
+   - `IsResponse = true`
+3. Subscribe to new prefix in exporting account
+4. Rewrite reply in forwarded message to new prefix
+5. Store in `ExportMap.Responses[newPrefix]`
+
+### Response Delivery
+
+When exporting account service responds on the rewritten reply:
+1. Response matches the `_R_.{random}.>` subscription
+2. Response service import callback fires
+3. Transforms reply back to original subject
+4. Delivers to original account's subscribers
+
+### Cleanup
+
+- **Singleton:** Remove response import after first response delivery
+- **Streamed:** Track timestamp, clean up via timer after `ResponseThreshold` (default 2 min)
+- **Chunked:** Same as Streamed
+
+Timer runs periodically (every 30s), checks `ServiceImport.Timestamp` against threshold, removes stale entries.
+
+### Latency Tracking
+
+```csharp
+public sealed class ServiceLatency
+{
+    public int SamplingPercentage { get; init; } // 1-100
+    public string Subject { get; init; } = string.Empty; // where to publish metrics
+}
+
+public record ServiceLatencyMsg(
+    TypedEvent Event,
+    string Status,
+    string Requestor,  // Account name
+    string Responder,  // Account name
+    TimeSpan RequestStart,
+    TimeSpan ServiceLatency,
+    TimeSpan TotalLatency);
+```
+
+When tracking is enabled:
+1. Record request timestamp when creating response import
+2. On response delivery, calculate latency
+3. Publish `ServiceLatencyMsg` to configured subject
+4. Sampling: only track if `Random.Shared.Next(100) < SamplingPercentage`
+
+---
+
+## Testing Strategy
+
+### Layer 1 Tests
+- Verify `ClientKind.IsInternal()` for all kinds
+- Create `InternalClient`, verify properties (Kind, Id, Account, IsInternal)
+- Verify `INatsClient` interface on both `NatsClient` and `InternalClient`
+
+### Layer 2 Tests
+- Start/stop `InternalEventSystem` lifecycle
+- `SysSubscribe` creates subscription in system account SubList
+- `SendInternalMsg` delivers to system subscribers via send loop
+- `noInlineCallback` queues to receive loop rather than executing inline
+- Concurrent publish/subscribe stress test
+
+### Layer 3 Tests
+- Connect event published on `$SYS.ACCOUNT.{acc}.CONNECT` when client authenticates
+- Disconnect event published when client closes
+- Server stats published every 10s on `$SYS.SERVER.{id}.STATSZ`
+- Account conns published every 30s for accounts with connections
+- Shutdown event published during shutdown
+- Auth error event published on auth failure
+- Event JSON structure matches Go format
+
+### Layer 4 Tests
+- Subscribe to `$SYS.REQ.SERVER.{id}.VARZ`, send request, verify response matches /varz
+- Subscribe to `$SYS.REQ.SERVER.{id}.CONNZ`, verify response
+- Ping wildcard `$SYS.REQ.SERVER.PING.HEALTHZ` receives response
+- Account-scoped requests work
+
+### Layer 5 Tests
+- `AddServiceExport` + `AddServiceImport` creates internal subscription
+- Message published on import subject is forwarded to export account
+- Wildcard imports with subject transforms
+- Authorization: only approved accounts can import
+- Stream import with subject transform
+- Cycle detection in service imports
+- Account internal client lazy creation
+
+### Layer 6 Tests
+- Service import request-reply: request forwarded with rewritten reply, response routed back
+- Singleton response: import cleaned up after one response
+- Streamed response: multiple responses, cleaned up after timeout
+- Latency tracking: metrics published to configured subject
+- Response threshold timer cleans up stale entries
+
+---
+
+## Files to Create/Modify
+
+### New Files
+- `src/NATS.Server/ClientKind.cs`
+- `src/NATS.Server/INatsClient.cs`
+- `src/NATS.Server/InternalClient.cs`
+- `src/NATS.Server/Events/InternalEventSystem.cs`
+- `src/NATS.Server/Events/EventTypes.cs` (all event DTOs)
+- `src/NATS.Server/Events/EventJsonContext.cs` (source gen)
+- `src/NATS.Server/Events/EventSubjects.cs` (subject constants)
+- `src/NATS.Server/Imports/ServiceImport.cs`
+- `src/NATS.Server/Imports/StreamImport.cs`
+- `src/NATS.Server/Imports/ServiceExport.cs`
+- `src/NATS.Server/Imports/StreamExport.cs`
+- `src/NATS.Server/Imports/ExportAuth.cs`
+- `src/NATS.Server/Imports/ExportMap.cs`
+- `src/NATS.Server/Imports/ImportMap.cs`
+- `src/NATS.Server/Imports/ServiceResponseType.cs`
+- `src/NATS.Server/Imports/ServiceLatency.cs`
+- `tests/NATS.Server.Tests/InternalClientTests.cs`
+- `tests/NATS.Server.Tests/EventSystemTests.cs`
+- `tests/NATS.Server.Tests/SystemEventsTests.cs`
+- `tests/NATS.Server.Tests/SystemRequestReplyTests.cs`
+- `tests/NATS.Server.Tests/ImportExportTests.cs`
+- `tests/NATS.Server.Tests/ResponseRoutingTests.cs`
+
+### Modified Files
+- `src/NATS.Server/NatsClient.cs` — implement `INatsClient`, add `Kind` property
+- `src/NATS.Server/NatsServer.cs` — integrate event system, add import/export message path, system event publishing
+- `src/NATS.Server/Auth/Account.cs` — add exports/imports, internal client, subscription APIs
+- `src/NATS.Server/Subscriptions/Subscription.cs` — `Client` → `INatsClient?`, add `ServiceImport?`, `StreamImport?`
+- `src/NATS.Server/Subscriptions/SubList.cs` — work with `INatsClient` if needed
+- `src/NATS.Server/Monitoring/MonitorServer.cs` — expose data builders for request-reply handlers
+- `differences.md` — update SYSTEM, ACCOUNT, import/export status

docs/plans/2026-02-23-system-account-types-plan.md.tasks.json

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+  "planPath": "docs/plans/2026-02-23-system-account-types-plan.md",
+  "tasks": [
+    {"id": 6, "subject": "Task 1: Create ClientKind enum and extensions", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 7, "subject": "Task 2: Create INatsClient interface and implement on NatsClient", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6]},
+    {"id": 8, "subject": "Task 3: Create InternalClient class", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [7]},
+    {"id": 9, "subject": "Task 4: Create event subject constants and SystemMessageHandler delegate", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [8]},
+    {"id": 10, "subject": "Task 5: Create event DTO types and JSON source generator", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [9]},
+    {"id": 11, "subject": "Task 6: Create InternalEventSystem with send/receive loops", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [10]},
+    {"id": 12, "subject": "Task 7: Wire system event publishing (connect, disconnect, shutdown)", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [11]},
+    {"id": 13, "subject": "Task 8: Add periodic stats and account connection heartbeats", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [12]},
+    {"id": 14, "subject": "Task 9: Add system request-reply monitoring services", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [13]},
+    {"id": 15, "subject": "Task 10: Create import/export model types", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [8]},
+    {"id": 16, "subject": "Task 11: Add import/export support to Account and ACCOUNT client", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [15]},
+    {"id": 17, "subject": "Task 12: Wire service import into message delivery path", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [16]},
+    {"id": 18, "subject": "Task 13: Add response routing for service imports", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [17]},
+    {"id": 19, "subject": "Task 14: Add latency tracking for service imports", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [18]},
+    {"id": 20, "subject": "Task 15: Update differences.md", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [19]},
+    {"id": 21, "subject": "Task 16: Final verification — full test suite and build", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [20]}
+  ],
+  "lastUpdated": "2026-02-23T00:00:00Z"
+}

docs/plans/2026-02-23-websocket-design.md

@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+# WebSocket Support Design
+
+## Overview
+
+Port WebSocket connection support from the Go NATS server (`golang/nats-server/server/websocket.go`, ~1,550 lines) to the .NET solution. Full feature parity: client/leaf/MQTT paths, HTTP upgrade handshake, custom frame parser with masking, permessage-deflate compression, browser compatibility, origin checking, cookie-based auth, and close frame handling.
+
+## Approach
+
+**Raw socket with manual HTTP upgrade** and **custom frame parser** — no ASP.NET Core WebSocket middleware, no `System.Net.WebSockets`. Direct port of Go's frame-level implementation for full control over masking negotiation, compression, fragmentation, and browser quirks.
+
+**Self-contained WebSocket module** under `src/NATS.Server/WebSocket/` with a `WsConnection` Stream wrapper that integrates transparently with the existing `NatsClient` read/write loops.
+
+## Go Reference
+
+- `server/websocket.go` — Main implementation (1,550 lines)
+- `server/websocket_test.go` — Tests (4,982 lines)
+- `server/opts.go` lines 518-610 — `WebsocketOpts` struct
+- `server/client.go` — Integration points (`c.ws` field, `wsRead`, `wsCollapsePtoNB`)
+
+## File Structure
+
+```
+src/NATS.Server/WebSocket/
+  WsConstants.cs       — Opcodes, frame limits, close codes, compression magic bytes
+  WsReadInfo.cs        — Per-connection frame reader state machine
+  WsFrameWriter.cs     — Frame construction, masking, compression, fragmentation
+  WsUpgrade.cs         — HTTP upgrade handshake validation and 101 response
+  WsConnection.cs      — Stream wrapper bridging WS frames <-> NatsClient read/write
+  WsOriginChecker.cs   — Same-origin and allowed-origins validation
+  WsCompression.cs     — permessage-deflate via DeflateStream
+
+tests/NATS.Server.Tests/WebSocket/
+  WsUpgradeTests.cs
+  WsFrameTests.cs
+  WsCompressionTests.cs
+  WsOriginCheckerTests.cs
+  WsIntegrationTests.cs
+```
+
+Modified existing files:
+- `NatsOptions.cs` — Add `WebSocketOptions` class
+- `NatsServer.cs` — Second accept loop for WebSocket port
+- `NatsClient.cs` — `IsWebSocket` flag, `WsInfo` metadata property
+
+## Constants (WsConstants.cs)
+
+Direct port of Go constants:
+
+| Constant | Value | Purpose |
+|----------|-------|---------|
+| `WsTextMessage` | 1 | Text frame opcode |
+| `WsBinaryMessage` | 2 | Binary frame opcode |
+| `WsCloseMessage` | 8 | Close frame opcode |
+| `WsPingMessage` | 9 | Ping frame opcode |
+| `WsPongMessage` | 10 | Pong frame opcode |
+| `WsFinalBit` | 0x80 | FIN bit in byte 0 |
+| `WsRsv1Bit` | 0x40 | RSV1 (compression) in byte 0 |
+| `WsMaskBit` | 0x80 | Mask bit in byte 1 |
+| `WsMaxFrameHeaderSize` | 14 | Max frame header bytes |
+| `WsMaxControlPayloadSize` | 125 | Max control frame payload |
+| `WsFrameSizeForBrowsers` | 4096 | Browser fragmentation limit |
+| `WsCompressThreshold` | 64 | Min payload size to compress |
+| Close codes | 1000-1015 | RFC 6455 Section 11.7 |
+| Paths | `/`, `/leafnode`, `/mqtt` | Client type routing |
+
+## HTTP Upgrade Handshake (WsUpgrade.cs)
+
+### Input
+Raw `Stream` (TCP or TLS) after socket accept.
+
+### Validation (RFC 6455 Section 4.2.1)
+1. Parse HTTP request line — must be `GET <path> HTTP/1.1`
+2. Parse headers into dictionary
+3. Host header required
+4. `Upgrade` header must contain `"websocket"` (case-insensitive)
+5. `Connection` header must contain `"Upgrade"` (case-insensitive)
+6. `Sec-WebSocket-Version` must be `"13"`
+7. `Sec-WebSocket-Key` must be present
+8. Path routing: `/` -> Client, `/leafnode` -> Leaf, `/mqtt` -> Mqtt
+9. Origin checking via `WsOriginChecker` if configured
+10. Compression: parse `Sec-WebSocket-Extensions` for `permessage-deflate`
+11. No-masking: check `Nats-No-Masking` header (for leaf nodes)
+12. Browser detection: `User-Agent` contains `"Mozilla/"`, Safari for `nocompfrag`
+13. Cookie extraction: map configured cookie names to values
+14. X-Forwarded-For: extract client IP
+
+### Response
+```
+HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n
+Upgrade: websocket\r\n
+Connection: Upgrade\r\n
+Sec-WebSocket-Accept: <base64(SHA1(key + "258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11"))>\r\n
+[Sec-WebSocket-Extensions: permessage-deflate; server_no_context_takeover; client_no_context_takeover\r\n]
+[Nats-No-Masking: true\r\n]
+[Custom headers\r\n]
+\r\n
+```
+
+### Result Type
+```csharp
+public readonly record struct WsUpgradeResult(
+    bool Success,
+    bool Compress,
+    bool Browser,
+    bool NoCompFrag,
+    bool MaskRead,
+    bool MaskWrite,
+    string? CookieJwt,
+    string? CookieUsername,
+    string? CookiePassword,
+    string? CookieToken,
+    string? ClientIp,
+    WsClientKind Kind);
+
+public enum WsClientKind { Client, Leaf, Mqtt }
+```
+
+### Error Handling
+Return standard HTTP error responses (400, 403, etc.) with body text for invalid requests.
+
+## Frame Reading (WsReadInfo.cs)
+
+### State Machine
+```csharp
+public struct WsReadInfo
+{
+    public int Remaining;        // Bytes left in current frame payload
+    public bool FrameStart;      // Reading new frame header
+    public bool FirstFrame;      // First frame of fragmented message
+    public bool FrameCompressed; // Message is compressed (RSV1)
+    public bool ExpectMask;      // Client frames should be masked
+    public byte MaskKeyPos;      // Position in 4-byte mask key
+    public byte[] MaskKey;       // 4-byte XOR mask
+    public List<byte[]>? CompressedBuffers;
+    public int CompressedOffset;
+}
+```
+
+### Flow
+1. Parse frame header: FIN, RSV1, opcode, mask, length, mask key
+2. Handle control frames in-band (PING -> PONG, CLOSE -> close response)
+3. Unmask payload bytes (XOR with cycling 4-byte key, optimized for 8-byte chunks)
+4. If compressed: collect payloads across frames, decompress on final frame
+5. Return unframed NATS protocol bytes
+
+### Decompression
+- Append magic trailer `[0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff]` before decompressing
+- Use `DeflateStream` for decompression
+- Validate decompressed size against `MaxPayload`
+
+## Frame Writing (WsFrameWriter.cs)
+
+### Per-Connection State
+```csharp
+public sealed class WsFrameWriter
+{
+    private readonly bool _compress;
+    private readonly bool _maskWrite;
+    private readonly bool _browser;
+    private readonly bool _noCompFrag;
+    private DeflateStream? _compressor;
+}
+```
+
+### Flow
+1. If compression enabled and payload > 64 bytes: compress via `DeflateStream`
+2. If browser client and payload > 4096 bytes: fragment into chunks
+3. Build frame headers: FIN | RSV1 | opcode | MASK | length | mask key
+4. If masking: generate random 4-byte key, XOR payload
+5. Control frame helpers: `EnqueuePing`, `EnqueuePong`, `EnqueueClose`
+
+### Close Frame
+- 2-byte status code (big-endian) + optional UTF-8 reason
+- Reason truncated to 125 bytes with `"..."` suffix
+- Status code mapping from `ClientClosedReason`:
+  - ClientClosed -> 1000 (Normal)
+  - Auth failure -> 1008 (Policy Violation)
+  - Parse error -> 1002 (Protocol Error)
+  - Payload too big -> 1009 (Message Too Big)
+  - Other -> 1001 (Going Away) or 1011 (Server Error)
+
+## WsConnection Stream Wrapper (WsConnection.cs)
+
+Extends `Stream` to transparently wrap WebSocket framing around raw I/O:
+
+- `ReadAsync`: Calls `WsRead` to decode frames, buffers decoded payloads, returns NATS bytes to caller
+- `WriteAsync`: Wraps payload in WS frames via `WsFrameWriter`, writes to inner stream
+- `EnqueueControlMessage`: Called by read loop for PING responses and close frames
+
+NatsClient's `FillPipeAsync` and `RunWriteLoopAsync` work unchanged because `WsConnection` is a `Stream`.
+
+## NatsServer Integration
+
+### Second Accept Loop
+```
+StartAsync:
+  if WebSocket.Port > 0:
+    create _wsListener socket
+    bind to WebSocket.Host:WebSocket.Port
+    start RunWebSocketAcceptLoopAsync
+```
+
+### WebSocket Accept Flow
+```
+Accept socket
+  -> TLS negotiation (reuse TlsConnectionWrapper)
+  -> WsUpgrade.TryUpgradeAsync (HTTP upgrade)
+  -> Create WsConnection wrapping stream
+  -> Create NatsClient with WsConnection as stream
+  -> Set IsWebSocket = true, attach WsUpgradeResult
+  -> RunClientAsync (same as TCP from here)
+```
+
+### NatsClient Changes
+- `public bool IsWebSocket { get; set; }` flag
+- `public WsUpgradeResult? WsInfo { get; set; }` metadata
+- No changes to read/write loops — `WsConnection` handles framing transparently
+
+### Shutdown
+- `ShutdownAsync` also closes `_wsListener`
+- WebSocket clients receive close frames before TCP disconnect
+- `LameDuckShutdownAsync` includes WS clients in stagger-close
+
+## Configuration (WebSocketOptions)
+
+```csharp
+public sealed class WebSocketOptions
+{
+    public string Host { get; set; } = "0.0.0.0";
+    public int Port { get; set; }                     // 0 = disabled
+    public string? Advertise { get; set; }
+    public string? NoAuthUser { get; set; }
+    public string? JwtCookie { get; set; }
+    public string? UsernameCookie { get; set; }
+    public string? PasswordCookie { get; set; }
+    public string? TokenCookie { get; set; }
+    public string? Username { get; set; }
+    public string? Password { get; set; }
+    public string? Token { get; set; }
+    public TimeSpan AuthTimeout { get; set; } = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2);
+    public bool NoTls { get; set; }
+    public string? TlsCert { get; set; }
+    public string? TlsKey { get; set; }
+    public bool SameOrigin { get; set; }
+    public List<string>? AllowedOrigins { get; set; }
+    public bool Compression { get; set; }
+    public TimeSpan HandshakeTimeout { get; set; } = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2);
+    public TimeSpan? PingInterval { get; set; }
+    public Dictionary<string, string>? Headers { get; set; }
+}
+```
+
+### Validation Rules
+- Port 0 = disabled, skip remaining validation
+- TLS required unless `NoTls = true`
+- AllowedOrigins must be valid URLs
+- Custom headers must not use reserved names
+- NoAuthUser must match existing user if specified
+
+## Origin Checking (WsOriginChecker.cs)
+
+1. No Origin header -> accept (per RFC for non-browser clients)
+2. If `SameOrigin`: compare origin host:port with request Host header
+3. If `AllowedOrigins`: check host against list, match scheme and port
+
+Parsed from config URLs, stored as `Dictionary<string, (string scheme, int port)>`.
+
+## Testing
+
+### Unit Tests
+
+**WsUpgradeTests.cs**
+- Valid upgrade -> 101
+- Missing/invalid headers -> error codes
+- Origin checking (same-origin, allowed, blocked)
+- Compression negotiation
+- No-masking header
+- Browser/Safari detection
+- Cookie extraction
+- Path routing
+- Handshake timeout
+- Custom/reserved headers
+
+**WsFrameTests.cs**
+- Read uncompressed frames (various sizes)
+- Length encoding (7-bit, 16-bit, 64-bit)
+- Masking/unmasking round-trip
+- Control frames (PING, PONG, CLOSE)
+- Close frame status code and reason
+- Invalid frames (missing FIN on control, oversized control)
+- Fragmented messages
+- Compressed frame round-trip
+- Browser fragmentation at 4096
+- Safari no-compressed-fragmentation
+
+**WsCompressionTests.cs**
+- Compress/decompress round-trip
+- Below threshold not compressed
+- Large payload compression
+- MaxPayload limit on decompression
+
+**WsOriginCheckerTests.cs**
+- No origin -> accepted
+- Same-origin match/mismatch
+- Allowed origins match/mismatch
+- Scheme and port matching
+
+### Integration Tests
+
+**WsIntegrationTests.cs**
+- Connect via raw WebSocket, CONNECT/INFO exchange
+- PUB/SUB over WebSocket
+- Multiple WS clients
+- Mixed TCP + WS clients interoperating
+- WS with compression
+- Graceful close (close frame exchange)
+- Server shutdown sends close frames
+
+## Post-Implementation
+
+- Update `differences.md` to mark WebSocket support as implemented
+- Update ports file to include WebSocket port

docs/plans/2026-02-23-websocket-plan.md.tasks.json

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "planPath": "docs/plans/2026-02-23-websocket-plan.md",
+  "tasks": [
+    {"id": 6, "subject": "Task 0: Add WebSocketOptions configuration", "status": "pending"},
+    {"id": 7, "subject": "Task 1: Add WsConstants", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6]},
+    {"id": 8, "subject": "Task 2: Add WsOriginChecker", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6, 7]},
+    {"id": 9, "subject": "Task 3: Add WsFrameWriter", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [7, 8]},
+    {"id": 10, "subject": "Task 4: Add WsReadInfo frame reader state machine", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [7, 8, 9]},
+    {"id": 11, "subject": "Task 5: Add WsCompression (permessage-deflate)", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [7]},
+    {"id": 12, "subject": "Task 6: Add WsUpgrade HTTP handshake", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [7, 8, 11]},
+    {"id": 13, "subject": "Task 7: Add WsConnection Stream wrapper", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [7, 9, 10, 11]},
+    {"id": 14, "subject": "Task 8: Integrate WebSocket into NatsServer and NatsClient", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [6, 7, 12, 13]},
+    {"id": 15, "subject": "Task 9: Update differences.md", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [14]},
+    {"id": 16, "subject": "Task 10: Run full test suite and verify", "status": "pending", "blockedBy": [14, 15]}
+  ],
+  "lastUpdated": "2026-02-23T00:00:00Z"
+}

src/NATS.Server.Host/NATS.Server.Host.csproj

@@ -9,8 +9,11 @@
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting.WindowsServices" />
     <PackageReference Include="Serilog.Extensions.Hosting" />
     <PackageReference Include="Serilog.Sinks.Console" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Serilog.Sinks.File" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Serilog.Sinks.SyslogMessages" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
 </Project>

src/NATS.Server.Host/Program.cs

@@ -1,53 +1,240 @@
 using NATS.Server;
+using NATS.Server.Configuration;
 using Serilog;
+using Serilog.Sinks.SystemConsole.Themes;
 
-Log.Logger = new LoggerConfiguration()
-    .MinimumLevel.Debug()
-    .Enrich.FromLogContext()
-    .WriteTo.Console(outputTemplate: "[{Timestamp:HH:mm:ss} {Level:u3}] {Message:lj}{NewLine}{Exception}")
-    .CreateLogger();
+// First pass: scan args for -c flag to get config file path
+string? configFile = null;
+for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+{
+    if (args[i] == "-c" && i + 1 < args.Length)
+    {
+        configFile = args[++i];
+        break;
+    }
+}
 
-var options = new NatsOptions();
+var windowsService = false;
 
-// Simple CLI argument parsing
+// If config file specified, load it as the base options
+var options = configFile != null
+    ? ConfigProcessor.ProcessConfigFile(configFile)
+    : new NatsOptions();
+
+// Second pass: apply CLI args on top of config-loaded options, tracking InCmdLine
 for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
 {
     switch (args[i])
     {
         case "-p" or "--port" when i + 1 < args.Length:
             options.Port = int.Parse(args[++i]);
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("Port");
             break;
         case "-a" or "--addr" when i + 1 < args.Length:
             options.Host = args[++i];
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("Host");
             break;
         case "-n" or "--name" when i + 1 < args.Length:
             options.ServerName = args[++i];
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("ServerName");
             break;
         case "-m" or "--http_port" when i + 1 < args.Length:
             options.MonitorPort = int.Parse(args[++i]);
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("MonitorPort");
             break;
         case "--http_base_path" when i + 1 < args.Length:
             options.MonitorBasePath = args[++i];
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("MonitorBasePath");
             break;
         case "--https_port" when i + 1 < args.Length:
             options.MonitorHttpsPort = int.Parse(args[++i]);
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("MonitorHttpsPort");
+            break;
+        case "-c" when i + 1 < args.Length:
+            // Already handled in first pass; skip the value
+            i++;
+            break;
+        case "--pid" when i + 1 < args.Length:
+            options.PidFile = args[++i];
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("PidFile");
+            break;
+        case "--ports_file_dir" when i + 1 < args.Length:
+            options.PortsFileDir = args[++i];
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("PortsFileDir");
+            break;
+        case "--tls":
+            break;
+        case "--tlscert" when i + 1 < args.Length:
+            options.TlsCert = args[++i];
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("TlsCert");
+            break;
+        case "--tlskey" when i + 1 < args.Length:
+            options.TlsKey = args[++i];
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("TlsKey");
+            break;
+        case "--tlscacert" when i + 1 < args.Length:
+            options.TlsCaCert = args[++i];
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("TlsCaCert");
+            break;
+        case "--tlsverify":
+            options.TlsVerify = true;
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("TlsVerify");
+            break;
+        case "-D" or "--debug":
+            options.Debug = true;
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("Debug");
+            break;
+        case "-V" or "-T" or "--trace":
+            options.Trace = true;
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("Trace");
+            break;
+        case "-DV":
+            options.Debug = true;
+            options.Trace = true;
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("Debug");
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("Trace");
+            break;
+        case "-l" or "--log" or "--log_file" when i + 1 < args.Length:
+            options.LogFile = args[++i];
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("LogFile");
+            break;
+        case "--log_size_limit" when i + 1 < args.Length:
+            options.LogSizeLimit = long.Parse(args[++i]);
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("LogSizeLimit");
+            break;
+        case "--log_max_files" when i + 1 < args.Length:
+            options.LogMaxFiles = int.Parse(args[++i]);
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("LogMaxFiles");
+            break;
+        case "--logtime" when i + 1 < args.Length:
+            options.Logtime = bool.Parse(args[++i]);
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("Logtime");
+            break;
+        case "--logtime_utc":
+            options.LogtimeUTC = true;
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("LogtimeUTC");
+            break;
+        case "--syslog":
+            options.Syslog = true;
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("Syslog");
+            break;
+        case "--remote_syslog" when i + 1 < args.Length:
+            options.RemoteSyslog = args[++i];
+            options.InCmdLine.Add("RemoteSyslog");
+            break;
+        case "--service":
+            windowsService = true;
+            break;
+        case "--log_level_override" when i + 1 < args.Length:
+            var parts = args[++i].Split('=', 2);
+            if (parts.Length == 2)
+            {
+                options.LogOverrides ??= new();
+                options.LogOverrides[parts[0]] = parts[1];
+            }
             break;
     }
 }
 
-using var loggerFactory = new Serilog.Extensions.Logging.SerilogLoggerFactory(Log.Logger);
-var server = new NatsServer(options, loggerFactory);
+// Build Serilog configuration from options
+var logConfig = new LoggerConfiguration()
+    .Enrich.FromLogContext();
 
-var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
+// Set minimum level based on flags
+if (options.Trace)
+    logConfig.MinimumLevel.Verbose();
+else if (options.Debug)
+    logConfig.MinimumLevel.Debug();
+else
+    logConfig.MinimumLevel.Information();
+
+// Build output template
+var timestampFormat = options.LogtimeUTC
+    ? "{Timestamp:yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss.ffffff} "
+    : "{Timestamp:HH:mm:ss} ";
+var template = options.Logtime
+    ? $"[{timestampFormat}{{Level:u3}}] {{Message:lj}}{{NewLine}}{{Exception}}"
+    : "[{Level:u3}] {Message:lj}{NewLine}{Exception}";
+
+// Console sink with color auto-detection
+if (!Console.IsOutputRedirected)
+    logConfig.WriteTo.Console(outputTemplate: template, theme: AnsiConsoleTheme.Code);
+else
+    logConfig.WriteTo.Console(outputTemplate: template);
+
+// File sink with rotation
+if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(options.LogFile))
+{
+    logConfig.WriteTo.File(
+        options.LogFile,
+        fileSizeLimitBytes: options.LogSizeLimit > 0 ? options.LogSizeLimit : null,
+        retainedFileCountLimit: options.LogMaxFiles > 0 ? options.LogMaxFiles : null,
+        rollOnFileSizeLimit: options.LogSizeLimit > 0,
+        outputTemplate: template);
+}
+
+// Syslog sink
+if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(options.RemoteSyslog))
+{
+    logConfig.WriteTo.UdpSyslog(options.RemoteSyslog);
+}
+else if (options.Syslog)
+{
+    logConfig.WriteTo.LocalSyslog("nats-server");
+}
+
+// Apply per-subsystem log level overrides
+if (options.LogOverrides is not null)
+{
+    foreach (var (ns, level) in options.LogOverrides)
+    {
+        if (Enum.TryParse<Serilog.Events.LogEventLevel>(level, true, out var serilogLevel))
+            logConfig.MinimumLevel.Override(ns, serilogLevel);
+    }
+}
+
+Log.Logger = logConfig.CreateLogger();
+
+if (windowsService)
+{
+    Log.Information("Windows Service mode requested");
+}
+
+using var loggerFactory = new Serilog.Extensions.Logging.SerilogLoggerFactory(Log.Logger);
+using var server = new NatsServer(options, loggerFactory);
+
+// Store CLI snapshot for reload precedence (CLI flags always win over config file)
+if (configFile != null && options.InCmdLine.Count > 0)
+{
+    var cliSnapshot = new NatsOptions();
+    ConfigReloader.MergeCliOverrides(cliSnapshot, options, options.InCmdLine);
+    server.SetCliSnapshot(cliSnapshot, options.InCmdLine);
+}
+
+// Register signal handlers
+server.HandleSignals();
+
+server.ReOpenLogFile = () =>
+{
+    Log.Information("Reopening log file");
+    Log.CloseAndFlush();
+    Log.Logger = logConfig.CreateLogger();
+    Log.Information("File log re-opened");
+};
+
+// Ctrl+C triggers graceful shutdown
 Console.CancelKeyPress += (_, e) =>
 {
     e.Cancel = true;
-    cts.Cancel();
+    Log.Information("Trapped SIGINT signal");
+    _ = Task.Run(async () => await server.ShutdownAsync());
 };
 
 try
 {
-    await server.StartAsync(cts.Token);
+    _ = server.StartAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+    await server.WaitForReadyAsync();
+    server.WaitForShutdown();
 }
 catch (OperationCanceledException)
 {

src/NATS.Server/Auth/Account.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using NATS.Server.Imports;
 using NATS.Server.Subscriptions;
 
 namespace NATS.Server.Auth;
@@ -10,8 +11,31 @@ public sealed class Account : IDisposable
     public string Name { get; }
     public SubList SubList { get; } = new();
     public Permissions? DefaultPermissions { get; set; }
+    public int MaxConnections { get; set; } // 0 = unlimited
+    public int MaxSubscriptions { get; set; } // 0 = unlimited
+    public ExportMap Exports { get; } = new();
+    public ImportMap Imports { get; } = new();
+
+    // JWT fields
+    public string? Nkey { get; set; }
+    public string? Issuer { get; set; }
+    public Dictionary<string, object>? SigningKeys { get; set; }
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, long> _revokedUsers = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+
+    public void RevokeUser(string userNkey, long issuedAt) => _revokedUsers[userNkey] = issuedAt;
+
+    public bool IsUserRevoked(string userNkey, long issuedAt)
+    {
+        if (_revokedUsers.TryGetValue(userNkey, out var revokedAt))
+            return issuedAt <= revokedAt;
+        // Check "*" wildcard for all-user revocation
+        if (_revokedUsers.TryGetValue("*", out revokedAt))
+            return issuedAt <= revokedAt;
+        return false;
+    }
 
     private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, byte> _clients = new();
+    private int _subscriptionCount;
 
     public Account(string name)
     {
@@ -19,10 +43,126 @@ public sealed class Account : IDisposable
     }
 
     public int ClientCount => _clients.Count;
+    public int SubscriptionCount => Volatile.Read(ref _subscriptionCount);
 
-    public void AddClient(ulong clientId) => _clients[clientId] = 0;
+    /// <summary>Returns false if max connections exceeded.</summary>
+    public bool AddClient(ulong clientId)
+    {
+        if (MaxConnections > 0 && _clients.Count >= MaxConnections)
+            return false;
+        _clients[clientId] = 0;
+        return true;
+    }
 
     public void RemoveClient(ulong clientId) => _clients.TryRemove(clientId, out _);
 
+    public bool IncrementSubscriptions()
+    {
+        if (MaxSubscriptions > 0 && Volatile.Read(ref _subscriptionCount) >= MaxSubscriptions)
+            return false;
+        Interlocked.Increment(ref _subscriptionCount);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public void DecrementSubscriptions()
+    {
+        Interlocked.Decrement(ref _subscriptionCount);
+    }
+
+    // Per-account message/byte stats
+    private long _inMsgs;
+    private long _outMsgs;
+    private long _inBytes;
+    private long _outBytes;
+
+    public long InMsgs => Interlocked.Read(ref _inMsgs);
+    public long OutMsgs => Interlocked.Read(ref _outMsgs);
+    public long InBytes => Interlocked.Read(ref _inBytes);
+    public long OutBytes => Interlocked.Read(ref _outBytes);
+
+    public void IncrementInbound(long msgs, long bytes)
+    {
+        Interlocked.Add(ref _inMsgs, msgs);
+        Interlocked.Add(ref _inBytes, bytes);
+    }
+
+    public void IncrementOutbound(long msgs, long bytes)
+    {
+        Interlocked.Add(ref _outMsgs, msgs);
+        Interlocked.Add(ref _outBytes, bytes);
+    }
+
+    // Internal (ACCOUNT) client for import/export message routing
+    private InternalClient? _internalClient;
+
+    public InternalClient GetOrCreateInternalClient(ulong clientId)
+    {
+        if (_internalClient != null) return _internalClient;
+        _internalClient = new InternalClient(clientId, ClientKind.Account, this);
+        return _internalClient;
+    }
+
+    public void AddServiceExport(string subject, ServiceResponseType responseType, IEnumerable<Account>? approved)
+    {
+        var auth = new ExportAuth
+        {
+            ApprovedAccounts = approved != null ? new HashSet<string>(approved.Select(a => a.Name)) : null,
+        };
+        Exports.Services[subject] = new ServiceExport
+        {
+            Auth = auth,
+            Account = this,
+            ResponseType = responseType,
+        };
+    }
+
+    public void AddStreamExport(string subject, IEnumerable<Account>? approved)
+    {
+        var auth = new ExportAuth
+        {
+            ApprovedAccounts = approved != null ? new HashSet<string>(approved.Select(a => a.Name)) : null,
+        };
+        Exports.Streams[subject] = new StreamExport { Auth = auth };
+    }
+
+    public ServiceImport AddServiceImport(Account destination, string from, string to)
+    {
+        if (!destination.Exports.Services.TryGetValue(to, out var export))
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"No service export found for '{to}' on account '{destination.Name}'");
+
+        if (!export.Auth.IsAuthorized(this))
+            throw new UnauthorizedAccessException($"Account '{Name}' not authorized to import '{to}' from '{destination.Name}'");
+
+        var si = new ServiceImport
+        {
+            DestinationAccount = destination,
+            From = from,
+            To = to,
+            Export = export,
+            ResponseType = export.ResponseType,
+        };
+
+        Imports.AddServiceImport(si);
+        return si;
+    }
+
+    public void AddStreamImport(Account source, string from, string to)
+    {
+        if (!source.Exports.Streams.TryGetValue(from, out var export))
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"No stream export found for '{from}' on account '{source.Name}'");
+
+        if (!export.Auth.IsAuthorized(this))
+            throw new UnauthorizedAccessException($"Account '{Name}' not authorized to import '{from}' from '{source.Name}'");
+
+        var si = new StreamImport
+        {
+            SourceAccount = source,
+            From = from,
+            To = to,
+        };
+
+        Imports.Streams.Add(si);
+    }
+
     public void Dispose() => SubList.Dispose();
 }

src/NATS.Server/Auth/AccountConfig.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace NATS.Server.Auth;
+
+public sealed class AccountConfig
+{
+    public int MaxConnections { get; init; }      // 0 = unlimited
+    public int MaxSubscriptions { get; init; }    // 0 = unlimited
+    public Permissions? DefaultPermissions { get; init; }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Auth/AuthService.cs

@@ -34,6 +34,21 @@ public sealed class AuthService
         var nonceRequired = false;
         Dictionary<string, User>? usersMap = null;
 
+        // TLS certificate mapping (highest priority when enabled)
+        if (options.TlsMap && options.TlsVerify && options.Users is { Count: > 0 })
+        {
+            authenticators.Add(new TlsMapAuthenticator(options.Users));
+            authRequired = true;
+        }
+
+        // JWT / Operator mode (highest priority after TLS)
+        if (options.TrustedKeys is { Length: > 0 } && options.AccountResolver is not null)
+        {
+            authenticators.Add(new JwtAuthenticator(options.TrustedKeys, options.AccountResolver));
+            authRequired = true;
+            nonceRequired = true;
+        }
+
         // Priority order (matching Go): NKeys > Users > Token > SimpleUserPassword
 
         if (options.NKeys is { Count: > 0 })
@@ -92,7 +107,8 @@ public sealed class AuthService
             && string.IsNullOrEmpty(opts.Password)
             && string.IsNullOrEmpty(opts.Token)
             && string.IsNullOrEmpty(opts.Nkey)
-            && string.IsNullOrEmpty(opts.Sig);
+            && string.IsNullOrEmpty(opts.Sig)
+            && string.IsNullOrEmpty(opts.JWT);
     }
 
     private AuthResult? ResolveNoAuthUser()

src/NATS.Server/Auth/ClientPermissions.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using NATS.Server.Subscriptions;
 
 namespace NATS.Server.Auth;
@@ -7,12 +6,14 @@ public sealed class ClientPermissions : IDisposable
 {
     private readonly PermissionSet? _publish;
     private readonly PermissionSet? _subscribe;
-    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, bool> _pubCache = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+    private readonly ResponseTracker? _responseTracker;
+    private readonly PermissionLruCache _pubCache = new(128);
 
-    private ClientPermissions(PermissionSet? publish, PermissionSet? subscribe)
+    private ClientPermissions(PermissionSet? publish, PermissionSet? subscribe, ResponseTracker? responseTracker)
     {
         _publish = publish;
         _subscribe = subscribe;
+        _responseTracker = responseTracker;
     }
 
     public static ClientPermissions? Build(Permissions? permissions)
@@ -22,27 +23,55 @@ public sealed class ClientPermissions : IDisposable
 
         var pub = PermissionSet.Build(permissions.Publish);
         var sub = PermissionSet.Build(permissions.Subscribe);
+        ResponseTracker? responseTracker = null;
+        if (permissions.Response != null)
+            responseTracker = new ResponseTracker(permissions.Response.MaxMsgs, permissions.Response.Expires);
 
-        if (pub == null && sub == null)
+        if (pub == null && sub == null && responseTracker == null)
             return null;
 
-        return new ClientPermissions(pub, sub);
+        return new ClientPermissions(pub, sub, responseTracker);
     }
 
+    public ResponseTracker? ResponseTracker => _responseTracker;
+
     public bool IsPublishAllowed(string subject)
     {
         if (_publish == null)
             return true;
 
-        return _pubCache.GetOrAdd(subject, _publish.IsAllowed);
+        if (_pubCache.TryGet(subject, out var cached))
+            return cached;
+
+        var allowed = _publish.IsAllowed(subject);
+
+        // If denied but response tracking is enabled, check reply table
+        if (!allowed && _responseTracker != null)
+        {
+            if (_responseTracker.IsReplyAllowed(subject))
+                return true; // Don't cache dynamic reply permissions
+        }
+
+        _pubCache.Set(subject, allowed);
+        return allowed;
     }
 
     public bool IsSubscribeAllowed(string subject, string? queue = null)
     {
         if (_subscribe == null)
             return true;
+        if (!_subscribe.IsAllowed(subject))
+            return false;
+        if (queue != null && _subscribe.IsDenied(queue))
+            return false;
+        return true;
+    }
 
-        return _subscribe.IsAllowed(subject);
+    public bool IsDeliveryAllowed(string subject)
+    {
+        if (_subscribe == null)
+            return true;
+        return _subscribe.IsDeliveryAllowed(subject);
     }
 
     public void Dispose()
@@ -113,6 +142,21 @@ public sealed class PermissionSet : IDisposable
         return allowed;
     }
 
+    public bool IsDenied(string subject)
+    {
+        if (_deny == null) return false;
+        var result = _deny.Match(subject);
+        return result.PlainSubs.Length > 0 || result.QueueSubs.Length > 0;
+    }
+
+    public bool IsDeliveryAllowed(string subject)
+    {
+        if (_deny == null)
+            return true;
+        var result = _deny.Match(subject);
+        return result.PlainSubs.Length == 0 && result.QueueSubs.Length == 0;
+    }
+
     public void Dispose()
     {
         _allow?.Dispose();

src/NATS.Server/Auth/IAuthenticator.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
 using NATS.Server.Protocol;
 
 namespace NATS.Server.Auth;
@@ -11,4 +12,5 @@ public sealed class ClientAuthContext
 {
     public required ClientOptions Opts { get; init; }
     public required byte[] Nonce { get; init; }
+    public X509Certificate2? ClientCertificate { get; init; }
 }

src/NATS.Server/Auth/Jwt/AccountClaims.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Auth.Jwt;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents the claims in a NATS account JWT.
+/// Contains standard JWT fields (sub, iss, iat, exp) and a NATS-specific nested object
+/// with account limits, signing keys, and revocations.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// Reference: github.com/nats-io/jwt/v2 — AccountClaims, Account, OperatorLimits types
+/// </remarks>
+public sealed class AccountClaims
+{
+    /// <summary>Subject — the account's NKey public key.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("sub")]
+    public string? Subject { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Issuer — the operator or signing key that issued this JWT.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("iss")]
+    public string? Issuer { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Issued-at time as Unix epoch seconds.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("iat")]
+    public long IssuedAt { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Expiration time as Unix epoch seconds. 0 means no expiry.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("exp")]
+    public long Expires { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Human-readable name for the account.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("name")]
+    public string? Name { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>NATS-specific account claims.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("nats")]
+    public AccountNats? Nats { get; set; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// NATS-specific portion of account JWT claims.
+/// Contains limits, signing keys, and user revocations.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class AccountNats
+{
+    /// <summary>Account resource limits.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("limits")]
+    public AccountLimits? Limits { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>NKey public keys authorized to sign user JWTs for this account.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("signing_keys")]
+    public string[]? SigningKeys { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Map of revoked user NKey public keys to the Unix epoch time of revocation.
+    /// Any user JWT issued before the revocation time is considered revoked.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("revocations")]
+    public Dictionary<string, long>? Revocations { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Tags associated with this account.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("tags")]
+    public string[]? Tags { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Claim type (e.g., "account").</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("type")]
+    public string? Type { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Claim version.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("version")]
+    public int Version { get; set; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Resource limits for a NATS account. A value of -1 means unlimited.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class AccountLimits
+{
+    /// <summary>Maximum number of connections. -1 means unlimited.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("conn")]
+    public long MaxConnections { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Maximum number of subscriptions. -1 means unlimited.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("subs")]
+    public long MaxSubscriptions { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Maximum payload size in bytes. -1 means unlimited.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("payload")]
+    public long MaxPayload { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Maximum data transfer in bytes. -1 means unlimited.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("data")]
+    public long MaxData { get; set; }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Auth/Jwt/AccountResolver.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Auth.Jwt;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Resolves account JWTs by account NKey public key. The server calls
+/// <see cref="FetchAsync"/> during client authentication to obtain the
+/// account JWT that was previously published by an account operator.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// Reference: golang/nats-server/server/accounts.go:4035+ — AccountResolver interface
+/// and MemAccResolver implementation.
+/// </remarks>
+public interface IAccountResolver
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Fetches the JWT for the given account NKey. Returns <c>null</c> when
+    /// the NKey is not known to this resolver.
+    /// </summary>
+    Task<string?> FetchAsync(string accountNkey);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores (or replaces) the JWT for the given account NKey. Callers that
+    /// target a read-only resolver should check <see cref="IsReadOnly"/> first.
+    /// </summary>
+    Task StoreAsync(string accountNkey, string jwt);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// When <c>true</c>, <see cref="StoreAsync"/> is not supported and will
+    /// throw <see cref="NotSupportedException"/>. Directory and URL resolvers
+    /// may be read-only; in-memory resolvers are not.
+    /// </summary>
+    bool IsReadOnly { get; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// In-memory account resolver backed by a <see cref="ConcurrentDictionary{TKey,TValue}"/>.
+/// Suitable for tests and simple single-operator deployments where account JWTs
+/// are provided at startup via <see cref="StoreAsync"/>.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// Reference: golang/nats-server/server/accounts.go — MemAccResolver
+/// </remarks>
+public sealed class MemAccountResolver : IAccountResolver
+{
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, string> _accounts =
+        new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public bool IsReadOnly => false;
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Task<string?> FetchAsync(string accountNkey)
+    {
+        _accounts.TryGetValue(accountNkey, out var jwt);
+        return Task.FromResult(jwt);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Task StoreAsync(string accountNkey, string jwt)
+    {
+        _accounts[accountNkey] = jwt;
+        return Task.CompletedTask;
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Auth/Jwt/NatsJwt.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using NATS.NKeys;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Auth.Jwt;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Provides NATS JWT decode, verify, and claim extraction.
+/// NATS JWTs are standard JWT format (base64url header.payload.signature) with Ed25519 signing.
+/// All NATS JWTs start with "eyJ" (base64url for '{"').
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// Reference: golang/nats-server/server/jwt.go and github.com/nats-io/jwt/v2
+/// </remarks>
+public static class NatsJwt
+{
+    private const string JwtPrefix = "eyJ";
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns true if the string appears to be a JWT (starts with "eyJ").
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool IsJwt(string token)
+    {
+        return !string.IsNullOrEmpty(token) && token.StartsWith(JwtPrefix, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes a JWT token into its constituent parts without verifying the signature.
+    /// Returns null if the token is structurally invalid.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static JwtToken? Decode(string token)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(token))
+            return null;
+
+        var parts = token.Split('.');
+        if (parts.Length != 3)
+            return null;
+
+        try
+        {
+            var headerBytes = Base64UrlDecode(parts[0]);
+            var payloadBytes = Base64UrlDecode(parts[1]);
+            var signatureBytes = Base64UrlDecode(parts[2]);
+
+            var header = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<JwtHeader>(headerBytes);
+            if (header is null)
+                return null;
+
+            var payloadJson = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(payloadBytes);
+            var signingInput = $"{parts[0]}.{parts[1]}";
+
+            return new JwtToken
+            {
+                Header = header,
+                PayloadJson = payloadJson,
+                Signature = signatureBytes,
+                SigningInput = signingInput,
+            };
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes a JWT token and deserializes the payload as <see cref="UserClaims"/>.
+    /// Returns null if the token is structurally invalid or cannot be deserialized.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static UserClaims? DecodeUserClaims(string token)
+    {
+        var jwt = Decode(token);
+        if (jwt is null)
+            return null;
+
+        try
+        {
+            return JsonSerializer.Deserialize<UserClaims>(jwt.PayloadJson);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes a JWT token and deserializes the payload as <see cref="AccountClaims"/>.
+    /// Returns null if the token is structurally invalid or cannot be deserialized.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static AccountClaims? DecodeAccountClaims(string token)
+    {
+        var jwt = Decode(token);
+        if (jwt is null)
+            return null;
+
+        try
+        {
+            return JsonSerializer.Deserialize<AccountClaims>(jwt.PayloadJson);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Verifies the Ed25519 signature on a JWT token against the given NKey public key.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool Verify(string token, string publicNkey)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var jwt = Decode(token);
+            if (jwt is null)
+                return false;
+
+            var kp = KeyPair.FromPublicKey(publicNkey);
+            var signingInputBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(jwt.SigningInput);
+            return kp.Verify(signingInputBytes, jwt.Signature);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Verifies a nonce signature against the given NKey public key.
+    /// Tries base64url decoding first, then falls back to standard base64 (Go compatibility).
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool VerifyNonce(byte[] nonce, string signature, string publicNkey)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var sigBytes = TryDecodeSignature(signature);
+            if (sigBytes is null)
+                return false;
+
+            var kp = KeyPair.FromPublicKey(publicNkey);
+            return kp.Verify(nonce, sigBytes);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes a base64url-encoded byte array.
+    /// Replaces URL-safe characters and adds padding as needed.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static byte[] Base64UrlDecode(string input)
+    {
+        var s = input.Replace('-', '+').Replace('_', '/');
+        switch (s.Length % 4)
+        {
+            case 2: s += "=="; break;
+            case 3: s += "="; break;
+        }
+
+        return Convert.FromBase64String(s);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Attempts to decode a signature string. Tries base64url first, then standard base64.
+    /// Returns null if neither encoding works.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static byte[]? TryDecodeSignature(string signature)
+    {
+        // Try base64url first
+        try
+        {
+            return Base64UrlDecode(signature);
+        }
+        catch (FormatException)
+        {
+            // Fall through to standard base64
+        }
+
+        // Try standard base64
+        try
+        {
+            return Convert.FromBase64String(signature);
+        }
+        catch (FormatException)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents a decoded JWT token with its constituent parts.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class JwtToken
+{
+    /// <summary>The decoded JWT header.</summary>
+    public required JwtHeader Header { get; init; }
+
+    /// <summary>The raw JSON string of the payload.</summary>
+    public required string PayloadJson { get; init; }
+
+    /// <summary>The raw signature bytes.</summary>
+    public required byte[] Signature { get; init; }
+
+    /// <summary>The signing input (header.payload in base64url) used for signature verification.</summary>
+    public required string SigningInput { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// NATS JWT header. Algorithm is "ed25519-nkey" for NATS JWTs.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class JwtHeader
+{
+    [System.Text.Json.Serialization.JsonPropertyName("alg")]
+    public string? Algorithm { get; set; }
+
+    [System.Text.Json.Serialization.JsonPropertyName("typ")]
+    public string? Type { get; set; }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Auth/Jwt/PermissionTemplates.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Auth.Jwt;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Expands mustache-style template strings in NATS JWT permission subjects.
+/// When a user connects with a JWT, template strings in their permissions are
+/// expanded using claim values from the user and account JWTs.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// Reference: Go auth.go:424-520 — processUserPermissionsTemplate()
+///
+/// Supported template functions:
+///   {{name()}}             — user's Name claim
+///   {{subject()}}          — user's Subject (NKey public key)
+///   {{tag(tagname)}}       — user tags matching "tagname:" prefix (multi-value → cartesian product)
+///   {{account-name()}}     — account display name
+///   {{account-subject()}}  — account NKey public key
+///   {{account-tag(tagname)}} — account tags matching "tagname:" prefix (multi-value → cartesian product)
+///
+/// When a template resolves to multiple values (e.g. a user with two "dept:" tags),
+/// the cartesian product of all expanded subjects is returned. If any template
+/// resolves to zero values, the entire pattern is dropped (returns empty list).
+/// </remarks>
+public static partial class PermissionTemplates
+{
+    [GeneratedRegex(@"\{\{([^}]+)\}\}")]
+    private static partial Regex TemplateRegex();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Expands a single permission pattern containing zero or more template expressions.
+    /// Returns the list of concrete subjects after substitution.
+    /// Returns an empty list if any template resolves to no values (tag not found).
+    /// Returns a single-element list containing the original pattern if no templates are present.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static List<string> Expand(
+        string pattern,
+        string name, string subject,
+        string accountName, string accountSubject,
+        string[] userTags, string[] accountTags)
+    {
+        var matches = TemplateRegex().Matches(pattern);
+        if (matches.Count == 0)
+            return [pattern];
+
+        var replacements = new List<(string Placeholder, string[] Values)>();
+        foreach (Match match in matches)
+        {
+            var expr = match.Groups[1].Value.Trim();
+            var values = ResolveTemplate(expr, name, subject, accountName, accountSubject, userTags, accountTags);
+            if (values.Length == 0)
+                return [];
+            replacements.Add((match.Value, values));
+        }
+
+        // Compute cartesian product across all multi-value replacements.
+        // Start with the full pattern and iteratively replace each placeholder.
+        var results = new List<string> { pattern };
+        foreach (var (placeholder, values) in replacements)
+        {
+            var next = new List<string>();
+            foreach (var current in results)
+                foreach (var value in values)
+                    next.Add(current.Replace(placeholder, value));
+            results = next;
+        }
+        return results;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Expands all patterns in a permission list, flattening multi-value expansions
+    /// into the result. Patterns that resolve to no values are omitted entirely.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static List<string> ExpandAll(
+        IEnumerable<string> patterns,
+        string name, string subject,
+        string accountName, string accountSubject,
+        string[] userTags, string[] accountTags)
+    {
+        var result = new List<string>();
+        foreach (var pattern in patterns)
+            result.AddRange(Expand(pattern, name, subject, accountName, accountSubject, userTags, accountTags));
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static string[] ResolveTemplate(
+        string expr,
+        string name, string subject,
+        string accountName, string accountSubject,
+        string[] userTags, string[] accountTags)
+    {
+        return expr.ToLowerInvariant() switch
+        {
+            "name()" => [name],
+            "subject()" => [subject],
+            "account-name()" => [accountName],
+            "account-subject()" => [accountSubject],
+            _ when expr.StartsWith("tag(", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) => ResolveTags(expr, userTags),
+            _ when expr.StartsWith("account-tag(", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) => ResolveTags(expr, accountTags),
+            _ => []
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Extracts the tag name from a tag() or account-tag() expression and returns
+    /// all matching tag values from the provided tags array.
+    /// Tags are stored in "key:value" format; this method returns the value portion.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static string[] ResolveTags(string expr, string[] tags)
+    {
+        var openParen = expr.IndexOf('(');
+        var closeParen = expr.IndexOf(')');
+        if (openParen < 0 || closeParen < 0)
+            return [];
+
+        var tagName = expr[(openParen + 1)..closeParen].Trim();
+        var prefix = tagName + ":";
+        return tags
+            .Where(t => t.StartsWith(prefix, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            .Select(t => t[prefix.Length..])
+            .ToArray();
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Auth/Jwt/UserClaims.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Auth.Jwt;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents the claims in a NATS user JWT.
+/// Contains standard JWT fields (sub, iss, iat, exp) and a NATS-specific nested object
+/// with user permissions, bearer token flags, and connection restrictions.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// Reference: github.com/nats-io/jwt/v2 — UserClaims, User, Permission types
+/// </remarks>
+public sealed class UserClaims
+{
+    /// <summary>Subject — the user's NKey public key.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("sub")]
+    public string? Subject { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Issuer — the account or signing key that issued this JWT.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("iss")]
+    public string? Issuer { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Issued-at time as Unix epoch seconds.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("iat")]
+    public long IssuedAt { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Expiration time as Unix epoch seconds. 0 means no expiry.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("exp")]
+    public long Expires { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Human-readable name for the user.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("name")]
+    public string? Name { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>NATS-specific user claims.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("nats")]
+    public UserNats? Nats { get; set; }
+
+    // =========================================================================
+    // Convenience properties that delegate to the Nats sub-object
+    // =========================================================================
+
+    /// <summary>Whether this is a bearer token (no client nonce signature required).</summary>
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public bool BearerToken => Nats?.BearerToken ?? false;
+
+    /// <summary>The account NKey public key that issued this user JWT.</summary>
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public string? IssuerAccount => Nats?.IssuerAccount;
+
+    // =========================================================================
+    // Expiry helpers
+    // =========================================================================
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns true if the JWT has expired. A zero Expires value means no expiry.
+    /// </summary>
+    public bool IsExpired()
+    {
+        if (Expires == 0)
+            return false;
+        return DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.ToUnixTimeSeconds() > Expires;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns the expiry as a <see cref="DateTimeOffset"/>, or null if there is no expiry (Expires == 0).
+    /// </summary>
+    public DateTimeOffset? GetExpiry()
+    {
+        if (Expires == 0)
+            return null;
+        return DateTimeOffset.FromUnixTimeSeconds(Expires);
+    }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// NATS-specific portion of user JWT claims.
+/// Contains permissions, bearer token flag, connection restrictions, and more.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class UserNats
+{
+    /// <summary>Publish permission with allow/deny subject lists.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("pub")]
+    public JwtSubjectPermission? Pub { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Subscribe permission with allow/deny subject lists.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("sub")]
+    public JwtSubjectPermission? Sub { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Response permission controlling request-reply behavior.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("resp")]
+    public JwtResponsePermission? Resp { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Whether this is a bearer token (no nonce signature required).</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("bearer_token")]
+    public bool BearerToken { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>The account NKey public key that issued this user JWT.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("issuer_account")]
+    public string? IssuerAccount { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Tags associated with this user.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("tags")]
+    public string[]? Tags { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Allowed source CIDRs for this user's connections.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("src")]
+    public string[]? Src { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Allowed connection types (e.g., "STANDARD", "WEBSOCKET", "LEAFNODE").</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("allowed_connection_types")]
+    public string[]? AllowedConnectionTypes { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Time-of-day restrictions for when the user may connect.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("times")]
+    public JwtTimeRange[]? Times { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Claim type (e.g., "user").</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("type")]
+    public string? Type { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Claim version.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("version")]
+    public int Version { get; set; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Subject permission with allow and deny lists, as used in NATS JWTs.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class JwtSubjectPermission
+{
+    /// <summary>Subjects the user is allowed to publish/subscribe to.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("allow")]
+    public string[]? Allow { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Subjects the user is denied from publishing/subscribing to.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("deny")]
+    public string[]? Deny { get; set; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Response permission controlling request-reply behavior in NATS JWTs.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class JwtResponsePermission
+{
+    /// <summary>Maximum number of response messages allowed.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("max")]
+    public int MaxMsgs { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Time-to-live for the response permission, in nanoseconds.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("ttl")]
+    public long TtlNanos { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Convenience property: converts <see cref="TtlNanos"/> to a <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public TimeSpan Ttl => TimeSpan.FromTicks(TtlNanos / 100); // 1 tick = 100 nanoseconds
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A time-of-day range for connection restrictions.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class JwtTimeRange
+{
+    /// <summary>Start time in HH:mm:ss format.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("start")]
+    public string? Start { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>End time in HH:mm:ss format.</summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("end")]
+    public string? End { get; set; }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Auth/JwtAuthenticator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+using NATS.Server.Auth.Jwt;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Auth;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Authenticator for JWT-based client connections.
+/// Decodes user JWT, resolves account, verifies signature, checks revocation.
+/// Reference: Go auth.go:588+ processClientOrLeafAuthentication.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class JwtAuthenticator : IAuthenticator
+{
+    private readonly string[] _trustedKeys;
+    private readonly IAccountResolver _resolver;
+
+    public JwtAuthenticator(string[] trustedKeys, IAccountResolver resolver)
+    {
+        _trustedKeys = trustedKeys;
+        _resolver = resolver;
+    }
+
+    public AuthResult? Authenticate(ClientAuthContext context)
+    {
+        var jwt = context.Opts.JWT;
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(jwt) || !NatsJwt.IsJwt(jwt))
+            return null;
+
+        // 1. Decode user claims
+        var userClaims = NatsJwt.DecodeUserClaims(jwt);
+        if (userClaims is null)
+            return null;
+
+        // 2. Check expiry
+        if (userClaims.IsExpired())
+            return null;
+
+        // 3. Resolve issuing account
+        var issuerAccount = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(userClaims.IssuerAccount)
+            ? userClaims.IssuerAccount
+            : userClaims.Issuer;
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(issuerAccount))
+            return null;
+
+        var accountJwt = _resolver.FetchAsync(issuerAccount).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+        if (accountJwt is null)
+            return null;
+
+        var accountClaims = NatsJwt.DecodeAccountClaims(accountJwt);
+        if (accountClaims is null)
+            return null;
+
+        // 4. Verify account issuer is trusted
+        if (!IsTrusted(accountClaims.Issuer))
+            return null;
+
+        // 5. Verify user JWT issuer is the account or a signing key
+        var userIssuer = userClaims.Issuer;
+        if (userIssuer != accountClaims.Subject)
+        {
+            // Check if issuer is a signing key of the account
+            var signingKeys = accountClaims.Nats?.SigningKeys;
+            if (signingKeys is null || !signingKeys.Contains(userIssuer))
+                return null;
+        }
+
+        // 6. Verify nonce signature (unless bearer token)
+        if (!userClaims.BearerToken)
+        {
+            if (context.Nonce is null || string.IsNullOrEmpty(context.Opts.Sig))
+                return null;
+
+            var userNkey = userClaims.Subject ?? context.Opts.Nkey;
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(userNkey))
+                return null;
+
+            if (!NatsJwt.VerifyNonce(context.Nonce, context.Opts.Sig, userNkey))
+                return null;
+        }
+
+        // 7. Check user revocation
+        var revocations = accountClaims.Nats?.Revocations;
+        if (revocations is not null && userClaims.Subject is not null)
+        {
+            if (revocations.TryGetValue(userClaims.Subject, out var revokedAt))
+            {
+                if (userClaims.IssuedAt <= revokedAt)
+                    return null;
+            }
+
+            // Check wildcard revocation
+            if (revocations.TryGetValue("*", out revokedAt))
+            {
+                if (userClaims.IssuedAt <= revokedAt)
+                    return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 8. Build permissions from JWT claims
+        Permissions? permissions = null;
+        var nats = userClaims.Nats;
+        if (nats is not null)
+        {
+            var pubAllow = nats.Pub?.Allow;
+            var pubDeny = nats.Pub?.Deny;
+            var subAllow = nats.Sub?.Allow;
+            var subDeny = nats.Sub?.Deny;
+
+            // Expand permission templates
+            var name = userClaims.Name ?? "";
+            var subject = userClaims.Subject ?? "";
+            var acctName = accountClaims.Name ?? "";
+            var acctSubject = accountClaims.Subject ?? "";
+            var userTags = nats.Tags ?? [];
+            var acctTags = accountClaims.Nats?.Tags ?? [];
+
+            if (pubAllow is { Length: > 0 })
+                pubAllow = PermissionTemplates.ExpandAll(pubAllow, name, subject, acctName, acctSubject, userTags, acctTags).ToArray();
+            if (pubDeny is { Length: > 0 })
+                pubDeny = PermissionTemplates.ExpandAll(pubDeny, name, subject, acctName, acctSubject, userTags, acctTags).ToArray();
+            if (subAllow is { Length: > 0 })
+                subAllow = PermissionTemplates.ExpandAll(subAllow, name, subject, acctName, acctSubject, userTags, acctTags).ToArray();
+            if (subDeny is { Length: > 0 })
+                subDeny = PermissionTemplates.ExpandAll(subDeny, name, subject, acctName, acctSubject, userTags, acctTags).ToArray();
+
+            if (pubAllow is not null || pubDeny is not null || subAllow is not null || subDeny is not null)
+            {
+                permissions = new Permissions
+                {
+                    Publish = (pubAllow is not null || pubDeny is not null)
+                        ? new SubjectPermission { Allow = pubAllow, Deny = pubDeny }
+                        : null,
+                    Subscribe = (subAllow is not null || subDeny is not null)
+                        ? new SubjectPermission { Allow = subAllow, Deny = subDeny }
+                        : null,
+                };
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 9. Build result
+        return new AuthResult
+        {
+            Identity = userClaims.Subject ?? "",
+            AccountName = issuerAccount,
+            Permissions = permissions,
+            Expiry = userClaims.GetExpiry(),
+        };
+    }
+
+    private bool IsTrusted(string? issuer)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(issuer)) return false;
+        foreach (var key in _trustedKeys)
+        {
+            if (key == issuer)
+                return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Auth/PermissionLruCache.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+namespace NATS.Server.Auth;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Fixed-capacity LRU cache for permission results.
+/// Lock-protected (per-client, low contention).
+/// Reference: Go client.go maxPermCacheSize=128.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class PermissionLruCache
+{
+    private readonly int _capacity;
+    private readonly Dictionary<string, LinkedListNode<(string Key, bool Value)>> _map;
+    private readonly LinkedList<(string Key, bool Value)> _list = new();
+    private readonly object _lock = new();
+
+    public PermissionLruCache(int capacity = 128)
+    {
+        _capacity = capacity;
+        _map = new Dictionary<string, LinkedListNode<(string Key, bool Value)>>(capacity, StringComparer.Ordinal);
+    }
+
+    public bool TryGet(string key, out bool value)
+    {
+        lock (_lock)
+        {
+            if (_map.TryGetValue(key, out var node))
+            {
+                value = node.Value.Value;
+                _list.Remove(node);
+                _list.AddFirst(node);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            value = default;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int Count
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (_lock)
+            {
+                return _map.Count;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void Set(string key, bool value)
+    {
+        lock (_lock)
+        {
+            if (_map.TryGetValue(key, out var existing))
+            {
+                _list.Remove(existing);
+                existing.Value = (key, value);
+                _list.AddFirst(existing);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (_map.Count >= _capacity)
+            {
+                var last = _list.Last!;
+                _map.Remove(last.Value.Key);
+                _list.RemoveLast();
+            }
+
+            var node = new LinkedListNode<(string Key, bool Value)>((key, value));
+            _list.AddFirst(node);
+            _map[key] = node;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Auth/ResponseTracker.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+namespace NATS.Server.Auth;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Tracks reply subjects that a client is temporarily allowed to publish to.
+/// Reference: Go client.go resp struct, setResponsePermissionIfNeeded.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class ResponseTracker
+{
+    private readonly int _maxMsgs;      // 0 = unlimited
+    private readonly TimeSpan _expires; // TimeSpan.Zero = no TTL
+    private readonly Dictionary<string, (DateTime RegisteredAt, int Count)> _replies = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+    private readonly object _lock = new();
+
+    public ResponseTracker(int maxMsgs, TimeSpan expires)
+    {
+        _maxMsgs = maxMsgs;
+        _expires = expires;
+    }
+
+    public int Count
+    {
+        get { lock (_lock) return _replies.Count; }
+    }
+
+    public void RegisterReply(string replySubject)
+    {
+        lock (_lock)
+        {
+            _replies[replySubject] = (DateTime.UtcNow, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public bool IsReplyAllowed(string subject)
+    {
+        lock (_lock)
+        {
+            if (!_replies.TryGetValue(subject, out var entry))
+                return false;
+
+            if (_expires > TimeSpan.Zero && DateTime.UtcNow - entry.RegisteredAt > _expires)
+            {
+                _replies.Remove(subject);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var newCount = entry.Count + 1;
+            if (_maxMsgs > 0 && newCount > _maxMsgs)
+            {
+                _replies.Remove(subject);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            _replies[subject] = (entry.RegisteredAt, newCount);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void Prune()
+    {
+        lock (_lock)
+        {
+            if (_expires <= TimeSpan.Zero && _maxMsgs <= 0)
+                return;
+
+            var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
+            var toRemove = new List<string>();
+            foreach (var (key, entry) in _replies)
+            {
+                if (_expires > TimeSpan.Zero && now - entry.RegisteredAt > _expires)
+                    toRemove.Add(key);
+                else if (_maxMsgs > 0 && entry.Count >= _maxMsgs)
+                    toRemove.Add(key);
+            }
+            foreach (var key in toRemove)
+                _replies.Remove(key);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Auth/TlsMapAuthenticator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Auth;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Authenticates clients by mapping TLS certificate subject DN to configured users.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/auth.go checkClientTLSCertSubject.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class TlsMapAuthenticator : IAuthenticator
+{
+    private readonly Dictionary<string, User> _usersByDn;
+    private readonly Dictionary<string, User> _usersByCn;
+
+    public TlsMapAuthenticator(IReadOnlyList<User> users)
+    {
+        _usersByDn = new Dictionary<string, User>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        _usersByCn = new Dictionary<string, User>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        foreach (var user in users)
+        {
+            _usersByDn[user.Username] = user;
+            _usersByCn[user.Username] = user;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public AuthResult? Authenticate(ClientAuthContext context)
+    {
+        var cert = context.ClientCertificate;
+        if (cert == null)
+            return null;
+
+        var dn = cert.SubjectName;
+        var dnString = dn.Name; // RFC 2253 format
+
+        // Try exact DN match first
+        if (_usersByDn.TryGetValue(dnString, out var user))
+            return BuildResult(user);
+
+        // Try CN extraction
+        var cn = ExtractCn(dn);
+        if (cn != null && _usersByCn.TryGetValue(cn, out user))
+            return BuildResult(user);
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static string? ExtractCn(X500DistinguishedName dn)
+    {
+        var dnString = dn.Name;
+        foreach (var rdn in dnString.Split(',', StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries))
+        {
+            if (rdn.StartsWith("CN=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                return rdn[3..];
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static AuthResult BuildResult(User user)
+    {
+        return new AuthResult
+        {
+            Identity = user.Username,
+            AccountName = user.Account,
+            Permissions = user.Permissions,
+            Expiry = user.ConnectionDeadline,
+        };
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/ClientClosedReason.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+namespace NATS.Server;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Reason a client connection was closed.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/client.go ClosedState (subset for single-server scope).
+/// </summary>
+public enum ClientClosedReason
+{
+    None = 0,
+    ClientClosed,
+    AuthenticationTimeout,
+    AuthenticationViolation,
+    TlsHandshakeError,
+    SlowConsumerPendingBytes,
+    SlowConsumerWriteDeadline,
+    WriteError,
+    ReadError,
+    ParseError,
+    StaleConnection,
+    ProtocolViolation,
+    MaxPayloadExceeded,
+    MaxSubscriptionsExceeded,
+    ServerShutdown,
+    MsgHeaderViolation,
+    NoRespondersRequiresHeaders,
+    AuthenticationExpired,
+}
+
+public static class ClientClosedReasonExtensions
+{
+    public static string ToReasonString(this ClientClosedReason reason) => reason switch
+    {
+        ClientClosedReason.None => "",
+        ClientClosedReason.ClientClosed => "Client Closed",
+        ClientClosedReason.AuthenticationTimeout => "Authentication Timeout",
+        ClientClosedReason.AuthenticationViolation => "Authorization Violation",
+        ClientClosedReason.TlsHandshakeError => "TLS Handshake Error",
+        ClientClosedReason.SlowConsumerPendingBytes => "Slow Consumer (Pending Bytes)",
+        ClientClosedReason.SlowConsumerWriteDeadline => "Slow Consumer (Write Deadline)",
+        ClientClosedReason.WriteError => "Write Error",
+        ClientClosedReason.ReadError => "Read Error",
+        ClientClosedReason.ParseError => "Parse Error",
+        ClientClosedReason.StaleConnection => "Stale Connection",
+        ClientClosedReason.ProtocolViolation => "Protocol Violation",
+        ClientClosedReason.MaxPayloadExceeded => "Maximum Payload Exceeded",
+        ClientClosedReason.MaxSubscriptionsExceeded => "Maximum Subscriptions Exceeded",
+        ClientClosedReason.ServerShutdown => "Server Shutdown",
+        ClientClosedReason.MsgHeaderViolation => "Message Header Violation",
+        ClientClosedReason.NoRespondersRequiresHeaders => "No Responders Requires Headers",
+        ClientClosedReason.AuthenticationExpired => "Authentication Expired",
+        _ => reason.ToString(),
+    };
+}

src/NATS.Server/ClientFlags.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+namespace NATS.Server;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Connection state flags tracked per client.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/client.go clientFlag bitfield.
+/// Thread-safe via Interlocked operations on the backing int.
+/// </summary>
+[Flags]
+public enum ClientFlags
+{
+    ConnectReceived = 1 << 0,
+    FirstPongSent = 1 << 1,
+    HandshakeComplete = 1 << 2,
+    CloseConnection = 1 << 3,
+    WriteLoopStarted = 1 << 4,
+    IsSlowConsumer = 1 << 5,
+    ConnectProcessFinished = 1 << 6,
+    TraceMode = 1 << 7,
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Thread-safe holder for client flags using Interlocked operations.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class ClientFlagHolder
+{
+    private int _flags;
+
+    public void SetFlag(ClientFlags flag)
+    {
+        Interlocked.Or(ref _flags, (int)flag);
+    }
+
+    public void ClearFlag(ClientFlags flag)
+    {
+        Interlocked.And(ref _flags, ~(int)flag);
+    }
+
+    public bool HasFlag(ClientFlags flag)
+    {
+        return (Volatile.Read(ref _flags) & (int)flag) != 0;
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/ClientKind.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+namespace NATS.Server;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Identifies the type of a client connection.
+/// Maps to Go's client kind constants in client.go:45-65.
+/// </summary>
+public enum ClientKind
+{
+    Client,
+    Router,
+    Gateway,
+    Leaf,
+    System,
+    JetStream,
+    Account,
+}
+
+public static class ClientKindExtensions
+{
+    public static bool IsInternal(this ClientKind kind) =>
+        kind is ClientKind.System or ClientKind.JetStream or ClientKind.Account;
+}

src/NATS.Server/ClosedState.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Ported from Go: server/client.go:188-228
+
+namespace NATS.Server;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Reason a client connection was closed. Stored in connection info for monitoring
+/// and passed to close handlers during connection teardown.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// Values start at 1 (matching Go's <c>iota + 1</c>) so that the default zero value
+/// is distinct from any valid close reason.
+/// </remarks>
+public enum ClosedState
+{
+    ClientClosed = 1,
+    AuthenticationTimeout,
+    AuthenticationViolation,
+    TLSHandshakeError,
+    SlowConsumerPendingBytes,
+    SlowConsumerWriteDeadline,
+    WriteError,
+    ReadError,
+    ParseError,
+    StaleConnection,
+    ProtocolViolation,
+    BadClientProtocolVersion,
+    WrongPort,
+    MaxAccountConnectionsExceeded,
+    MaxConnectionsExceeded,
+    MaxPayloadExceeded,
+    MaxControlLineExceeded,
+    MaxSubscriptionsExceeded,
+    DuplicateRoute,
+    RouteRemoved,
+    ServerShutdown,
+    AuthenticationExpired,
+    WrongGateway,
+    MissingAccount,
+    Revocation,
+    InternalClient,
+    MsgHeaderViolation,
+    NoRespondersRequiresHeaders,
+    ClusterNameConflict,
+    DuplicateRemoteLeafnodeConnection,
+    DuplicateClientID,
+    DuplicateServerName,
+    MinimumVersionRequired,
+    ClusterNamesIdentical,
+    Kicked,
+    ProxyNotTrusted,
+    ProxyRequired,
+}

src/NATS.Server/Configuration/ConfigProcessor.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,685 @@
+// Port of Go server/opts.go processConfigFileLine — maps parsed config dictionaries
+// to NatsOptions. Reference: golang/nats-server/server/opts.go lines 1050-1400.
+
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using NATS.Server.Auth;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Configuration;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Maps a parsed NATS configuration dictionary (produced by <see cref="NatsConfParser"/>)
+/// into a fully populated <see cref="NatsOptions"/> instance. Collects all validation
+/// errors rather than failing on the first one.
+/// </summary>
+public static class ConfigProcessor
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Parses a configuration file and returns the populated options.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static NatsOptions ProcessConfigFile(string filePath)
+    {
+        var config = NatsConfParser.ParseFile(filePath);
+        var opts = new NatsOptions { ConfigFile = filePath };
+        ApplyConfig(config, opts);
+        return opts;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Parses configuration text (not from a file) and returns the populated options.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static NatsOptions ProcessConfig(string configText)
+    {
+        var config = NatsConfParser.Parse(configText);
+        var opts = new NatsOptions();
+        ApplyConfig(config, opts);
+        return opts;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Applies a parsed configuration dictionary to existing options.
+    /// Throws <see cref="ConfigProcessorException"/> if any validation errors are collected.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static void ApplyConfig(Dictionary<string, object?> config, NatsOptions opts)
+    {
+        var errors = new List<string>();
+
+        foreach (var (key, value) in config)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                ProcessKey(key, value, opts, errors);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                errors.Add($"Error processing '{key}': {ex.Message}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (errors.Count > 0)
+        {
+            throw new ConfigProcessorException("Configuration errors", errors);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void ProcessKey(string key, object? value, NatsOptions opts, List<string> errors)
+    {
+        // Keys are already case-insensitive from the parser (OrdinalIgnoreCase dictionaries),
+        // but we normalize here for the switch statement.
+        switch (key.ToLowerInvariant())
+        {
+            case "listen":
+                ParseListen(value, opts);
+                break;
+            case "port":
+                opts.Port = ToInt(value);
+                break;
+            case "host" or "net":
+                opts.Host = ToString(value);
+                break;
+            case "server_name":
+                var name = ToString(value);
+                if (name.Contains(' '))
+                    errors.Add("server_name cannot contain spaces");
+                else
+                    opts.ServerName = name;
+                break;
+            case "client_advertise":
+                opts.ClientAdvertise = ToString(value);
+                break;
+
+            // Logging
+            case "debug":
+                opts.Debug = ToBool(value);
+                break;
+            case "trace":
+                opts.Trace = ToBool(value);
+                break;
+            case "trace_verbose":
+                opts.TraceVerbose = ToBool(value);
+                if (opts.TraceVerbose)
+                    opts.Trace = true;
+                break;
+            case "logtime":
+                opts.Logtime = ToBool(value);
+                break;
+            case "logtime_utc":
+                opts.LogtimeUTC = ToBool(value);
+                break;
+            case "logfile" or "log_file":
+                opts.LogFile = ToString(value);
+                break;
+            case "log_size_limit":
+                opts.LogSizeLimit = ToLong(value);
+                break;
+            case "log_max_num":
+                opts.LogMaxFiles = ToInt(value);
+                break;
+            case "syslog":
+                opts.Syslog = ToBool(value);
+                break;
+            case "remote_syslog":
+                opts.RemoteSyslog = ToString(value);
+                break;
+
+            // Limits
+            case "max_payload":
+                opts.MaxPayload = ToInt(value);
+                break;
+            case "max_control_line":
+                opts.MaxControlLine = ToInt(value);
+                break;
+            case "max_connections" or "max_conn":
+                opts.MaxConnections = ToInt(value);
+                break;
+            case "max_pending":
+                opts.MaxPending = ToLong(value);
+                break;
+            case "max_subs" or "max_subscriptions":
+                opts.MaxSubs = ToInt(value);
+                break;
+            case "max_sub_tokens" or "max_subscription_tokens":
+                var tokens = ToInt(value);
+                if (tokens > 256)
+                    errors.Add("max_sub_tokens cannot exceed 256");
+                else
+                    opts.MaxSubTokens = tokens;
+                break;
+            case "max_traced_msg_len":
+                opts.MaxTracedMsgLen = ToInt(value);
+                break;
+            case "max_closed_clients":
+                opts.MaxClosedClients = ToInt(value);
+                break;
+            case "disable_sublist_cache" or "no_sublist_cache":
+                opts.DisableSublistCache = ToBool(value);
+                break;
+            case "write_deadline":
+                opts.WriteDeadline = ParseDuration(value);
+                break;
+
+            // Ping
+            case "ping_interval":
+                opts.PingInterval = ParseDuration(value);
+                break;
+            case "ping_max" or "ping_max_out":
+                opts.MaxPingsOut = ToInt(value);
+                break;
+
+            // Monitoring
+            case "http_port" or "monitor_port":
+                opts.MonitorPort = ToInt(value);
+                break;
+            case "https_port":
+                opts.MonitorHttpsPort = ToInt(value);
+                break;
+            case "http":
+                ParseMonitorListen(value, opts, isHttps: false);
+                break;
+            case "https":
+                ParseMonitorListen(value, opts, isHttps: true);
+                break;
+            case "http_base_path":
+                opts.MonitorBasePath = ToString(value);
+                break;
+
+            // Lifecycle
+            case "lame_duck_duration":
+                opts.LameDuckDuration = ParseDuration(value);
+                break;
+            case "lame_duck_grace_period":
+                opts.LameDuckGracePeriod = ParseDuration(value);
+                break;
+
+            // Files
+            case "pidfile" or "pid_file":
+                opts.PidFile = ToString(value);
+                break;
+            case "ports_file_dir":
+                opts.PortsFileDir = ToString(value);
+                break;
+
+            // Auth
+            case "authorization":
+                if (value is Dictionary<string, object?> authDict)
+                    ParseAuthorization(authDict, opts, errors);
+                break;
+            case "no_auth_user":
+                opts.NoAuthUser = ToString(value);
+                break;
+
+            // TLS
+            case "tls":
+                if (value is Dictionary<string, object?> tlsDict)
+                    ParseTls(tlsDict, opts, errors);
+                break;
+            case "allow_non_tls":
+                opts.AllowNonTls = ToBool(value);
+                break;
+
+            // Tags
+            case "server_tags":
+                if (value is Dictionary<string, object?> tagsDict)
+                    ParseTags(tagsDict, opts);
+                break;
+
+            // Profiling
+            case "prof_port":
+                opts.ProfPort = ToInt(value);
+                break;
+
+            // System account
+            case "system_account":
+                opts.SystemAccount = ToString(value);
+                break;
+            case "no_system_account":
+                opts.NoSystemAccount = ToBool(value);
+                break;
+            case "no_header_support":
+                opts.NoHeaderSupport = ToBool(value);
+                break;
+            case "connect_error_reports":
+                opts.ConnectErrorReports = ToInt(value);
+                break;
+            case "reconnect_error_reports":
+                opts.ReconnectErrorReports = ToInt(value);
+                break;
+
+            // Unknown keys silently ignored (cluster, jetstream, gateway, leafnode, etc.)
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── Listen parsing ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Parses a "listen" value that can be:
+    /// <list type="bullet">
+    ///   <item><c>":4222"</c> — port only</item>
+    ///   <item><c>"0.0.0.0:4222"</c> — host + port</item>
+    ///   <item><c>"4222"</c> — bare number (port only)</item>
+    ///   <item><c>4222</c> — integer (port only)</item>
+    /// </list>
+    /// </summary>
+    private static void ParseListen(object? value, NatsOptions opts)
+    {
+        var (host, port) = ParseHostPort(value);
+        if (host is not null)
+            opts.Host = host;
+        if (port is not null)
+            opts.Port = port.Value;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Parses a monitor listen value. For "http" the port goes to MonitorPort;
+    /// for "https" the port goes to MonitorHttpsPort.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static void ParseMonitorListen(object? value, NatsOptions opts, bool isHttps)
+    {
+        var (host, port) = ParseHostPort(value);
+        if (host is not null)
+            opts.MonitorHost = host;
+        if (port is not null)
+        {
+            if (isHttps)
+                opts.MonitorHttpsPort = port.Value;
+            else
+                opts.MonitorPort = port.Value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Shared host:port parsing logic.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static (string? Host, int? Port) ParseHostPort(object? value)
+    {
+        if (value is long l)
+            return (null, (int)l);
+
+        var str = ToString(value);
+
+        // Try bare integer
+        if (int.TryParse(str, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var barePort))
+            return (null, barePort);
+
+        // Check for host:port
+        var colonIdx = str.LastIndexOf(':');
+        if (colonIdx >= 0)
+        {
+            var hostPart = str[..colonIdx];
+            var portPart = str[(colonIdx + 1)..];
+            if (int.TryParse(portPart, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var p))
+            {
+                var host = hostPart.Length > 0 ? hostPart : null;
+                return (host, p);
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw new FormatException($"Cannot parse listen value: '{str}'");
+    }
+
+    // ─── Duration parsing ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Parses a duration value. Accepts:
+    /// <list type="bullet">
+    ///   <item>A string with unit suffix: "30s", "2m", "1h", "500ms"</item>
+    ///   <item>A number (long/double) treated as seconds</item>
+    /// </list>
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static TimeSpan ParseDuration(object? value)
+    {
+        return value switch
+        {
+            long seconds => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds),
+            double seconds => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds),
+            string s => ParseDurationString(s),
+            _ => throw new FormatException($"Cannot parse duration from {value?.GetType().Name ?? "null"}"),
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static readonly Regex DurationPattern = new(
+        @"^(-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?)\s*(ms|s|m|h)$",
+        RegexOptions.Compiled | RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
+
+    private static TimeSpan ParseDurationString(string s)
+    {
+        var match = DurationPattern.Match(s);
+        if (!match.Success)
+            throw new FormatException($"Cannot parse duration: '{s}'");
+
+        var amount = double.Parse(match.Groups[1].Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+        var unit = match.Groups[2].Value.ToLowerInvariant();
+
+        return unit switch
+        {
+            "ms" => TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(amount),
+            "s" => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(amount),
+            "m" => TimeSpan.FromMinutes(amount),
+            "h" => TimeSpan.FromHours(amount),
+            _ => throw new FormatException($"Unknown duration unit: '{unit}'"),
+        };
+    }
+
+    // ─── Authorization parsing ─────────────────────────────────────
+
+    private static void ParseAuthorization(Dictionary<string, object?> dict, NatsOptions opts, List<string> errors)
+    {
+        foreach (var (key, value) in dict)
+        {
+            switch (key.ToLowerInvariant())
+            {
+                case "user" or "username":
+                    opts.Username = ToString(value);
+                    break;
+                case "pass" or "password":
+                    opts.Password = ToString(value);
+                    break;
+                case "token":
+                    opts.Authorization = ToString(value);
+                    break;
+                case "timeout":
+                    opts.AuthTimeout = value switch
+                    {
+                        long l => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(l),
+                        double d => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(d),
+                        string s => ParseDuration(s),
+                        _ => throw new FormatException($"Invalid auth timeout type: {value?.GetType().Name}"),
+                    };
+                    break;
+                case "users":
+                    if (value is List<object?> userList)
+                        opts.Users = ParseUsers(userList, errors);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    // Unknown auth keys silently ignored
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static List<User> ParseUsers(List<object?> list, List<string> errors)
+    {
+        var users = new List<User>();
+        foreach (var item in list)
+        {
+            if (item is not Dictionary<string, object?> userDict)
+            {
+                errors.Add("Expected user entry to be a map");
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            string? username = null;
+            string? password = null;
+            string? account = null;
+            Permissions? permissions = null;
+
+            foreach (var (key, value) in userDict)
+            {
+                switch (key.ToLowerInvariant())
+                {
+                    case "user" or "username":
+                        username = ToString(value);
+                        break;
+                    case "pass" or "password":
+                        password = ToString(value);
+                        break;
+                    case "account":
+                        account = ToString(value);
+                        break;
+                    case "permissions" or "permission":
+                        if (value is Dictionary<string, object?> permDict)
+                            permissions = ParsePermissions(permDict, errors);
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (username is null)
+            {
+                errors.Add("User entry missing 'user' field");
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            users.Add(new User
+            {
+                Username = username,
+                Password = password ?? string.Empty,
+                Account = account,
+                Permissions = permissions,
+            });
+        }
+
+        return users;
+    }
+
+    private static Permissions ParsePermissions(Dictionary<string, object?> dict, List<string> errors)
+    {
+        SubjectPermission? publish = null;
+        SubjectPermission? subscribe = null;
+        ResponsePermission? response = null;
+
+        foreach (var (key, value) in dict)
+        {
+            switch (key.ToLowerInvariant())
+            {
+                case "publish" or "pub":
+                    publish = ParseSubjectPermission(value, errors);
+                    break;
+                case "subscribe" or "sub":
+                    subscribe = ParseSubjectPermission(value, errors);
+                    break;
+                case "resp" or "response":
+                    if (value is Dictionary<string, object?> respDict)
+                        response = ParseResponsePermission(respDict);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new Permissions
+        {
+            Publish = publish,
+            Subscribe = subscribe,
+            Response = response,
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static SubjectPermission? ParseSubjectPermission(object? value, List<string> errors)
+    {
+        // Can be a simple list of strings (treated as allow) or a dict with allow/deny
+        if (value is Dictionary<string, object?> dict)
+        {
+            IReadOnlyList<string>? allow = null;
+            IReadOnlyList<string>? deny = null;
+
+            foreach (var (key, v) in dict)
+            {
+                switch (key.ToLowerInvariant())
+                {
+                    case "allow":
+                        allow = ToStringList(v);
+                        break;
+                    case "deny":
+                        deny = ToStringList(v);
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return new SubjectPermission { Allow = allow, Deny = deny };
+        }
+
+        if (value is List<object?> list)
+        {
+            return new SubjectPermission { Allow = ToStringList(list) };
+        }
+
+        if (value is string s)
+        {
+            return new SubjectPermission { Allow = [s] };
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static ResponsePermission ParseResponsePermission(Dictionary<string, object?> dict)
+    {
+        var maxMsgs = 0;
+        var expires = TimeSpan.Zero;
+
+        foreach (var (key, value) in dict)
+        {
+            switch (key.ToLowerInvariant())
+            {
+                case "max_msgs" or "max":
+                    maxMsgs = ToInt(value);
+                    break;
+                case "expires" or "ttl":
+                    expires = ParseDuration(value);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new ResponsePermission { MaxMsgs = maxMsgs, Expires = expires };
+    }
+
+    // ─── TLS parsing ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    private static void ParseTls(Dictionary<string, object?> dict, NatsOptions opts, List<string> errors)
+    {
+        foreach (var (key, value) in dict)
+        {
+            switch (key.ToLowerInvariant())
+            {
+                case "cert_file":
+                    opts.TlsCert = ToString(value);
+                    break;
+                case "key_file":
+                    opts.TlsKey = ToString(value);
+                    break;
+                case "ca_file":
+                    opts.TlsCaCert = ToString(value);
+                    break;
+                case "verify":
+                    opts.TlsVerify = ToBool(value);
+                    break;
+                case "verify_and_map":
+                    var map = ToBool(value);
+                    opts.TlsMap = map;
+                    if (map)
+                        opts.TlsVerify = true;
+                    break;
+                case "timeout":
+                    opts.TlsTimeout = value switch
+                    {
+                        long l => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(l),
+                        double d => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(d),
+                        string s => ParseDuration(s),
+                        _ => throw new FormatException($"Invalid TLS timeout type: {value?.GetType().Name}"),
+                    };
+                    break;
+                case "connection_rate_limit":
+                    opts.TlsRateLimit = ToLong(value);
+                    break;
+                case "pinned_certs":
+                    if (value is List<object?> pinnedList)
+                    {
+                        var certs = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+                        foreach (var item in pinnedList)
+                        {
+                            if (item is string s)
+                                certs.Add(s.ToLowerInvariant());
+                        }
+
+                        opts.TlsPinnedCerts = certs;
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case "handshake_first" or "first" or "immediate":
+                    opts.TlsHandshakeFirst = ToBool(value);
+                    break;
+                case "handshake_first_fallback":
+                    opts.TlsHandshakeFirstFallback = ParseDuration(value);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    // Unknown TLS keys silently ignored
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── Tags parsing ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    private static void ParseTags(Dictionary<string, object?> dict, NatsOptions opts)
+    {
+        var tags = new Dictionary<string, string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        foreach (var (key, value) in dict)
+        {
+            tags[key] = ToString(value);
+        }
+
+        opts.Tags = tags;
+    }
+
+    // ─── Type conversion helpers ───────────────────────────────────
+
+    private static int ToInt(object? value) => value switch
+    {
+        long l => (int)l,
+        int i => i,
+        double d => (int)d,
+        string s when int.TryParse(s, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var i) => i,
+        _ => throw new FormatException($"Cannot convert {value?.GetType().Name ?? "null"} to int"),
+    };
+
+    private static long ToLong(object? value) => value switch
+    {
+        long l => l,
+        int i => i,
+        double d => (long)d,
+        string s when long.TryParse(s, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var l) => l,
+        _ => throw new FormatException($"Cannot convert {value?.GetType().Name ?? "null"} to long"),
+    };
+
+    private static bool ToBool(object? value) => value switch
+    {
+        bool b => b,
+        _ => throw new FormatException($"Cannot convert {value?.GetType().Name ?? "null"} to bool"),
+    };
+
+    private static string ToString(object? value) => value switch
+    {
+        string s => s,
+        long l => l.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+        _ => throw new FormatException($"Cannot convert {value?.GetType().Name ?? "null"} to string"),
+    };
+
+    private static IReadOnlyList<string> ToStringList(object? value)
+    {
+        if (value is List<object?> list)
+        {
+            var result = new List<string>(list.Count);
+            foreach (var item in list)
+            {
+                if (item is string s)
+                    result.Add(s);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (value is string str)
+            return [str];
+
+        return [];
+    }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Thrown when one or more configuration validation errors are detected.
+/// All errors are collected rather than failing on the first one.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class ConfigProcessorException(string message, List<string> errors)
+    : Exception(message)
+{
+    public IReadOnlyList<string> Errors => errors;
+}

src/NATS.Server/Configuration/ConfigReloader.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+// Port of Go server/reload.go — config diffing, validation, and CLI override merging
+// for hot reload support. Reference: golang/nats-server/server/reload.go.
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Configuration;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Provides static methods for comparing two <see cref="NatsOptions"/> instances,
+/// validating that detected changes are reloadable, and merging CLI overrides
+/// so that command-line flags always take precedence over config file values.
+/// </summary>
+public static class ConfigReloader
+{
+    // Non-reloadable options (match Go server — Host, Port, ServerName require restart)
+    private static readonly HashSet<string> NonReloadable = ["Host", "Port", "ServerName"];
+
+    // Logging-related options
+    private static readonly HashSet<string> LoggingOptions =
+        ["Debug", "Trace", "TraceVerbose", "Logtime", "LogtimeUTC", "LogFile",
+         "LogSizeLimit", "LogMaxFiles", "Syslog", "RemoteSyslog"];
+
+    // Auth-related options
+    private static readonly HashSet<string> AuthOptions =
+        ["Username", "Password", "Authorization", "Users", "NKeys",
+         "NoAuthUser", "AuthTimeout"];
+
+    // TLS-related options
+    private static readonly HashSet<string> TlsOptions =
+        ["TlsCert", "TlsKey", "TlsCaCert", "TlsVerify", "TlsMap",
+         "TlsTimeout", "TlsHandshakeFirst", "TlsHandshakeFirstFallback",
+         "AllowNonTls", "TlsRateLimit", "TlsPinnedCerts"];
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Compares two <see cref="NatsOptions"/> instances property by property and returns
+    /// a list of <see cref="IConfigChange"/> for every property that differs. Each change
+    /// is tagged with the appropriate category flags.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static List<IConfigChange> Diff(NatsOptions oldOpts, NatsOptions newOpts)
+    {
+        var changes = new List<IConfigChange>();
+
+        // Non-reloadable
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "Host", oldOpts.Host, newOpts.Host);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "Port", oldOpts.Port, newOpts.Port);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "ServerName", oldOpts.ServerName, newOpts.ServerName);
+
+        // Logging
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "Debug", oldOpts.Debug, newOpts.Debug);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "Trace", oldOpts.Trace, newOpts.Trace);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "TraceVerbose", oldOpts.TraceVerbose, newOpts.TraceVerbose);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "Logtime", oldOpts.Logtime, newOpts.Logtime);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "LogtimeUTC", oldOpts.LogtimeUTC, newOpts.LogtimeUTC);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "LogFile", oldOpts.LogFile, newOpts.LogFile);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "LogSizeLimit", oldOpts.LogSizeLimit, newOpts.LogSizeLimit);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "LogMaxFiles", oldOpts.LogMaxFiles, newOpts.LogMaxFiles);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "Syslog", oldOpts.Syslog, newOpts.Syslog);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "RemoteSyslog", oldOpts.RemoteSyslog, newOpts.RemoteSyslog);
+
+        // Auth
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "Username", oldOpts.Username, newOpts.Username);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "Password", oldOpts.Password, newOpts.Password);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "Authorization", oldOpts.Authorization, newOpts.Authorization);
+        CompareCollectionAndAdd(changes, "Users", oldOpts.Users, newOpts.Users);
+        CompareCollectionAndAdd(changes, "NKeys", oldOpts.NKeys, newOpts.NKeys);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "NoAuthUser", oldOpts.NoAuthUser, newOpts.NoAuthUser);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "AuthTimeout", oldOpts.AuthTimeout, newOpts.AuthTimeout);
+
+        // TLS
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "TlsCert", oldOpts.TlsCert, newOpts.TlsCert);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "TlsKey", oldOpts.TlsKey, newOpts.TlsKey);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "TlsCaCert", oldOpts.TlsCaCert, newOpts.TlsCaCert);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "TlsVerify", oldOpts.TlsVerify, newOpts.TlsVerify);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "TlsMap", oldOpts.TlsMap, newOpts.TlsMap);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "TlsTimeout", oldOpts.TlsTimeout, newOpts.TlsTimeout);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "TlsHandshakeFirst", oldOpts.TlsHandshakeFirst, newOpts.TlsHandshakeFirst);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "TlsHandshakeFirstFallback", oldOpts.TlsHandshakeFirstFallback, newOpts.TlsHandshakeFirstFallback);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "AllowNonTls", oldOpts.AllowNonTls, newOpts.AllowNonTls);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "TlsRateLimit", oldOpts.TlsRateLimit, newOpts.TlsRateLimit);
+        CompareCollectionAndAdd(changes, "TlsPinnedCerts", oldOpts.TlsPinnedCerts, newOpts.TlsPinnedCerts);
+
+        // Limits
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "MaxConnections", oldOpts.MaxConnections, newOpts.MaxConnections);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "MaxPayload", oldOpts.MaxPayload, newOpts.MaxPayload);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "MaxPending", oldOpts.MaxPending, newOpts.MaxPending);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "WriteDeadline", oldOpts.WriteDeadline, newOpts.WriteDeadline);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "PingInterval", oldOpts.PingInterval, newOpts.PingInterval);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "MaxPingsOut", oldOpts.MaxPingsOut, newOpts.MaxPingsOut);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "MaxControlLine", oldOpts.MaxControlLine, newOpts.MaxControlLine);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "MaxSubs", oldOpts.MaxSubs, newOpts.MaxSubs);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "MaxSubTokens", oldOpts.MaxSubTokens, newOpts.MaxSubTokens);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "MaxTracedMsgLen", oldOpts.MaxTracedMsgLen, newOpts.MaxTracedMsgLen);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "MaxClosedClients", oldOpts.MaxClosedClients, newOpts.MaxClosedClients);
+
+        // Misc
+        CompareCollectionAndAdd(changes, "Tags", oldOpts.Tags, newOpts.Tags);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "LameDuckDuration", oldOpts.LameDuckDuration, newOpts.LameDuckDuration);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "LameDuckGracePeriod", oldOpts.LameDuckGracePeriod, newOpts.LameDuckGracePeriod);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "ClientAdvertise", oldOpts.ClientAdvertise, newOpts.ClientAdvertise);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "DisableSublistCache", oldOpts.DisableSublistCache, newOpts.DisableSublistCache);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "ConnectErrorReports", oldOpts.ConnectErrorReports, newOpts.ConnectErrorReports);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "ReconnectErrorReports", oldOpts.ReconnectErrorReports, newOpts.ReconnectErrorReports);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "NoHeaderSupport", oldOpts.NoHeaderSupport, newOpts.NoHeaderSupport);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "NoSystemAccount", oldOpts.NoSystemAccount, newOpts.NoSystemAccount);
+        CompareAndAdd(changes, "SystemAccount", oldOpts.SystemAccount, newOpts.SystemAccount);
+
+        return changes;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Validates a list of config changes and returns error messages for any
+    /// non-reloadable changes (properties that require a server restart).
+    /// </summary>
+    public static List<string> Validate(List<IConfigChange> changes)
+    {
+        var errors = new List<string>();
+        foreach (var change in changes)
+        {
+            if (change.IsNonReloadable)
+            {
+                errors.Add($"Config reload: '{change.Name}' cannot be changed at runtime (requires restart)");
+            }
+        }
+
+        return errors;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Merges CLI overrides into a freshly-parsed config so that command-line flags
+    /// always take precedence. Only properties whose names appear in <paramref name="cliFlags"/>
+    /// are copied from <paramref name="cliValues"/> to <paramref name="fromConfig"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static void MergeCliOverrides(NatsOptions fromConfig, NatsOptions cliValues, HashSet<string> cliFlags)
+    {
+        foreach (var flag in cliFlags)
+        {
+            switch (flag)
+            {
+                // Non-reloadable
+                case "Host":
+                    fromConfig.Host = cliValues.Host;
+                    break;
+                case "Port":
+                    fromConfig.Port = cliValues.Port;
+                    break;
+                case "ServerName":
+                    fromConfig.ServerName = cliValues.ServerName;
+                    break;
+
+                // Logging
+                case "Debug":
+                    fromConfig.Debug = cliValues.Debug;
+                    break;
+                case "Trace":
+                    fromConfig.Trace = cliValues.Trace;
+                    break;
+                case "TraceVerbose":
+                    fromConfig.TraceVerbose = cliValues.TraceVerbose;
+                    break;
+                case "Logtime":
+                    fromConfig.Logtime = cliValues.Logtime;
+                    break;
+                case "LogtimeUTC":
+                    fromConfig.LogtimeUTC = cliValues.LogtimeUTC;
+                    break;
+                case "LogFile":
+                    fromConfig.LogFile = cliValues.LogFile;
+                    break;
+                case "LogSizeLimit":
+                    fromConfig.LogSizeLimit = cliValues.LogSizeLimit;
+                    break;
+                case "LogMaxFiles":
+                    fromConfig.LogMaxFiles = cliValues.LogMaxFiles;
+                    break;
+                case "Syslog":
+                    fromConfig.Syslog = cliValues.Syslog;
+                    break;
+                case "RemoteSyslog":
+                    fromConfig.RemoteSyslog = cliValues.RemoteSyslog;
+                    break;
+
+                // Auth
+                case "Username":
+                    fromConfig.Username = cliValues.Username;
+                    break;
+                case "Password":
+                    fromConfig.Password = cliValues.Password;
+                    break;
+                case "Authorization":
+                    fromConfig.Authorization = cliValues.Authorization;
+                    break;
+                case "Users":
+                    fromConfig.Users = cliValues.Users;
+                    break;
+                case "NKeys":
+                    fromConfig.NKeys = cliValues.NKeys;
+                    break;
+                case "NoAuthUser":
+                    fromConfig.NoAuthUser = cliValues.NoAuthUser;
+                    break;
+                case "AuthTimeout":
+                    fromConfig.AuthTimeout = cliValues.AuthTimeout;
+                    break;
+
+                // TLS
+                case "TlsCert":
+                    fromConfig.TlsCert = cliValues.TlsCert;
+                    break;
+                case "TlsKey":
+                    fromConfig.TlsKey = cliValues.TlsKey;
+                    break;
+                case "TlsCaCert":
+                    fromConfig.TlsCaCert = cliValues.TlsCaCert;
+                    break;
+                case "TlsVerify":
+                    fromConfig.TlsVerify = cliValues.TlsVerify;
+                    break;
+                case "TlsMap":
+                    fromConfig.TlsMap = cliValues.TlsMap;
+                    break;
+                case "TlsTimeout":
+                    fromConfig.TlsTimeout = cliValues.TlsTimeout;
+                    break;
+                case "TlsHandshakeFirst":
+                    fromConfig.TlsHandshakeFirst = cliValues.TlsHandshakeFirst;
+                    break;
+                case "TlsHandshakeFirstFallback":
+                    fromConfig.TlsHandshakeFirstFallback = cliValues.TlsHandshakeFirstFallback;
+                    break;
+                case "AllowNonTls":
+                    fromConfig.AllowNonTls = cliValues.AllowNonTls;
+                    break;
+                case "TlsRateLimit":
+                    fromConfig.TlsRateLimit = cliValues.TlsRateLimit;
+                    break;
+                case "TlsPinnedCerts":
+                    fromConfig.TlsPinnedCerts = cliValues.TlsPinnedCerts;
+                    break;
+
+                // Limits
+                case "MaxConnections":
+                    fromConfig.MaxConnections = cliValues.MaxConnections;
+                    break;
+                case "MaxPayload":
+                    fromConfig.MaxPayload = cliValues.MaxPayload;
+                    break;
+                case "MaxPending":
+                    fromConfig.MaxPending = cliValues.MaxPending;
+                    break;
+                case "WriteDeadline":
+                    fromConfig.WriteDeadline = cliValues.WriteDeadline;
+                    break;
+                case "PingInterval":
+                    fromConfig.PingInterval = cliValues.PingInterval;
+                    break;
+                case "MaxPingsOut":
+                    fromConfig.MaxPingsOut = cliValues.MaxPingsOut;
+                    break;
+                case "MaxControlLine":
+                    fromConfig.MaxControlLine = cliValues.MaxControlLine;
+                    break;
+                case "MaxSubs":
+                    fromConfig.MaxSubs = cliValues.MaxSubs;
+                    break;
+                case "MaxSubTokens":
+                    fromConfig.MaxSubTokens = cliValues.MaxSubTokens;
+                    break;
+                case "MaxTracedMsgLen":
+                    fromConfig.MaxTracedMsgLen = cliValues.MaxTracedMsgLen;
+                    break;
+                case "MaxClosedClients":
+                    fromConfig.MaxClosedClients = cliValues.MaxClosedClients;
+                    break;
+
+                // Misc
+                case "Tags":
+                    fromConfig.Tags = cliValues.Tags;
+                    break;
+                case "LameDuckDuration":
+                    fromConfig.LameDuckDuration = cliValues.LameDuckDuration;
+                    break;
+                case "LameDuckGracePeriod":
+                    fromConfig.LameDuckGracePeriod = cliValues.LameDuckGracePeriod;
+                    break;
+                case "ClientAdvertise":
+                    fromConfig.ClientAdvertise = cliValues.ClientAdvertise;
+                    break;
+                case "DisableSublistCache":
+                    fromConfig.DisableSublistCache = cliValues.DisableSublistCache;
+                    break;
+                case "ConnectErrorReports":
+                    fromConfig.ConnectErrorReports = cliValues.ConnectErrorReports;
+                    break;
+                case "ReconnectErrorReports":
+                    fromConfig.ReconnectErrorReports = cliValues.ReconnectErrorReports;
+                    break;
+                case "NoHeaderSupport":
+                    fromConfig.NoHeaderSupport = cliValues.NoHeaderSupport;
+                    break;
+                case "NoSystemAccount":
+                    fromConfig.NoSystemAccount = cliValues.NoSystemAccount;
+                    break;
+                case "SystemAccount":
+                    fromConfig.SystemAccount = cliValues.SystemAccount;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── Comparison helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    private static void CompareAndAdd<T>(List<IConfigChange> changes, string name, T oldVal, T newVal)
+    {
+        if (!Equals(oldVal, newVal))
+        {
+            changes.Add(new ConfigChange(
+                name,
+                isLoggingChange: LoggingOptions.Contains(name),
+                isAuthChange: AuthOptions.Contains(name),
+                isTlsChange: TlsOptions.Contains(name),
+                isNonReloadable: NonReloadable.Contains(name)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void CompareCollectionAndAdd<T>(List<IConfigChange> changes, string name, T? oldVal, T? newVal)
+        where T : class
+    {
+        // For collections we compare by reference and null state.
+        // A change from null to non-null (or vice versa), or a different reference, counts as changed.
+        if (ReferenceEquals(oldVal, newVal))
+            return;
+
+        if (oldVal is null || newVal is null || !ReferenceEquals(oldVal, newVal))
+        {
+            changes.Add(new ConfigChange(
+                name,
+                isLoggingChange: LoggingOptions.Contains(name),
+                isAuthChange: AuthOptions.Contains(name),
+                isTlsChange: TlsOptions.Contains(name),
+                isNonReloadable: NonReloadable.Contains(name)));
+        }
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Configuration/IConfigChange.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Port of Go server/reload.go option interface — represents a single detected
+// configuration change with category flags for reload handling.
+// Reference: golang/nats-server/server/reload.go lines 42-74.
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Configuration;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents a single detected configuration change during a hot reload.
+/// Category flags indicate what kind of reload action is needed.
+/// </summary>
+public interface IConfigChange
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The property name that changed (matches NatsOptions property name).
+    /// </summary>
+    string Name { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Whether this change requires reloading the logger.
+    /// </summary>
+    bool IsLoggingChange { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Whether this change requires reloading authorization.
+    /// </summary>
+    bool IsAuthChange { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Whether this change requires reloading TLS configuration.
+    /// </summary>
+    bool IsTlsChange { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Whether this option cannot be changed at runtime (requires restart).
+    /// </summary>
+    bool IsNonReloadable { get; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Default implementation of <see cref="IConfigChange"/> using a primary constructor.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class ConfigChange(
+    string name,
+    bool isLoggingChange = false,
+    bool isAuthChange = false,
+    bool isTlsChange = false,
+    bool isNonReloadable = false) : IConfigChange
+{
+    public string Name => name;
+    public bool IsLoggingChange => isLoggingChange;
+    public bool IsAuthChange => isAuthChange;
+    public bool IsTlsChange => isTlsChange;
+    public bool IsNonReloadable => isNonReloadable;
+}

src/NATS.Server/Configuration/NatsConfParser.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+// Port of Go conf/parse.go — recursive-descent parser for NATS config files.
+// Reference: golang/nats-server/conf/parse.go
+
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Configuration;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Parses NATS configuration data (tokenized by <see cref="NatsConfLexer"/>) into
+/// a <c>Dictionary&lt;string, object?&gt;</c> tree. Supports nested maps, arrays,
+/// variable references (block-scoped + environment), include directives, bcrypt
+/// password literals, and integer suffix multipliers.
+/// </summary>
+public static class NatsConfParser
+{
+    // Bcrypt hashes start with $2a$ or $2b$. The lexer consumes the leading '$'
+    // and emits a Variable token whose value begins with "2a$" or "2b$".
+    private const string BcryptPrefix2A = "2a$";
+    private const string BcryptPrefix2B = "2b$";
+
+    // Maximum nesting depth for include directives to prevent infinite recursion.
+    private const int MaxIncludeDepth = 10;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Parses a NATS configuration string into a dictionary.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static Dictionary<string, object?> Parse(string data)
+    {
+        var tokens = NatsConfLexer.Tokenize(data);
+        var state = new ParserState(tokens, baseDir: string.Empty);
+        state.Run();
+        return state.Mapping;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Parses a NATS configuration file into a dictionary.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static Dictionary<string, object?> ParseFile(string filePath) =>
+        ParseFile(filePath, includeDepth: 0);
+
+    private static Dictionary<string, object?> ParseFile(string filePath, int includeDepth)
+    {
+        var data = File.ReadAllText(filePath);
+        var tokens = NatsConfLexer.Tokenize(data);
+        var baseDir = Path.GetDirectoryName(Path.GetFullPath(filePath)) ?? string.Empty;
+        var state = new ParserState(tokens, baseDir, [], includeDepth);
+        state.Run();
+        return state.Mapping;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Parses a NATS configuration file and returns the parsed config plus a
+    /// SHA-256 digest of the raw file content formatted as "sha256:&lt;hex&gt;".
+    /// </summary>
+    public static (Dictionary<string, object?> Config, string Digest) ParseFileWithDigest(string filePath)
+    {
+        var rawBytes = File.ReadAllBytes(filePath);
+        var hashBytes = SHA256.HashData(rawBytes);
+        var digest = "sha256:" + Convert.ToHexStringLower(hashBytes);
+
+        var data = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(rawBytes);
+        var tokens = NatsConfLexer.Tokenize(data);
+        var baseDir = Path.GetDirectoryName(Path.GetFullPath(filePath)) ?? string.Empty;
+        var state = new ParserState(tokens, baseDir, [], includeDepth: 0);
+        state.Run();
+        return (state.Mapping, digest);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Internal: parse an environment variable value by wrapping it in a synthetic
+    /// key-value assignment and parsing it. Shares the parent's env var cycle tracker.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static Dictionary<string, object?> ParseEnvValue(string value, HashSet<string> envVarReferences, int includeDepth)
+    {
+        var synthetic = $"pk={value}";
+        var tokens = NatsConfLexer.Tokenize(synthetic);
+        var state = new ParserState(tokens, baseDir: string.Empty, envVarReferences, includeDepth);
+        state.Run();
+        return state.Mapping;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Encapsulates the mutable parsing state: context stack, key stack, token cursor.
+    /// Mirrors the Go <c>parser</c> struct from conf/parse.go.
+    /// </summary>
+    private sealed class ParserState
+    {
+        private readonly IReadOnlyList<Token> _tokens;
+        private readonly string _baseDir;
+        private readonly HashSet<string> _envVarReferences;
+        private readonly int _includeDepth;
+        private int _pos;
+
+        // The context stack holds either Dictionary<string, object?> (map) or List<object?> (array).
+        private readonly List<object> _ctxs = new(4);
+        private object _ctx = null!;
+
+        // Key stack for map assignments.
+        private readonly List<string> _keys = new(4);
+
+        public Dictionary<string, object?> Mapping { get; } = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+
+        public ParserState(IReadOnlyList<Token> tokens, string baseDir)
+            : this(tokens, baseDir, [], includeDepth: 0)
+        {
+        }
+
+        public ParserState(IReadOnlyList<Token> tokens, string baseDir, HashSet<string> envVarReferences, int includeDepth)
+        {
+            _tokens = tokens;
+            _baseDir = baseDir;
+            _envVarReferences = envVarReferences;
+            _includeDepth = includeDepth;
+        }
+
+        public void Run()
+        {
+            PushContext(Mapping);
+
+            Token prevToken = default;
+            while (true)
+            {
+                var token = Next();
+                if (token.Type == TokenType.Eof)
+                {
+                    // Allow a trailing '}' (JSON-like configs) — mirror Go behavior.
+                    if (prevToken.Type == TokenType.Key && prevToken.Value != "}")
+                    {
+                        throw new FormatException($"Config is invalid at line {token.Line}:{token.Position}");
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                prevToken = token;
+                ProcessItem(token);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Token Next()
+        {
+            if (_pos >= _tokens.Count)
+            {
+                return new Token(TokenType.Eof, string.Empty, 0, 0);
+            }
+
+            return _tokens[_pos++];
+        }
+
+        private void PushContext(object ctx)
+        {
+            _ctxs.Add(ctx);
+            _ctx = ctx;
+        }
+
+        private object PopContext()
+        {
+            if (_ctxs.Count <= 1)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("BUG in parser, context stack underflow");
+            }
+
+            var last = _ctxs[^1];
+            _ctxs.RemoveAt(_ctxs.Count - 1);
+            _ctx = _ctxs[^1];
+            return last;
+        }
+
+        private void PushKey(string key) => _keys.Add(key);
+
+        private string PopKey()
+        {
+            if (_keys.Count == 0)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("BUG in parser, keys stack empty");
+            }
+
+            var last = _keys[^1];
+            _keys.RemoveAt(_keys.Count - 1);
+            return last;
+        }
+
+        private void SetValue(object? val)
+        {
+            // Array context: append the value.
+            if (_ctx is List<object?> array)
+            {
+                array.Add(val);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Map context: pop the pending key and assign.
+            if (_ctx is Dictionary<string, object?> map)
+            {
+                var key = PopKey();
+                map[key] = val;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"BUG in parser, unexpected context type {_ctx?.GetType().Name ?? "null"}");
+        }
+
+        private void ProcessItem(Token token)
+        {
+            switch (token.Type)
+            {
+                case TokenType.Error:
+                    throw new FormatException($"Parse error on line {token.Line}: '{token.Value}'");
+
+                case TokenType.Key:
+                    PushKey(token.Value);
+                    break;
+
+                case TokenType.String:
+                    SetValue(token.Value);
+                    break;
+
+                case TokenType.Bool:
+                    SetValue(ParseBool(token.Value));
+                    break;
+
+                case TokenType.Integer:
+                    SetValue(ParseInteger(token.Value));
+                    break;
+
+                case TokenType.Float:
+                    SetValue(ParseFloat(token.Value));
+                    break;
+
+                case TokenType.DateTime:
+                    SetValue(DateTimeOffset.Parse(token.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
+                    break;
+
+                case TokenType.ArrayStart:
+                    PushContext(new List<object?>());
+                    break;
+
+                case TokenType.ArrayEnd:
+                {
+                    var array = _ctx;
+                    PopContext();
+                    SetValue(array);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case TokenType.MapStart:
+                    PushContext(new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+                    break;
+
+                case TokenType.MapEnd:
+                    SetValue(PopContext());
+                    break;
+
+                case TokenType.Variable:
+                    ResolveVariable(token);
+                    break;
+
+                case TokenType.Include:
+                    ProcessInclude(token.Value);
+                    break;
+
+                case TokenType.Comment:
+                    // Skip comments entirely.
+                    break;
+
+                case TokenType.Eof:
+                    // Handled in the Run loop; should not reach here.
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    throw new FormatException($"Unexpected token type {token.Type} on line {token.Line}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static bool ParseBool(string value) =>
+            value.ToLowerInvariant() switch
+            {
+                "true" or "yes" or "on" => true,
+                "false" or "no" or "off" => false,
+                _ => throw new FormatException($"Expected boolean value, but got '{value}'"),
+            };
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses an integer token value, handling optional size suffixes
+        /// (k, kb, m, mb, g, gb, t, tb, etc.) exactly as the Go reference does.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static long ParseInteger(string value)
+        {
+            // Find where digits end and potential suffix begins.
+            var lastDigit = 0;
+            foreach (var c in value)
+            {
+                if (!char.IsDigit(c) && c != '-')
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                lastDigit++;
+            }
+
+            var numStr = value[..lastDigit];
+            if (!long.TryParse(numStr, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var num))
+            {
+                throw new FormatException($"Expected integer, but got '{value}'");
+            }
+
+            var suffix = value[lastDigit..].Trim().ToLowerInvariant();
+            return suffix switch
+            {
+                "" => num,
+                "k" => num * 1000,
+                "kb" or "ki" or "kib" => num * 1024,
+                "m" => num * 1_000_000,
+                "mb" or "mi" or "mib" => num * 1024 * 1024,
+                "g" => num * 1_000_000_000,
+                "gb" or "gi" or "gib" => num * 1024 * 1024 * 1024,
+                "t" => num * 1_000_000_000_000,
+                "tb" or "ti" or "tib" => num * 1024L * 1024 * 1024 * 1024,
+                "p" => num * 1_000_000_000_000_000,
+                "pb" or "pi" or "pib" => num * 1024L * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024,
+                "e" => num * 1_000_000_000_000_000_000,
+                "eb" or "ei" or "eib" => num * 1024L * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024,
+                _ => throw new FormatException($"Unknown integer suffix '{suffix}' in '{value}'"),
+            };
+        }
+
+        private static double ParseFloat(string value)
+        {
+            if (!double.TryParse(value, NumberStyles.Float | NumberStyles.AllowLeadingSign, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var result))
+            {
+                throw new FormatException($"Expected float, but got '{value}'");
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Resolves a variable reference using block scoping: walks the context stack
+        /// top-down looking in map contexts, then falls back to environment variables.
+        /// Detects bcrypt password literals and reference cycles.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ResolveVariable(Token token)
+        {
+            var varName = token.Value;
+
+            // Special case: raw bcrypt strings ($2a$... or $2b$...).
+            // The lexer consumed the leading '$', so the variable value starts with "2a$" or "2b$".
+            if (varName.StartsWith(BcryptPrefix2A, StringComparison.Ordinal) ||
+                varName.StartsWith(BcryptPrefix2B, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                SetValue("$" + varName);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Walk context stack from top (innermost scope) to bottom (outermost).
+            for (var i = _ctxs.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+            {
+                if (_ctxs[i] is Dictionary<string, object?> map && map.TryGetValue(varName, out var found))
+                {
+                    SetValue(found);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Not found in any context map. Check environment variables.
+            // First, detect cycles.
+            if (!_envVarReferences.Add(varName))
+            {
+                throw new FormatException($"Variable reference cycle for '{varName}'");
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                var envValue = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(varName);
+                if (envValue is not null)
+                {
+                    // Parse the env value through the full parser to get correct typing
+                    // (e.g., "42" becomes long 42, "true" becomes bool, etc.).
+                    var subResult = ParseEnvValue(envValue, _envVarReferences, _includeDepth);
+                    if (subResult.TryGetValue("pk", out var parsedValue))
+                    {
+                        SetValue(parsedValue);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                _envVarReferences.Remove(varName);
+            }
+
+            // Not found anywhere.
+            throw new FormatException(
+                $"Variable reference for '{varName}' on line {token.Line} can not be found");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Processes an include directive by parsing the referenced file and merging
+        /// all its top-level keys into the current context.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ProcessInclude(string includePath)
+        {
+            if (_includeDepth >= MaxIncludeDepth)
+            {
+                throw new FormatException(
+                    $"Include depth limit of {MaxIncludeDepth} exceeded while processing '{includePath}'");
+            }
+
+            var fullPath = Path.Combine(_baseDir, includePath);
+            var includeResult = ParseFile(fullPath, _includeDepth + 1);
+
+            foreach (var (key, value) in includeResult)
+            {
+                PushKey(key);
+                SetValue(value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Configuration/NatsConfToken.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Port of Go conf/lex.go token types.
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Configuration;
+
+public enum TokenType
+{
+    Error,
+    Eof,
+    Key,
+    String,
+    Bool,
+    Integer,
+    Float,
+    DateTime,
+    ArrayStart,
+    ArrayEnd,
+    MapStart,
+    MapEnd,
+    Variable,
+    Include,
+    Comment,
+}
+
+public readonly record struct Token(TokenType Type, string Value, int Line, int Position);

src/NATS.Server/Events/EventJsonContext.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Events;
+
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(ConnectEventMsg))]
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(DisconnectEventMsg))]
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(AccountNumConns))]
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(ServerStatsMsg))]
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(ShutdownEventMsg))]
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(LameDuckEventMsg))]
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(AuthErrorEventMsg))]
+internal partial class EventJsonContext : JsonSerializerContext;

src/NATS.Server/Events/EventSubjects.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+using NATS.Server.Auth;
+using NATS.Server.Subscriptions;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Events;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// System event subject patterns.
+/// Maps to Go events.go:41-97 subject constants.
+/// </summary>
+public static class EventSubjects
+{
+    // Account-scoped events
+    public const string ConnectEvent = "$SYS.ACCOUNT.{0}.CONNECT";
+    public const string DisconnectEvent = "$SYS.ACCOUNT.{0}.DISCONNECT";
+    public const string AccountConnsNew = "$SYS.ACCOUNT.{0}.SERVER.CONNS";
+    public const string AccountConnsOld = "$SYS.SERVER.ACCOUNT.{0}.CONNS";
+
+    // Server-scoped events
+    public const string ServerStats = "$SYS.SERVER.{0}.STATSZ";
+    public const string ServerShutdown = "$SYS.SERVER.{0}.SHUTDOWN";
+    public const string ServerLameDuck = "$SYS.SERVER.{0}.LAMEDUCK";
+    public const string AuthError = "$SYS.SERVER.{0}.CLIENT.AUTH.ERR";
+    public const string AuthErrorAccount = "$SYS.ACCOUNT.CLIENT.AUTH.ERR";
+
+    // Request-reply subjects (server-specific)
+    public const string ServerReq = "$SYS.REQ.SERVER.{0}.{1}";
+
+    // Wildcard ping subjects (all servers respond)
+    public const string ServerPing = "$SYS.REQ.SERVER.PING.{0}";
+
+    // Account-scoped request subjects
+    public const string AccountReq = "$SYS.REQ.ACCOUNT.{0}.{1}";
+
+    // Inbox for responses
+    public const string InboxResponse = "$SYS._INBOX_.{0}";
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Callback signature for system message handlers.
+/// Maps to Go's sysMsgHandler type in events.go:109.
+/// </summary>
+public delegate void SystemMessageHandler(
+    Subscription? sub,
+    INatsClient? client,
+    Account? account,
+    string subject,
+    string? reply,
+    ReadOnlyMemory<byte> headers,
+    ReadOnlyMemory<byte> message);

src/NATS.Server/Events/EventTypes.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Events;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Server identity block embedded in all system events.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class EventServerInfo
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("name")]
+    public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("host")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingNull)]
+    public string? Host { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("id")]
+    public string Id { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("cluster")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingNull)]
+    public string? Cluster { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("domain")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingNull)]
+    public string? Domain { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("ver")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingNull)]
+    public string? Version { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("seq")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingDefault)]
+    public ulong Seq { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tags")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingNull)]
+    public Dictionary<string, string>? Tags { get; set; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Client identity block for connect/disconnect events.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class EventClientInfo
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("start")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingDefault)]
+    public DateTime Start { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("stop")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingDefault)]
+    public DateTime Stop { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("host")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingNull)]
+    public string? Host { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("id")]
+    public ulong Id { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("acc")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingNull)]
+    public string? Account { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("name")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingNull)]
+    public string? Name { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("lang")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingNull)]
+    public string? Lang { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("ver")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingNull)]
+    public string? Version { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("rtt")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingDefault)]
+    public long RttNanos { get; set; }
+}
+
+public sealed class DataStats
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("msgs")]
+    public long Msgs { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("bytes")]
+    public long Bytes { get; set; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>Client connect advisory. Go events.go:155-160.</summary>
+public sealed class ConnectEventMsg
+{
+    public const string EventType = "io.nats.server.advisory.v1.client_connect";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("type")]
+    public string Type { get; set; } = EventType;
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("id")]
+    public string Id { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("timestamp")]
+    public DateTime Time { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("server")]
+    public EventServerInfo Server { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("client")]
+    public EventClientInfo Client { get; set; } = new();
+}
+
+/// <summary>Client disconnect advisory. Go events.go:167-174.</summary>
+public sealed class DisconnectEventMsg
+{
+    public const string EventType = "io.nats.server.advisory.v1.client_disconnect";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("type")]
+    public string Type { get; set; } = EventType;
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("id")]
+    public string Id { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("timestamp")]
+    public DateTime Time { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("server")]
+    public EventServerInfo Server { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("client")]
+    public EventClientInfo Client { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("sent")]
+    public DataStats Sent { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("received")]
+    public DataStats Received { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("reason")]
+    public string Reason { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+}
+
+/// <summary>Account connection count heartbeat. Go events.go:210-214.</summary>
+public sealed class AccountNumConns
+{
+    public const string EventType = "io.nats.server.advisory.v1.account_connections";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("type")]
+    public string Type { get; set; } = EventType;
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("id")]
+    public string Id { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("timestamp")]
+    public DateTime Time { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("server")]
+    public EventServerInfo Server { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("acc")]
+    public string AccountName { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("conns")]
+    public int Connections { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("total_conns")]
+    public long TotalConnections { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("subs")]
+    public int Subscriptions { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("sent")]
+    public DataStats Sent { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("received")]
+    public DataStats Received { get; set; } = new();
+}
+
+/// <summary>Server stats broadcast. Go events.go:150-153.</summary>
+public sealed class ServerStatsMsg
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("server")]
+    public EventServerInfo Server { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("statsz")]
+    public ServerStatsData Stats { get; set; } = new();
+}
+
+public sealed class ServerStatsData
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("start")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingDefault)]
+    public DateTime Start { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("mem")]
+    public long Mem { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("cores")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingDefault)]
+    public int Cores { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("connections")]
+    public int Connections { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("total_connections")]
+    public long TotalConnections { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("active_accounts")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingDefault)]
+    public int ActiveAccounts { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("subscriptions")]
+    public long Subscriptions { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("in_msgs")]
+    public long InMsgs { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("out_msgs")]
+    public long OutMsgs { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("in_bytes")]
+    public long InBytes { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("out_bytes")]
+    public long OutBytes { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("slow_consumers")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingDefault)]
+    public long SlowConsumers { get; set; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>Server shutdown notification.</summary>
+public sealed class ShutdownEventMsg
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("server")]
+    public EventServerInfo Server { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("reason")]
+    public string Reason { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+}
+
+/// <summary>Lame duck mode notification.</summary>
+public sealed class LameDuckEventMsg
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("server")]
+    public EventServerInfo Server { get; set; } = new();
+}
+
+/// <summary>Auth error advisory.</summary>
+public sealed class AuthErrorEventMsg
+{
+    public const string EventType = "io.nats.server.advisory.v1.client_auth";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("type")]
+    public string Type { get; set; } = EventType;
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("id")]
+    public string Id { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("timestamp")]
+    public DateTime Time { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("server")]
+    public EventServerInfo Server { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("client")]
+    public EventClientInfo Client { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("reason")]
+    public string Reason { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+}

src/NATS.Server/Events/InternalEventSystem.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Threading.Channels;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using NATS.Server.Auth;
+using NATS.Server.Subscriptions;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Events;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Internal publish message queued for the send loop.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class PublishMessage
+{
+    public InternalClient? Client { get; init; }
+    public required string Subject { get; init; }
+    public string? Reply { get; init; }
+    public byte[]? Headers { get; init; }
+    public object? Body { get; init; }
+    public bool Echo { get; init; }
+    public bool IsLast { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Internal received message queued for the receive loop.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class InternalSystemMessage
+{
+    public required Subscription? Sub { get; init; }
+    public required INatsClient? Client { get; init; }
+    public required Account? Account { get; init; }
+    public required string Subject { get; init; }
+    public required string? Reply { get; init; }
+    public required ReadOnlyMemory<byte> Headers { get; init; }
+    public required ReadOnlyMemory<byte> Message { get; init; }
+    public required SystemMessageHandler Callback { get; init; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Manages the server's internal event system with Channel-based send/receive loops.
+/// Maps to Go's internal struct in events.go:124-147 and the goroutines
+/// internalSendLoop (events.go:495) and internalReceiveLoop (events.go:476).
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class InternalEventSystem : IAsyncDisposable
+{
+    private readonly ILogger _logger;
+    private readonly Channel<PublishMessage> _sendQueue;
+    private readonly Channel<InternalSystemMessage> _receiveQueue;
+    private readonly Channel<InternalSystemMessage> _receiveQueuePings;
+    private readonly CancellationTokenSource _cts = new();
+
+    private Task? _sendLoop;
+    private Task? _receiveLoop;
+    private Task? _receiveLoopPings;
+    private NatsServer? _server;
+
+    private ulong _sequence;
+    private int _subscriptionId;
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, SystemMessageHandler> _callbacks = new();
+
+    public Account SystemAccount { get; }
+    public InternalClient SystemClient { get; }
+    public string ServerHash { get; }
+
+    public InternalEventSystem(Account systemAccount, InternalClient systemClient, string serverName, ILogger logger)
+    {
+        _logger = logger;
+        SystemAccount = systemAccount;
+        SystemClient = systemClient;
+
+        // Hash server name for inbox routing (matches Go's shash)
+        ServerHash = Convert.ToHexString(SHA256.HashData(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(serverName)))[..8].ToLowerInvariant();
+
+        _sendQueue = Channel.CreateUnbounded<PublishMessage>(new UnboundedChannelOptions { SingleReader = true });
+        _receiveQueue = Channel.CreateUnbounded<InternalSystemMessage>(new UnboundedChannelOptions { SingleReader = true });
+        _receiveQueuePings = Channel.CreateUnbounded<InternalSystemMessage>(new UnboundedChannelOptions { SingleReader = true });
+    }
+
+    public void Start(NatsServer server)
+    {
+        _server = server;
+        var ct = _cts.Token;
+        _sendLoop = Task.Run(() => InternalSendLoopAsync(ct), ct);
+        _receiveLoop = Task.Run(() => InternalReceiveLoopAsync(_receiveQueue, ct), ct);
+        _receiveLoopPings = Task.Run(() => InternalReceiveLoopAsync(_receiveQueuePings, ct), ct);
+
+        // Periodic stats publish every 10 seconds
+        _ = Task.Run(async () =>
+        {
+            using var timer = new PeriodicTimer(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10));
+            while (await timer.WaitForNextTickAsync(ct))
+            {
+                PublishServerStats();
+            }
+        }, ct);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Registers system request-reply monitoring services for this server.
+    /// Maps to Go's initEventTracking in events.go.
+    /// Sets up handlers for $SYS.REQ.SERVER.{id}.VARZ, HEALTHZ, SUBSZ, STATSZ, IDZ
+    /// and wildcard $SYS.REQ.SERVER.PING.* subjects.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void InitEventTracking(NatsServer server)
+    {
+        _server = server;
+        var serverId = server.ServerId;
+
+        // Server-specific monitoring services
+        RegisterService(serverId, "VARZ", server.HandleVarzRequest);
+        RegisterService(serverId, "HEALTHZ", server.HandleHealthzRequest);
+        RegisterService(serverId, "SUBSZ", server.HandleSubszRequest);
+        RegisterService(serverId, "STATSZ", server.HandleStatszRequest);
+        RegisterService(serverId, "IDZ", server.HandleIdzRequest);
+
+        // Wildcard ping services (all servers respond)
+        SysSubscribe(string.Format(EventSubjects.ServerPing, "VARZ"), WrapRequestHandler(server.HandleVarzRequest));
+        SysSubscribe(string.Format(EventSubjects.ServerPing, "HEALTHZ"), WrapRequestHandler(server.HandleHealthzRequest));
+        SysSubscribe(string.Format(EventSubjects.ServerPing, "IDZ"), WrapRequestHandler(server.HandleIdzRequest));
+        SysSubscribe(string.Format(EventSubjects.ServerPing, "STATSZ"), WrapRequestHandler(server.HandleStatszRequest));
+    }
+
+    private void RegisterService(string serverId, string name, Action<string, string?> handler)
+    {
+        var subject = string.Format(EventSubjects.ServerReq, serverId, name);
+        SysSubscribe(subject, WrapRequestHandler(handler));
+    }
+
+    private SystemMessageHandler WrapRequestHandler(Action<string, string?> handler)
+    {
+        return (sub, client, acc, subject, reply, hdr, msg) =>
+        {
+            handler(subject, reply);
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Publishes a $SYS.SERVER.{id}.STATSZ message with current server statistics.
+    /// Maps to Go's sendStatsz in events.go.
+    /// Can be called manually for testing or is invoked periodically by the stats timer.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void PublishServerStats()
+    {
+        if (_server == null) return;
+
+        var subject = string.Format(EventSubjects.ServerStats, _server.ServerId);
+        var process = System.Diagnostics.Process.GetCurrentProcess();
+
+        var statsMsg = new ServerStatsMsg
+        {
+            Server = _server.BuildEventServerInfo(),
+            Stats = new ServerStatsData
+            {
+                Start = _server.StartTime,
+                Mem = process.WorkingSet64,
+                Cores = Environment.ProcessorCount,
+                Connections = _server.ClientCount,
+                TotalConnections = Interlocked.Read(ref _server.Stats.TotalConnections),
+                Subscriptions = SystemAccount.SubList.Count,
+                InMsgs = Interlocked.Read(ref _server.Stats.InMsgs),
+                OutMsgs = Interlocked.Read(ref _server.Stats.OutMsgs),
+                InBytes = Interlocked.Read(ref _server.Stats.InBytes),
+                OutBytes = Interlocked.Read(ref _server.Stats.OutBytes),
+                SlowConsumers = Interlocked.Read(ref _server.Stats.SlowConsumers),
+            },
+        };
+
+        Enqueue(new PublishMessage { Subject = subject, Body = statsMsg });
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Creates a system subscription in the system account's SubList.
+    /// Maps to Go's sysSubscribe in events.go:2796.
+    /// </summary>
+    public Subscription SysSubscribe(string subject, SystemMessageHandler callback)
+    {
+        var sid = Interlocked.Increment(ref _subscriptionId).ToString();
+        var sub = new Subscription
+        {
+            Subject = subject,
+            Sid = sid,
+            Client = SystemClient,
+        };
+
+        // Store callback keyed by SID so multiple subscriptions work
+        _callbacks[sid] = callback;
+
+        // Set a single routing callback on the system client that dispatches by SID
+        SystemClient.MessageCallback = (subj, s, reply, hdr, msg) =>
+        {
+            if (_callbacks.TryGetValue(s, out var cb))
+            {
+                _receiveQueue.Writer.TryWrite(new InternalSystemMessage
+                {
+                    Sub = sub,
+                    Client = SystemClient,
+                    Account = SystemAccount,
+                    Subject = subj,
+                    Reply = reply,
+                    Headers = hdr,
+                    Message = msg,
+                    Callback = cb,
+                });
+            }
+        };
+
+        SystemAccount.SubList.Insert(sub);
+        return sub;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns the next monotonically increasing sequence number for event ordering.
+    /// </summary>
+    public ulong NextSequence() => Interlocked.Increment(ref _sequence);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Enqueue an internal message for publishing through the send loop.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void Enqueue(PublishMessage message)
+    {
+        _sendQueue.Writer.TryWrite(message);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The send loop: serializes messages and delivers them via the server's routing.
+    /// Maps to Go's internalSendLoop in events.go:495-668.
+    /// </summary>
+    private async Task InternalSendLoopAsync(CancellationToken ct)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            await foreach (var pm in _sendQueue.Reader.ReadAllAsync(ct))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var seq = Interlocked.Increment(ref _sequence);
+
+                    // Serialize body to JSON
+                    byte[] payload;
+                    if (pm.Body is byte[] raw)
+                    {
+                        payload = raw;
+                    }
+                    else if (pm.Body != null)
+                    {
+                        // Try source-generated context first, fall back to reflection-based for unknown types
+                        var bodyType = pm.Body.GetType();
+                        var typeInfo = EventJsonContext.Default.GetTypeInfo(bodyType);
+                        payload = typeInfo != null
+                            ? JsonSerializer.SerializeToUtf8Bytes(pm.Body, typeInfo)
+                            : JsonSerializer.SerializeToUtf8Bytes(pm.Body, bodyType);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        payload = [];
+                    }
+
+                    // Deliver via the system account's SubList matching
+                    var result = SystemAccount.SubList.Match(pm.Subject);
+
+                    foreach (var sub in result.PlainSubs)
+                    {
+                        sub.Client?.SendMessage(pm.Subject, sub.Sid, pm.Reply,
+                            pm.Headers ?? ReadOnlyMemory<byte>.Empty,
+                            payload);
+                    }
+
+                    foreach (var queueGroup in result.QueueSubs)
+                    {
+                        if (queueGroup.Length == 0) continue;
+                        var sub = queueGroup[0]; // Simple pick for internal
+                        sub.Client?.SendMessage(pm.Subject, sub.Sid, pm.Reply,
+                            pm.Headers ?? ReadOnlyMemory<byte>.Empty,
+                            payload);
+                    }
+
+                    if (pm.IsLast)
+                        break;
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    _logger.LogWarning(ex, "Error in internal send loop processing message on {Subject}", pm.Subject);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch (OperationCanceledException)
+        {
+            // Normal shutdown
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The receive loop: dispatches callbacks for internally-received messages.
+    /// Maps to Go's internalReceiveLoop in events.go:476-491.
+    /// </summary>
+    private async Task InternalReceiveLoopAsync(Channel<InternalSystemMessage> queue, CancellationToken ct)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            await foreach (var msg in queue.Reader.ReadAllAsync(ct))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    msg.Callback(msg.Sub, msg.Client, msg.Account, msg.Subject, msg.Reply, msg.Headers, msg.Message);
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    _logger.LogWarning(ex, "Error in internal receive loop processing {Subject}", msg.Subject);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch (OperationCanceledException)
+        {
+            // Normal shutdown
+        }
+    }
+
+    public async ValueTask DisposeAsync()
+    {
+        await _cts.CancelAsync();
+        _sendQueue.Writer.TryComplete();
+        _receiveQueue.Writer.TryComplete();
+        _receiveQueuePings.Writer.TryComplete();
+
+        if (_sendLoop != null) await _sendLoop.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2)).ConfigureAwait(ConfigureAwaitOptions.SuppressThrowing);
+        if (_receiveLoop != null) await _receiveLoop.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2)).ConfigureAwait(ConfigureAwaitOptions.SuppressThrowing);
+        if (_receiveLoopPings != null) await _receiveLoopPings.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2)).ConfigureAwait(ConfigureAwaitOptions.SuppressThrowing);
+
+        _cts.Dispose();
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/INatsClient.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+using NATS.Server.Auth;
+using NATS.Server.Protocol;
+
+namespace NATS.Server;
+
+public interface INatsClient
+{
+    ulong Id { get; }
+    ClientKind Kind { get; }
+    bool IsInternal => Kind.IsInternal();
+    Account? Account { get; }
+    ClientOptions? ClientOpts { get; }
+    ClientPermissions? Permissions { get; }
+
+    void SendMessage(string subject, string sid, string? replyTo,
+        ReadOnlyMemory<byte> headers, ReadOnlyMemory<byte> payload);
+    bool QueueOutbound(ReadOnlyMemory<byte> data);
+    void RemoveSubscription(string sid);
+}

src/NATS.Server/Imports/ExportAuth.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+using NATS.Server.Auth;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Imports;
+
+public sealed class ExportAuth
+{
+    public bool TokenRequired { get; init; }
+    public uint AccountPosition { get; init; }
+    public HashSet<string>? ApprovedAccounts { get; init; }
+    public Dictionary<string, long>? RevokedAccounts { get; init; }
+
+    public bool IsAuthorized(Account account)
+    {
+        if (RevokedAccounts != null && RevokedAccounts.ContainsKey(account.Name))
+            return false;
+
+        if (ApprovedAccounts == null && !TokenRequired && AccountPosition == 0)
+            return true;
+
+        if (ApprovedAccounts != null)
+            return ApprovedAccounts.Contains(account.Name);
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Imports/ExportMap.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace NATS.Server.Imports;
+
+public sealed class ExportMap
+{
+    public Dictionary<string, StreamExport> Streams { get; } = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+    public Dictionary<string, ServiceExport> Services { get; } = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+    public Dictionary<string, ServiceImport> Responses { get; } = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+}

src/NATS.Server/Imports/ImportMap.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+namespace NATS.Server.Imports;
+
+public sealed class ImportMap
+{
+    public List<StreamImport> Streams { get; } = [];
+    public Dictionary<string, List<ServiceImport>> Services { get; } = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+
+    public void AddServiceImport(ServiceImport si)
+    {
+        if (!Services.TryGetValue(si.From, out var list))
+        {
+            list = [];
+            Services[si.From] = list;
+        }
+
+        list.Add(si);
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Imports/LatencyTracker.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Imports;
+
+public sealed class ServiceLatencyMsg
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("type")]
+    public string Type { get; set; } = "io.nats.server.metric.v1.service_latency";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("requestor")]
+    public string Requestor { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("responder")]
+    public string Responder { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("status")]
+    public int Status { get; set; } = 200;
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("svc_latency")]
+    public long ServiceLatencyNanos { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("total_latency")]
+    public long TotalLatencyNanos { get; set; }
+}
+
+public static class LatencyTracker
+{
+    public static bool ShouldSample(ServiceLatency latency)
+    {
+        if (latency.SamplingPercentage <= 0) return false;
+        if (latency.SamplingPercentage >= 100) return true;
+        return Random.Shared.Next(100) < latency.SamplingPercentage;
+    }
+
+    public static ServiceLatencyMsg BuildLatencyMsg(
+        string requestor, string responder,
+        TimeSpan serviceLatency, TimeSpan totalLatency)
+    {
+        return new ServiceLatencyMsg
+        {
+            Requestor = requestor,
+            Responder = responder,
+            ServiceLatencyNanos = serviceLatency.Ticks * 100,
+            TotalLatencyNanos = totalLatency.Ticks * 100,
+        };
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Imports/ResponseRouter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using NATS.Server.Auth;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Imports;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handles response routing for service imports.
+/// Maps to Go's service reply prefix generation and response cleanup.
+/// Reference: golang/nats-server/server/accounts.go — addRespServiceImport, removeRespServiceImport
+/// </summary>
+public static class ResponseRouter
+{
+    private static readonly char[] Base62 = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789".ToCharArray();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Generates a unique reply prefix for response routing.
+    /// Format: "_R_.{10 random base62 chars}."
+    /// </summary>
+    public static string GenerateReplyPrefix()
+    {
+        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[10];
+        RandomNumberGenerator.Fill(bytes);
+        var chars = new char[10];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+            chars[i] = Base62[bytes[i] % 62];
+        return $"_R_.{new string(chars)}.";
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Creates a response service import that maps the generated reply prefix
+    /// back to the original reply subject on the requesting account.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static ServiceImport CreateResponseImport(
+        Account exporterAccount,
+        ServiceImport originalImport,
+        string originalReply)
+    {
+        var replyPrefix = GenerateReplyPrefix();
+
+        var responseSi = new ServiceImport
+        {
+            DestinationAccount = exporterAccount,
+            From = replyPrefix + ">",
+            To = originalReply,
+            IsResponse = true,
+            ResponseType = originalImport.ResponseType,
+            Export = originalImport.Export,
+            TimestampTicks = DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks,
+        };
+
+        exporterAccount.Exports.Responses[replyPrefix] = responseSi;
+        return responseSi;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Removes a response import from the account's export map.
+    /// For Singleton responses, this is called after the first reply is delivered.
+    /// For Streamed/Chunked, it is called when the response stream ends.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static void CleanupResponse(Account account, string replyPrefix, ServiceImport responseSi)
+    {
+        account.Exports.Responses.Remove(replyPrefix);
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Imports/ServiceExport.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+using NATS.Server.Auth;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Imports;
+
+public sealed class ServiceExport
+{
+    public ExportAuth Auth { get; init; } = new();
+    public Account? Account { get; init; }
+    public ServiceResponseType ResponseType { get; init; } = ServiceResponseType.Singleton;
+    public TimeSpan ResponseThreshold { get; init; } = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(2);
+    public ServiceLatency? Latency { get; init; }
+    public bool AllowTrace { get; init; }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Imports/ServiceImport.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+using NATS.Server.Auth;
+using NATS.Server.Subscriptions;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Imports;
+
+public sealed class ServiceImport
+{
+    public required Account DestinationAccount { get; init; }
+    public required string From { get; init; }
+    public required string To { get; init; }
+    public SubjectTransform? Transform { get; init; }
+    public ServiceExport? Export { get; init; }
+    public ServiceResponseType ResponseType { get; init; } = ServiceResponseType.Singleton;
+    public byte[]? Sid { get; set; }
+    public bool IsResponse { get; init; }
+    public bool UsePub { get; init; }
+    public bool Invalid { get; set; }
+    public bool Share { get; init; }
+    public bool Tracking { get; init; }
+    public long TimestampTicks { get; set; }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Imports/ServiceLatency.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+namespace NATS.Server.Imports;
+
+public sealed class ServiceLatency
+{
+    public int SamplingPercentage { get; init; } = 100;
+    public string Subject { get; init; } = string.Empty;
+}

src/NATS.Server/Imports/ServiceResponseType.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace NATS.Server.Imports;
+
+public enum ServiceResponseType
+{
+    Singleton,
+    Streamed,
+    Chunked,
+}

src/NATS.Server/Imports/StreamExport.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+namespace NATS.Server.Imports;
+
+public sealed class StreamExport
+{
+    public ExportAuth Auth { get; init; } = new();
+}

src/NATS.Server/Imports/StreamImport.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+using NATS.Server.Auth;
+using NATS.Server.Subscriptions;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Imports;
+
+public sealed class StreamImport
+{
+    public required Account SourceAccount { get; init; }
+    public required string From { get; init; }
+    public required string To { get; init; }
+    public SubjectTransform? Transform { get; init; }
+    public bool UsePub { get; init; }
+    public bool Invalid { get; set; }
+}

src/NATS.Server/InternalClient.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+using NATS.Server.Auth;
+using NATS.Server.Protocol;
+using NATS.Server.Subscriptions;
+
+namespace NATS.Server;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Lightweight socketless client for internal messaging (SYSTEM, ACCOUNT, JETSTREAM).
+/// Maps to Go's internal client created by createInternalClient() in server.go:1910-1936.
+/// No network I/O — messages are delivered via callback.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class InternalClient : INatsClient
+{
+    public ulong Id { get; }
+    public ClientKind Kind { get; }
+    public bool IsInternal => Kind.IsInternal();
+    public Account? Account { get; }
+    public ClientOptions? ClientOpts => null;
+    public ClientPermissions? Permissions => null;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Callback invoked when a message is delivered to this internal client.
+    /// Set by the event system or account import infrastructure.
+    /// </summary>
+    public Action<string, string, string?, ReadOnlyMemory<byte>, ReadOnlyMemory<byte>>? MessageCallback { get; set; }
+
+    private readonly Dictionary<string, Subscription> _subs = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+
+    public InternalClient(ulong id, ClientKind kind, Account account)
+    {
+        if (!kind.IsInternal())
+            throw new ArgumentException($"InternalClient requires an internal ClientKind, got {kind}", nameof(kind));
+
+        Id = id;
+        Kind = kind;
+        Account = account;
+    }
+
+    public void SendMessage(string subject, string sid, string? replyTo,
+        ReadOnlyMemory<byte> headers, ReadOnlyMemory<byte> payload)
+    {
+        MessageCallback?.Invoke(subject, sid, replyTo, headers, payload);
+    }
+
+    public bool QueueOutbound(ReadOnlyMemory<byte> data) => true; // no-op for internal clients
+
+    public void RemoveSubscription(string sid)
+    {
+        if (_subs.Remove(sid))
+            Account?.DecrementSubscriptions();
+    }
+
+    public void AddSubscription(Subscription sub)
+    {
+        _subs[sub.Sid] = sub;
+    }
+
+    public IReadOnlyDictionary<string, Subscription> Subscriptions => _subs;
+}

src/NATS.Server/Monitoring/ClosedClient.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+namespace NATS.Server.Monitoring;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Snapshot of a closed client connection for /connz reporting.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed record ClosedClient
+{
+    public required ulong Cid { get; init; }
+    public string Ip { get; init; } = "";
+    public int Port { get; init; }
+    public DateTime Start { get; init; }
+    public DateTime Stop { get; init; }
+    public string Reason { get; init; } = "";
+    public string Name { get; init; } = "";
+    public string Lang { get; init; } = "";
+    public string Version { get; init; } = "";
+    public long InMsgs { get; init; }
+    public long OutMsgs { get; init; }
+    public long InBytes { get; init; }
+    public long OutBytes { get; init; }
+    public uint NumSubs { get; init; }
+    public TimeSpan Rtt { get; init; }
+    public string TlsVersion { get; init; } = "";
+    public string TlsCipherSuite { get; init; } = "";
+}

src/NATS.Server/Monitoring/Connz.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Monitoring;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Connection information response. Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go Connz struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class Connz
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("server_id")]
+    public string Id { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("now")]
+    public DateTime Now { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("num_connections")]
+    public int NumConns { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("total")]
+    public int Total { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("offset")]
+    public int Offset { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("limit")]
+    public int Limit { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("connections")]
+    public ConnInfo[] Conns { get; set; } = [];
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Detailed information on a per-connection basis.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go ConnInfo struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class ConnInfo
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("cid")]
+    public ulong Cid { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("kind")]
+    public string Kind { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("type")]
+    public string Type { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("ip")]
+    public string Ip { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("port")]
+    public int Port { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("start")]
+    public DateTime Start { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("last_activity")]
+    public DateTime LastActivity { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("stop")]
+    public DateTime? Stop { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("reason")]
+    public string Reason { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("rtt")]
+    public string Rtt { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("uptime")]
+    public string Uptime { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("idle")]
+    public string Idle { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("pending_bytes")]
+    public int Pending { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("in_msgs")]
+    public long InMsgs { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("out_msgs")]
+    public long OutMsgs { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("in_bytes")]
+    public long InBytes { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("out_bytes")]
+    public long OutBytes { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("subscriptions")]
+    public uint NumSubs { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("subscriptions_list")]
+    public string[] Subs { get; set; } = [];
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("subscriptions_list_detail")]
+    public SubDetail[] SubsDetail { get; set; } = [];
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("name")]
+    public string Name { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("lang")]
+    public string Lang { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("version")]
+    public string Version { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("authorized_user")]
+    public string AuthorizedUser { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("account")]
+    public string Account { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_version")]
+    public string TlsVersion { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_cipher_suite")]
+    public string TlsCipherSuite { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_first")]
+    public bool TlsFirst { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("mqtt_client")]
+    public string MqttClient { get; set; } = "";
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Subscription detail information.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go SubDetail struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class SubDetail
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("account")]
+    public string Account { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("subject")]
+    public string Subject { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("qgroup")]
+    public string Queue { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("sid")]
+    public string Sid { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("msgs")]
+    public long Msgs { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("max")]
+    public long Max { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("cid")]
+    public ulong Cid { get; set; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Sort options for connection listing.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor_sort_opts.go SortOpt type.
+/// </summary>
+public enum SortOpt
+{
+    ByCid,
+    ByStart,
+    BySubs,
+    ByPending,
+    ByMsgsTo,
+    ByMsgsFrom,
+    ByBytesTo,
+    ByBytesFrom,
+    ByLast,
+    ByIdle,
+    ByUptime,
+    ByRtt,
+    ByStop,
+    ByReason,
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Connection state filter.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go ConnState type.
+/// </summary>
+public enum ConnState
+{
+    Open,
+    Closed,
+    All,
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Options passed to Connz() for filtering and sorting.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go ConnzOptions struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class ConnzOptions
+{
+    public SortOpt Sort { get; set; } = SortOpt.ByCid;
+
+    public bool Subscriptions { get; set; }
+
+    public bool SubscriptionsDetail { get; set; }
+
+    public ConnState State { get; set; } = ConnState.Open;
+
+    public string User { get; set; } = "";
+
+    public string Account { get; set; } = "";
+
+    public string FilterSubject { get; set; } = "";
+
+    public int Offset { get; set; }
+
+    public int Limit { get; set; } = 1024;
+}

src/NATS.Server/Monitoring/ConnzHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Monitoring;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handles /connz endpoint requests, returning detailed connection information.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go handleConnz function.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class ConnzHandler(NatsServer server)
+{
+    public Connz HandleConnz(HttpContext ctx)
+    {
+        var opts = ParseQueryParams(ctx);
+        var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
+
+        var connInfos = new List<ConnInfo>();
+
+        // Collect open connections
+        if (opts.State is ConnState.Open or ConnState.All)
+        {
+            var clients = server.GetClients().ToArray();
+            connInfos.AddRange(clients.Select(c => BuildConnInfo(c, now, opts)));
+        }
+
+        // Collect closed connections
+        if (opts.State is ConnState.Closed or ConnState.All)
+        {
+            connInfos.AddRange(server.GetClosedClients().Select(c => BuildClosedConnInfo(c, now, opts)));
+        }
+
+        // Validate sort options that require closed state
+        if (opts.Sort is SortOpt.ByStop or SortOpt.ByReason && opts.State == ConnState.Open)
+            opts.Sort = SortOpt.ByCid; // Fallback
+
+        // Sort
+        connInfos = opts.Sort switch
+        {
+            SortOpt.ByCid => connInfos.OrderBy(c => c.Cid).ToList(),
+            SortOpt.ByStart => connInfos.OrderBy(c => c.Start).ToList(),
+            SortOpt.BySubs => connInfos.OrderByDescending(c => c.NumSubs).ToList(),
+            SortOpt.ByPending => connInfos.OrderByDescending(c => c.Pending).ToList(),
+            SortOpt.ByMsgsTo => connInfos.OrderByDescending(c => c.OutMsgs).ToList(),
+            SortOpt.ByMsgsFrom => connInfos.OrderByDescending(c => c.InMsgs).ToList(),
+            SortOpt.ByBytesTo => connInfos.OrderByDescending(c => c.OutBytes).ToList(),
+            SortOpt.ByBytesFrom => connInfos.OrderByDescending(c => c.InBytes).ToList(),
+            SortOpt.ByLast => connInfos.OrderByDescending(c => c.LastActivity).ToList(),
+            SortOpt.ByIdle => connInfos.OrderByDescending(c => now - c.LastActivity).ToList(),
+            SortOpt.ByUptime => connInfos.OrderByDescending(c => now - c.Start).ToList(),
+            SortOpt.ByStop => connInfos.OrderByDescending(c => c.Stop ?? DateTime.MinValue).ToList(),
+            SortOpt.ByReason => connInfos.OrderBy(c => c.Reason).ToList(),
+            SortOpt.ByRtt => connInfos.OrderBy(c => c.Rtt).ToList(),
+            _ => connInfos.OrderBy(c => c.Cid).ToList(),
+        };
+
+        var total = connInfos.Count;
+        var paged = connInfos.Skip(opts.Offset).Take(opts.Limit).ToArray();
+
+        return new Connz
+        {
+            Id = server.ServerId,
+            Now = now,
+            NumConns = paged.Length,
+            Total = total,
+            Offset = opts.Offset,
+            Limit = opts.Limit,
+            Conns = paged,
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static ConnInfo BuildConnInfo(NatsClient client, DateTime now, ConnzOptions opts)
+    {
+        var info = new ConnInfo
+        {
+            Cid = client.Id,
+            Kind = "Client",
+            Type = "Client",
+            Ip = client.RemoteIp ?? "",
+            Port = client.RemotePort,
+            Start = client.StartTime,
+            LastActivity = client.LastActivity,
+            Uptime = FormatDuration(now - client.StartTime),
+            Idle = FormatDuration(now - client.LastActivity),
+            InMsgs = Interlocked.Read(ref client.InMsgs),
+            OutMsgs = Interlocked.Read(ref client.OutMsgs),
+            InBytes = Interlocked.Read(ref client.InBytes),
+            OutBytes = Interlocked.Read(ref client.OutBytes),
+            NumSubs = (uint)client.Subscriptions.Count,
+            Name = client.ClientOpts?.Name ?? "",
+            Lang = client.ClientOpts?.Lang ?? "",
+            Version = client.ClientOpts?.Version ?? "",
+            Pending = (int)client.PendingBytes,
+            Reason = client.CloseReason.ToReasonString(),
+            TlsVersion = client.TlsState?.TlsVersion ?? "",
+            TlsCipherSuite = client.TlsState?.CipherSuite ?? "",
+            Rtt = FormatRtt(client.Rtt),
+        };
+
+        if (opts.Subscriptions)
+        {
+            info.Subs = client.Subscriptions.Values.Select(s => s.Subject).ToArray();
+        }
+
+        if (opts.SubscriptionsDetail)
+        {
+            info.SubsDetail = client.Subscriptions.Values.Select(s => new SubDetail
+            {
+                Subject = s.Subject,
+                Queue = s.Queue ?? "",
+                Sid = s.Sid,
+                Msgs = Interlocked.Read(ref s.MessageCount),
+                Max = s.MaxMessages,
+                Cid = client.Id,
+            }).ToArray();
+        }
+
+        return info;
+    }
+
+    private static ConnInfo BuildClosedConnInfo(ClosedClient closed, DateTime now, ConnzOptions opts)
+    {
+        return new ConnInfo
+        {
+            Cid = closed.Cid,
+            Kind = "Client",
+            Type = "Client",
+            Ip = closed.Ip,
+            Port = closed.Port,
+            Start = closed.Start,
+            Stop = closed.Stop,
+            LastActivity = closed.Stop,
+            Uptime = FormatDuration(closed.Stop - closed.Start),
+            Idle = FormatDuration(now - closed.Stop),
+            InMsgs = closed.InMsgs,
+            OutMsgs = closed.OutMsgs,
+            InBytes = closed.InBytes,
+            OutBytes = closed.OutBytes,
+            NumSubs = closed.NumSubs,
+            Name = closed.Name,
+            Lang = closed.Lang,
+            Version = closed.Version,
+            Reason = closed.Reason,
+            Rtt = FormatRtt(closed.Rtt),
+            TlsVersion = closed.TlsVersion,
+            TlsCipherSuite = closed.TlsCipherSuite,
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static ConnzOptions ParseQueryParams(HttpContext ctx)
+    {
+        var q = ctx.Request.Query;
+        var opts = new ConnzOptions();
+
+        if (q.TryGetValue("sort", out var sort))
+        {
+            opts.Sort = sort.ToString().ToLowerInvariant() switch
+            {
+                "cid" => SortOpt.ByCid,
+                "start" => SortOpt.ByStart,
+                "subs" => SortOpt.BySubs,
+                "pending" => SortOpt.ByPending,
+                "msgs_to" => SortOpt.ByMsgsTo,
+                "msgs_from" => SortOpt.ByMsgsFrom,
+                "bytes_to" => SortOpt.ByBytesTo,
+                "bytes_from" => SortOpt.ByBytesFrom,
+                "last" => SortOpt.ByLast,
+                "idle" => SortOpt.ByIdle,
+                "uptime" => SortOpt.ByUptime,
+                "rtt" => SortOpt.ByRtt,
+                "stop" => SortOpt.ByStop,
+                "reason" => SortOpt.ByReason,
+                _ => SortOpt.ByCid,
+            };
+        }
+
+        if (q.TryGetValue("subs", out var subs))
+        {
+            if (subs == "detail")
+                opts.SubscriptionsDetail = true;
+            else
+                opts.Subscriptions = true;
+        }
+
+        if (q.TryGetValue("state", out var state))
+        {
+            opts.State = state.ToString().ToLowerInvariant() switch
+            {
+                "open" => ConnState.Open,
+                "closed" => ConnState.Closed,
+                "all" => ConnState.All,
+                _ => ConnState.Open,
+            };
+        }
+
+        if (q.TryGetValue("offset", out var offset) && int.TryParse(offset, out var o))
+            opts.Offset = o;
+
+        if (q.TryGetValue("limit", out var limit) && int.TryParse(limit, out var l))
+            opts.Limit = l;
+
+        return opts;
+    }
+
+    private static string FormatRtt(TimeSpan rtt)
+    {
+        if (rtt == TimeSpan.Zero) return "";
+        if (rtt.TotalMilliseconds < 1)
+            return $"{rtt.TotalMicroseconds:F3}\u00b5s";
+        if (rtt.TotalSeconds < 1)
+            return $"{rtt.TotalMilliseconds:F3}ms";
+        return $"{rtt.TotalSeconds:F3}s";
+    }
+
+    private static string FormatDuration(TimeSpan ts)
+    {
+        if (ts.TotalDays >= 1)
+            return $"{(int)ts.TotalDays}d{ts.Hours}h{ts.Minutes}m{ts.Seconds}s";
+        if (ts.TotalHours >= 1)
+            return $"{(int)ts.TotalHours}h{ts.Minutes}m{ts.Seconds}s";
+        if (ts.TotalMinutes >= 1)
+            return $"{(int)ts.TotalMinutes}m{ts.Seconds}s";
+        return $"{(int)ts.TotalSeconds}s";
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Monitoring/MonitorServer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Monitoring;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// HTTP monitoring server providing /healthz, /varz, and other monitoring endpoints.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go HTTP server setup.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class MonitorServer : IAsyncDisposable
+{
+    private readonly WebApplication _app;
+    private readonly ILogger<MonitorServer> _logger;
+    private readonly VarzHandler _varzHandler;
+    private readonly ConnzHandler _connzHandler;
+    private readonly SubszHandler _subszHandler;
+
+    public MonitorServer(NatsServer server, NatsOptions options, ServerStats stats, ILoggerFactory loggerFactory)
+    {
+        _logger = loggerFactory.CreateLogger<MonitorServer>();
+
+        var builder = WebApplication.CreateSlimBuilder();
+        builder.WebHost.UseUrls($"http://{options.MonitorHost}:{options.MonitorPort}");
+        builder.Logging.ClearProviders();
+
+        _app = builder.Build();
+        var basePath = options.MonitorBasePath ?? "";
+
+        _varzHandler = new VarzHandler(server, options);
+        _connzHandler = new ConnzHandler(server);
+        _subszHandler = new SubszHandler(server);
+
+        _app.MapGet(basePath + "/", () =>
+        {
+            stats.HttpReqStats.AddOrUpdate("/", 1, (_, v) => v + 1);
+            return Results.Ok(new
+            {
+                endpoints = new[]
+                {
+                    "/varz", "/connz", "/healthz", "/routez",
+                    "/gatewayz", "/leafz", "/subz", "/accountz", "/jsz",
+                },
+            });
+        });
+        _app.MapGet(basePath + "/healthz", () =>
+        {
+            stats.HttpReqStats.AddOrUpdate("/healthz", 1, (_, v) => v + 1);
+            return Results.Ok("ok");
+        });
+        _app.MapGet(basePath + "/varz", async (HttpContext ctx) =>
+        {
+            stats.HttpReqStats.AddOrUpdate("/varz", 1, (_, v) => v + 1);
+            return Results.Ok(await _varzHandler.HandleVarzAsync(ctx.RequestAborted));
+        });
+
+        _app.MapGet(basePath + "/connz", (HttpContext ctx) =>
+        {
+            stats.HttpReqStats.AddOrUpdate("/connz", 1, (_, v) => v + 1);
+            return Results.Ok(_connzHandler.HandleConnz(ctx));
+        });
+
+        // Stubs for unimplemented endpoints
+        _app.MapGet(basePath + "/routez", () =>
+        {
+            stats.HttpReqStats.AddOrUpdate("/routez", 1, (_, v) => v + 1);
+            return Results.Ok(new { });
+        });
+        _app.MapGet(basePath + "/gatewayz", () =>
+        {
+            stats.HttpReqStats.AddOrUpdate("/gatewayz", 1, (_, v) => v + 1);
+            return Results.Ok(new { });
+        });
+        _app.MapGet(basePath + "/leafz", () =>
+        {
+            stats.HttpReqStats.AddOrUpdate("/leafz", 1, (_, v) => v + 1);
+            return Results.Ok(new { });
+        });
+        _app.MapGet(basePath + "/subz", (HttpContext ctx) =>
+        {
+            stats.HttpReqStats.AddOrUpdate("/subz", 1, (_, v) => v + 1);
+            return Results.Ok(_subszHandler.HandleSubsz(ctx));
+        });
+        _app.MapGet(basePath + "/subscriptionsz", (HttpContext ctx) =>
+        {
+            stats.HttpReqStats.AddOrUpdate("/subscriptionsz", 1, (_, v) => v + 1);
+            return Results.Ok(_subszHandler.HandleSubsz(ctx));
+        });
+        _app.MapGet(basePath + "/accountz", () =>
+        {
+            stats.HttpReqStats.AddOrUpdate("/accountz", 1, (_, v) => v + 1);
+            return Results.Ok(new { });
+        });
+        _app.MapGet(basePath + "/accstatz", () =>
+        {
+            stats.HttpReqStats.AddOrUpdate("/accstatz", 1, (_, v) => v + 1);
+            return Results.Ok(new { });
+        });
+        _app.MapGet(basePath + "/jsz", () =>
+        {
+            stats.HttpReqStats.AddOrUpdate("/jsz", 1, (_, v) => v + 1);
+            return Results.Ok(new { });
+        });
+    }
+
+    public async Task StartAsync(CancellationToken ct)
+    {
+        await _app.StartAsync(ct);
+        _logger.LogInformation("Monitoring listening on {Urls}", string.Join(", ", _app.Urls));
+    }
+
+    public async ValueTask DisposeAsync()
+    {
+        await _app.StopAsync();
+        await _app.DisposeAsync();
+        _varzHandler.Dispose();
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Monitoring/Subsz.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Monitoring;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Subscription information response. Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go Subsz struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class Subsz
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("server_id")]
+    public string Id { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("now")]
+    public DateTime Now { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("num_subscriptions")]
+    public uint NumSubs { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("num_cache")]
+    public int NumCache { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("total")]
+    public int Total { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("offset")]
+    public int Offset { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("limit")]
+    public int Limit { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("subscriptions")]
+    public SubDetail[] Subs { get; set; } = [];
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Options passed to Subsz() for filtering.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class SubszOptions
+{
+    public int Offset { get; set; }
+    public int Limit { get; set; } = 1024;
+    public bool Subscriptions { get; set; }
+    public string Account { get; set; } = "";
+    public string Test { get; set; } = "";
+}

src/NATS.Server/Monitoring/SubszHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using NATS.Server.Subscriptions;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Monitoring;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handles /subz endpoint requests, returning subscription information.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go handleSubsz.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class SubszHandler(NatsServer server)
+{
+    public Subsz HandleSubsz(HttpContext ctx)
+    {
+        var opts = ParseQueryParams(ctx);
+        var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
+
+        // Collect subscriptions from all accounts (or filtered).
+        // Exclude the $SYS system account unless explicitly requested — its internal
+        // subscriptions are infrastructure and not user-facing.
+        var allSubs = new List<Subscription>();
+        foreach (var account in server.GetAccounts())
+        {
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(opts.Account) && account.Name != opts.Account)
+                continue;
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(opts.Account) && account.Name == "$SYS")
+                continue;
+            allSubs.AddRange(account.SubList.GetAllSubscriptions());
+        }
+
+        // Filter by test subject if provided
+        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(opts.Test))
+        {
+            allSubs = allSubs.Where(s => SubjectMatch.MatchLiteral(opts.Test, s.Subject)).ToList();
+        }
+
+        var total = allSubs.Count;
+        var numSubs = server.GetAccounts()
+            .Where(a => (string.IsNullOrEmpty(opts.Account) && a.Name != "$SYS") || a.Name == opts.Account)
+            .Aggregate(0u, (sum, a) => sum + a.SubList.Count);
+        var numCache = server.GetAccounts()
+            .Where(a => (string.IsNullOrEmpty(opts.Account) && a.Name != "$SYS") || a.Name == opts.Account)
+            .Sum(a => a.SubList.CacheCount);
+
+        SubDetail[] details = [];
+        if (opts.Subscriptions)
+        {
+            details = allSubs
+                .Skip(opts.Offset)
+                .Take(opts.Limit)
+                .Select(s => new SubDetail
+                {
+                    Subject = s.Subject,
+                    Queue = s.Queue ?? "",
+                    Sid = s.Sid,
+                    Msgs = Interlocked.Read(ref s.MessageCount),
+                    Max = s.MaxMessages,
+                    Cid = s.Client?.Id ?? 0,
+                })
+                .ToArray();
+        }
+
+        return new Subsz
+        {
+            Id = server.ServerId,
+            Now = now,
+            NumSubs = numSubs,
+            NumCache = numCache,
+            Total = total,
+            Offset = opts.Offset,
+            Limit = opts.Limit,
+            Subs = details,
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static SubszOptions ParseQueryParams(HttpContext ctx)
+    {
+        var q = ctx.Request.Query;
+        var opts = new SubszOptions();
+
+        if (q.TryGetValue("subs", out var subs))
+            opts.Subscriptions = subs == "true" || subs == "1" || subs == "detail";
+
+        if (q.TryGetValue("offset", out var offset) && int.TryParse(offset, out var o))
+            opts.Offset = o;
+
+        if (q.TryGetValue("limit", out var limit) && int.TryParse(limit, out var l))
+            opts.Limit = l;
+
+        if (q.TryGetValue("acc", out var acc))
+            opts.Account = acc.ToString();
+
+        if (q.TryGetValue("test", out var test))
+            opts.Test = test.ToString();
+
+        return opts;
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Monitoring/Varz.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,440 @@
+using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Monitoring;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Server general information. Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go Varz struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class Varz
+{
+    // Identity
+    [JsonPropertyName("server_id")]
+    public string Id { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("server_name")]
+    public string Name { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("version")]
+    public string Version { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("proto")]
+    public int Proto { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("git_commit")]
+    public string GitCommit { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("go")]
+    public string GoVersion { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("host")]
+    public string Host { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("port")]
+    public int Port { get; set; }
+
+    // Network
+    [JsonPropertyName("ip")]
+    public string Ip { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("connect_urls")]
+    public string[] ConnectUrls { get; set; } = [];
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("ws_connect_urls")]
+    public string[] WsConnectUrls { get; set; } = [];
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("http_host")]
+    public string HttpHost { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("http_port")]
+    public int HttpPort { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("http_base_path")]
+    public string HttpBasePath { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("https_port")]
+    public int HttpsPort { get; set; }
+
+    // Security
+    [JsonPropertyName("auth_required")]
+    public bool AuthRequired { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_required")]
+    public bool TlsRequired { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_verify")]
+    public bool TlsVerify { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_ocsp_peer_verify")]
+    public bool TlsOcspPeerVerify { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("auth_timeout")]
+    public double AuthTimeout { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_timeout")]
+    public double TlsTimeout { get; set; }
+
+    // Limits
+    [JsonPropertyName("max_connections")]
+    public int MaxConnections { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("max_subscriptions")]
+    public int MaxSubscriptions { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("max_payload")]
+    public int MaxPayload { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("max_pending")]
+    public long MaxPending { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("max_control_line")]
+    public int MaxControlLine { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("ping_max")]
+    public int MaxPingsOut { get; set; }
+
+    // Timing
+    [JsonPropertyName("ping_interval")]
+    public long PingInterval { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("write_deadline")]
+    public long WriteDeadline { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("start")]
+    public DateTime Start { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("now")]
+    public DateTime Now { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("uptime")]
+    public string Uptime { get; set; } = "";
+
+    // Runtime
+    [JsonPropertyName("mem")]
+    public long Mem { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("cpu")]
+    public double Cpu { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("cores")]
+    public int Cores { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("gomaxprocs")]
+    public int MaxProcs { get; set; }
+
+    // Connections
+    [JsonPropertyName("connections")]
+    public int Connections { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("total_connections")]
+    public ulong TotalConnections { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("routes")]
+    public int Routes { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("remotes")]
+    public int Remotes { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("leafnodes")]
+    public int Leafnodes { get; set; }
+
+    // Messages
+    [JsonPropertyName("in_msgs")]
+    public long InMsgs { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("out_msgs")]
+    public long OutMsgs { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("in_bytes")]
+    public long InBytes { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("out_bytes")]
+    public long OutBytes { get; set; }
+
+    // Health
+    [JsonPropertyName("slow_consumers")]
+    public long SlowConsumers { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("slow_consumer_stats")]
+    public SlowConsumersStats SlowConsumerStats { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("stale_connections")]
+    public long StaleConnections { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("stale_connection_stats")]
+    public StaleConnectionStats StaleConnectionStatsDetail { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("subscriptions")]
+    public uint Subscriptions { get; set; }
+
+    // Config
+    [JsonPropertyName("config_load_time")]
+    public DateTime ConfigLoadTime { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tags")]
+    public string[] Tags { get; set; } = [];
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("system_account")]
+    public string SystemAccount { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("pinned_account_fails")]
+    public ulong PinnedAccountFail { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_cert_not_after")]
+    public DateTime TlsCertNotAfter { get; set; }
+
+    // HTTP
+    [JsonPropertyName("http_req_stats")]
+    public Dictionary<string, ulong> HttpReqStats { get; set; } = new();
+
+    // Subsystems
+    [JsonPropertyName("cluster")]
+    public ClusterOptsVarz Cluster { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("gateway")]
+    public GatewayOptsVarz Gateway { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("leaf")]
+    public LeafNodeOptsVarz Leaf { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("mqtt")]
+    public MqttOptsVarz Mqtt { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("websocket")]
+    public WebsocketOptsVarz Websocket { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("jetstream")]
+    public JetStreamVarz JetStream { get; set; } = new();
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Statistics about slow consumers by connection type.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go SlowConsumersStats struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class SlowConsumersStats
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("clients")]
+    public ulong Clients { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("routes")]
+    public ulong Routes { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("gateways")]
+    public ulong Gateways { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("leafs")]
+    public ulong Leafs { get; set; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Statistics about stale connections by connection type.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go StaleConnectionStats struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class StaleConnectionStats
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("clients")]
+    public ulong Clients { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("routes")]
+    public ulong Routes { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("gateways")]
+    public ulong Gateways { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("leafs")]
+    public ulong Leafs { get; set; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Cluster configuration monitoring information.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go ClusterOptsVarz struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class ClusterOptsVarz
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("name")]
+    public string Name { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("addr")]
+    public string Host { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("cluster_port")]
+    public int Port { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("auth_timeout")]
+    public double AuthTimeout { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_timeout")]
+    public double TlsTimeout { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_required")]
+    public bool TlsRequired { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_verify")]
+    public bool TlsVerify { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("pool_size")]
+    public int PoolSize { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("urls")]
+    public string[] Urls { get; set; } = [];
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Gateway configuration monitoring information.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go GatewayOptsVarz struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class GatewayOptsVarz
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("name")]
+    public string Name { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("host")]
+    public string Host { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("port")]
+    public int Port { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("auth_timeout")]
+    public double AuthTimeout { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_timeout")]
+    public double TlsTimeout { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_required")]
+    public bool TlsRequired { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_verify")]
+    public bool TlsVerify { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("advertise")]
+    public string Advertise { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("connect_retries")]
+    public int ConnectRetries { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("reject_unknown")]
+    public bool RejectUnknown { get; set; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Leaf node configuration monitoring information.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go LeafNodeOptsVarz struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class LeafNodeOptsVarz
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("host")]
+    public string Host { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("port")]
+    public int Port { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("auth_timeout")]
+    public double AuthTimeout { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_timeout")]
+    public double TlsTimeout { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_required")]
+    public bool TlsRequired { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_verify")]
+    public bool TlsVerify { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_ocsp_peer_verify")]
+    public bool TlsOcspPeerVerify { get; set; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// MQTT configuration monitoring information.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go MQTTOptsVarz struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class MqttOptsVarz
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("host")]
+    public string Host { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("port")]
+    public int Port { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_timeout")]
+    public double TlsTimeout { get; set; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Websocket configuration monitoring information.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go WebsocketOptsVarz struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class WebsocketOptsVarz
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("host")]
+    public string Host { get; set; } = "";
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("port")]
+    public int Port { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_timeout")]
+    public double TlsTimeout { get; set; }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// JetStream runtime information.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go JetStreamVarz struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class JetStreamVarz
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("config")]
+    public JetStreamConfig Config { get; set; } = new();
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("stats")]
+    public JetStreamStats Stats { get; set; } = new();
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// JetStream configuration.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/jetstream.go JetStreamConfig struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class JetStreamConfig
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("max_memory")]
+    public long MaxMemory { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("max_storage")]
+    public long MaxStorage { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("store_dir")]
+    public string StoreDir { get; set; } = "";
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// JetStream statistics.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/jetstream.go JetStreamStats struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class JetStreamStats
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("memory")]
+    public ulong Memory { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("storage")]
+    public ulong Storage { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("accounts")]
+    public int Accounts { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("ha_assets")]
+    public int HaAssets { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("api")]
+    public JetStreamApiStats Api { get; set; } = new();
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// JetStream API statistics.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/jetstream.go JetStreamAPIStats struct.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class JetStreamApiStats
+{
+    [JsonPropertyName("total")]
+    public ulong Total { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("errors")]
+    public ulong Errors { get; set; }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Monitoring/VarzHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+using NATS.Server.Protocol;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Monitoring;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handles building the Varz response from server state and process metrics.
+/// Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go handleVarz function.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class VarzHandler : IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly NatsServer _server;
+    private readonly NatsOptions _options;
+    private readonly SemaphoreSlim _varzMu = new(1, 1);
+    private DateTime _lastCpuSampleTime;
+    private TimeSpan _lastCpuUsage;
+    private double _cachedCpuPercent;
+
+    public VarzHandler(NatsServer server, NatsOptions options)
+    {
+        _server = server;
+        _options = options;
+        using var proc = Process.GetCurrentProcess();
+        _lastCpuSampleTime = DateTime.UtcNow;
+        _lastCpuUsage = proc.TotalProcessorTime;
+    }
+
+    public async Task<Varz> HandleVarzAsync(CancellationToken ct = default)
+    {
+        await _varzMu.WaitAsync(ct);
+        try
+        {
+            using var proc = Process.GetCurrentProcess();
+            var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
+            var uptime = now - _server.StartTime;
+            var stats = _server.Stats;
+
+            // CPU sampling with 1-second cache to avoid excessive sampling
+            if ((now - _lastCpuSampleTime).TotalSeconds >= 1.0)
+            {
+                var currentCpu = proc.TotalProcessorTime;
+                var elapsed = now - _lastCpuSampleTime;
+                _cachedCpuPercent = (currentCpu - _lastCpuUsage).TotalMilliseconds
+                    / elapsed.TotalMilliseconds / Environment.ProcessorCount * 100.0;
+                _lastCpuSampleTime = now;
+                _lastCpuUsage = currentCpu;
+            }
+
+            // Load the TLS certificate to report its expiry date in /varz.
+            // Corresponds to Go server/monitor.go handleVarz populating TLSCertExpiry.
+            DateTime? tlsCertExpiry = null;
+            if (_options.HasTls && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(_options.TlsCert))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    using var cert = X509CertificateLoader.LoadCertificateFromFile(_options.TlsCert);
+                    tlsCertExpiry = cert.NotAfter;
+                }
+                catch
+                {
+                    // cert load failure — leave field as default
+                }
+            }
+
+            return new Varz
+            {
+                Id = _server.ServerId,
+                Name = _server.ServerName,
+                Version = NatsProtocol.Version,
+                Proto = NatsProtocol.ProtoVersion,
+                GoVersion = $"dotnet {RuntimeInformation.FrameworkDescription}",
+                Host = _options.Host,
+                Port = _options.Port,
+                HttpHost = _options.MonitorHost,
+                HttpPort = _options.MonitorPort,
+                HttpBasePath = _options.MonitorBasePath ?? "",
+                HttpsPort = _options.MonitorHttpsPort,
+                TlsRequired = _options.HasTls && !_options.AllowNonTls,
+                TlsVerify = _options.HasTls && _options.TlsVerify,
+                TlsTimeout = _options.HasTls ? _options.TlsTimeout.TotalSeconds : 0,
+                TlsCertNotAfter = tlsCertExpiry ?? default,
+                TlsOcspPeerVerify = _options.OcspPeerVerify,
+                MaxConnections = _options.MaxConnections,
+                MaxPayload = _options.MaxPayload,
+                MaxControlLine = _options.MaxControlLine,
+                MaxPending = _options.MaxPending,
+                WriteDeadline = (long)_options.WriteDeadline.TotalNanoseconds,
+                MaxPingsOut = _options.MaxPingsOut,
+                PingInterval = (long)_options.PingInterval.TotalNanoseconds,
+                Start = _server.StartTime,
+                Now = now,
+                Uptime = FormatUptime(uptime),
+                Mem = proc.WorkingSet64,
+                Cpu = Math.Round(_cachedCpuPercent, 2),
+                Cores = Environment.ProcessorCount,
+                MaxProcs = ThreadPool.ThreadCount,
+                Connections = _server.ClientCount,
+                TotalConnections = (ulong)Interlocked.Read(ref stats.TotalConnections),
+                InMsgs = Interlocked.Read(ref stats.InMsgs),
+                OutMsgs = Interlocked.Read(ref stats.OutMsgs),
+                InBytes = Interlocked.Read(ref stats.InBytes),
+                OutBytes = Interlocked.Read(ref stats.OutBytes),
+                SlowConsumers = Interlocked.Read(ref stats.SlowConsumers),
+                SlowConsumerStats = new SlowConsumersStats
+                {
+                    Clients = (ulong)Interlocked.Read(ref stats.SlowConsumerClients),
+                    Routes = (ulong)Interlocked.Read(ref stats.SlowConsumerRoutes),
+                    Gateways = (ulong)Interlocked.Read(ref stats.SlowConsumerGateways),
+                    Leafs = (ulong)Interlocked.Read(ref stats.SlowConsumerLeafs),
+                },
+                StaleConnections = Interlocked.Read(ref stats.StaleConnections),
+                StaleConnectionStatsDetail = new StaleConnectionStats
+                {
+                    Clients = (ulong)Interlocked.Read(ref stats.StaleConnectionClients),
+                    Routes = (ulong)Interlocked.Read(ref stats.StaleConnectionRoutes),
+                    Gateways = (ulong)Interlocked.Read(ref stats.StaleConnectionGateways),
+                    Leafs = (ulong)Interlocked.Read(ref stats.StaleConnectionLeafs),
+                },
+                Subscriptions = _server.SubList.Count,
+                ConfigLoadTime = _server.StartTime,
+                HttpReqStats = stats.HttpReqStats.ToDictionary(kv => kv.Key, kv => (ulong)kv.Value),
+            };
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _varzMu.Release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        _varzMu.Dispose();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Formats a TimeSpan as a human-readable uptime string matching Go server format.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static string FormatUptime(TimeSpan ts)
+    {
+        if (ts.TotalDays >= 1)
+            return $"{(int)ts.TotalDays}d{ts.Hours}h{ts.Minutes}m{ts.Seconds}s";
+        if (ts.TotalHours >= 1)
+            return $"{(int)ts.TotalHours}h{ts.Minutes}m{ts.Seconds}s";
+        if (ts.TotalMinutes >= 1)
+            return $"{(int)ts.TotalMinutes}m{ts.Seconds}s";
+        return $"{(int)ts.TotalSeconds}s";
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/NATS.Server.csproj

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
   <ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions" />
+    <InternalsVisibleTo Include="NATS.Server.Tests" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <FrameworkReference Include="Microsoft.AspNetCore.App" />
     <PackageReference Include="NATS.NKeys" />
     <PackageReference Include="BCrypt.Net-Next" />
   </ItemGroup>

src/NATS.Server/NatsClient.cs

@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 using System.Buffers;
 using System.IO.Pipelines;
+using System.Net;
 using System.Net.Sockets;
 using System.Security.Cryptography;
 using System.Text;
 using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Threading.Channels;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
 using NATS.Server.Auth;
 using NATS.Server.Protocol;
 using NATS.Server.Subscriptions;
+using NATS.Server.Tls;
 
 namespace NATS.Server;
 
@@ -16,6 +19,8 @@ public interface IMessageRouter
     void ProcessMessage(string subject, string? replyTo, ReadOnlyMemory<byte> headers,
         ReadOnlyMemory<byte> payload, NatsClient sender);
     void RemoveClient(NatsClient client);
+    void PublishConnectEvent(NatsClient client);
+    void PublishDisconnectEvent(NatsClient client);
 }
 
 public interface ISubListAccess
@@ -23,29 +28,54 @@ public interface ISubListAccess
     SubList SubList { get; }
 }
 
-public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
+public sealed class NatsClient : INatsClient, IDisposable
 {
     private readonly Socket _socket;
-    private readonly NetworkStream _stream;
+    private readonly Stream _stream;
     private readonly NatsOptions _options;
     private readonly ServerInfo _serverInfo;
     private readonly AuthService _authService;
     private readonly byte[]? _nonce;
     private readonly NatsParser _parser;
-    private readonly SemaphoreSlim _writeLock = new(1, 1);
+    private readonly Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>> _outbound = Channel.CreateBounded<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>>(
+        new BoundedChannelOptions(8192) { SingleReader = true, FullMode = BoundedChannelFullMode.Wait });
+    private long _pendingBytes;
     private CancellationTokenSource? _clientCts;
     private readonly Dictionary<string, Subscription> _subs = new();
     private readonly ILogger _logger;
     private ClientPermissions? _permissions;
+    private readonly ServerStats _serverStats;
 
     public ulong Id { get; }
+    public ClientKind Kind => ClientKind.Client;
     public ClientOptions? ClientOpts { get; private set; }
     public IMessageRouter? Router { get; set; }
     public Account? Account { get; private set; }
+    public ClientPermissions? Permissions => _permissions;
 
-    // Thread-safe: read from auth timeout task on threadpool, written from command pipeline
-    private int _connectReceived;
-    public bool ConnectReceived => Volatile.Read(ref _connectReceived) != 0;
+    private readonly ClientFlagHolder _flags = new();
+    public bool ConnectReceived => _flags.HasFlag(ClientFlags.ConnectReceived);
+    public ClientClosedReason CloseReason { get; private set; }
+
+    public void SetTraceMode(bool enabled)
+    {
+        if (enabled)
+        {
+            _flags.SetFlag(ClientFlags.TraceMode);
+            _parser.Logger = _logger;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            _flags.ClearFlag(ClientFlags.TraceMode);
+            _parser.Logger = _options.Trace ? _logger : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public DateTime StartTime { get; }
+    private long _lastActivityTicks;
+    public DateTime LastActivity => new(Interlocked.Read(ref _lastActivityTicks), DateTimeKind.Utc);
+    public string? RemoteIp { get; }
+    public int RemotePort { get; }
 
     // Stats
     public long InMsgs;
@@ -53,26 +83,77 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
     public long InBytes;
     public long OutBytes;
 
+    // Close reason tracking
+    private int _skipFlushOnClose;
+    public bool ShouldSkipFlush => Volatile.Read(ref _skipFlushOnClose) != 0;
+
     // PING keepalive state
     private int _pingsOut;
     private long _lastIn;
 
+    // RTT tracking
+    private long _rttStartTicks;
+    private long _rtt;
+    public TimeSpan Rtt => new(Interlocked.Read(ref _rtt));
+
+    public TlsConnectionState? TlsState { get; set; }
+    public bool InfoAlreadySent { get; set; }
+
     public IReadOnlyDictionary<string, Subscription> Subscriptions => _subs;
 
-    public NatsClient(ulong id, Socket socket, NatsOptions options, ServerInfo serverInfo,
-        AuthService authService, byte[]? nonce, ILogger logger)
+    public NatsClient(ulong id, Stream stream, Socket socket, NatsOptions options, ServerInfo serverInfo,
+        AuthService authService, byte[]? nonce, ILogger logger, ServerStats serverStats)
     {
         Id = id;
         _socket = socket;
-        _stream = new NetworkStream(socket, ownsSocket: false);
+        _stream = stream;
         _options = options;
         _serverInfo = serverInfo;
         _authService = authService;
         _nonce = nonce;
         _logger = logger;
-        _parser = new NatsParser(options.MaxPayload);
+        _serverStats = serverStats;
+        _parser = new NatsParser(options.MaxPayload, options.Trace ? logger : null);
+        StartTime = DateTime.UtcNow;
+        _lastActivityTicks = StartTime.Ticks;
+        if (socket.RemoteEndPoint is IPEndPoint ep)
+        {
+            RemoteIp = ep.Address.ToString();
+            RemotePort = ep.Port;
+        }
     }
 
+    public bool QueueOutbound(ReadOnlyMemory<byte> data)
+    {
+        if (_flags.HasFlag(ClientFlags.CloseConnection))
+            return false;
+
+        var pending = Interlocked.Add(ref _pendingBytes, data.Length);
+        if (pending > _options.MaxPending)
+        {
+            Interlocked.Add(ref _pendingBytes, -data.Length);
+            _flags.SetFlag(ClientFlags.IsSlowConsumer);
+            Interlocked.Increment(ref _serverStats.SlowConsumers);
+            Interlocked.Increment(ref _serverStats.SlowConsumerClients);
+            _ = CloseWithReasonAsync(ClientClosedReason.SlowConsumerPendingBytes, NatsProtocol.ErrSlowConsumer);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!_outbound.Writer.TryWrite(data))
+        {
+            Interlocked.Add(ref _pendingBytes, -data.Length);
+            _flags.SetFlag(ClientFlags.IsSlowConsumer);
+            Interlocked.Increment(ref _serverStats.SlowConsumers);
+            Interlocked.Increment(ref _serverStats.SlowConsumerClients);
+            _ = CloseWithReasonAsync(ClientClosedReason.SlowConsumerPendingBytes, NatsProtocol.ErrSlowConsumer);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public long PendingBytes => Interlocked.Read(ref _pendingBytes);
+
     public async Task RunAsync(CancellationToken ct)
     {
         _clientCts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(ct);
@@ -80,8 +161,9 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
         var pipe = new Pipe();
         try
         {
-            // Send INFO
-            await SendInfoAsync(_clientCts.Token);
+            // Send INFO (skip if already sent during TLS negotiation)
+            if (!InfoAlreadySent)
+                SendInfo();
 
             // Start auth timeout if auth is required
             Task? authTimeoutTask = null;
@@ -95,36 +177,49 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
                         if (!ConnectReceived)
                         {
                             _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} auth timeout", Id);
-                            await SendErrAndCloseAsync(NatsProtocol.ErrAuthTimeout);
+                            await SendErrAndCloseAsync(NatsProtocol.ErrAuthTimeout, ClientClosedReason.AuthenticationTimeout);
                         }
                     }
                     catch (OperationCanceledException)
                     {
-                        // Normal — client connected or was cancelled
+                        // Normal -- client connected or was cancelled
                     }
                 }, _clientCts.Token);
             }
 
-            // Start read pump, command processing, and ping timer in parallel
+            // Start read pump, command processing, write loop, and ping timer in parallel
             var fillTask = FillPipeAsync(pipe.Writer, _clientCts.Token);
             var processTask = ProcessCommandsAsync(pipe.Reader, _clientCts.Token);
             var pingTask = RunPingTimerAsync(_clientCts.Token);
+            var writeTask = RunWriteLoopAsync(_clientCts.Token);
 
             if (authTimeoutTask != null)
-                await Task.WhenAny(fillTask, processTask, pingTask, authTimeoutTask);
+                await Task.WhenAny(fillTask, processTask, pingTask, writeTask, authTimeoutTask);
             else
-                await Task.WhenAny(fillTask, processTask, pingTask);
+                await Task.WhenAny(fillTask, processTask, pingTask, writeTask);
         }
         catch (OperationCanceledException)
         {
             _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} operation cancelled", Id);
+            MarkClosed(ClientClosedReason.ServerShutdown);
+        }
+        catch (IOException)
+        {
+            MarkClosed(ClientClosedReason.ReadError);
+        }
+        catch (SocketException)
+        {
+            MarkClosed(ClientClosedReason.ReadError);
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
             _logger.LogDebug(ex, "Client {ClientId} connection error", Id);
+            MarkClosed(ClientClosedReason.ReadError);
         }
         finally
         {
+            MarkClosed(ClientClosedReason.ClientClosed);
+            _outbound.Writer.TryComplete();
             try { _socket.Shutdown(SocketShutdown.Both); }
             catch (SocketException) { }
             catch (ObjectDisposedException) { }
@@ -164,10 +259,39 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
                 var result = await reader.ReadAsync(ct);
                 var buffer = result.Buffer;
 
+                long localInMsgs = 0;
+                long localInBytes = 0;
+
                 while (_parser.TryParse(ref buffer, out var cmd))
                 {
                     Interlocked.Exchange(ref _lastIn, Environment.TickCount64);
-                    await DispatchCommandAsync(cmd, ct);
+
+                    // Handle Pub/HPub inline to allow ref parameter passing for stat batching.
+                    // DispatchCommandAsync is async and cannot accept ref parameters.
+                    if (cmd.Type is CommandType.Pub or CommandType.HPub
+                        && (!_authService.IsAuthRequired || ConnectReceived))
+                    {
+                        Interlocked.Exchange(ref _lastActivityTicks, DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks);
+                        ProcessPub(cmd, ref localInMsgs, ref localInBytes);
+                        if (ClientOpts?.Verbose == true)
+                            WriteProtocol(NatsProtocol.OkBytes);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        await DispatchCommandAsync(cmd, ct);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (localInMsgs > 0)
+                {
+                    Interlocked.Add(ref InMsgs, localInMsgs);
+                    Interlocked.Add(ref _serverStats.InMsgs, localInMsgs);
+                }
+
+                if (localInBytes > 0)
+                {
+                    Interlocked.Add(ref InBytes, localInBytes);
+                    Interlocked.Add(ref _serverStats.InBytes, localInBytes);
                 }
 
                 reader.AdvanceTo(buffer.Start, buffer.End);
@@ -184,6 +308,8 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
 
     private async ValueTask DispatchCommandAsync(ParsedCommand cmd, CancellationToken ct)
     {
+        Interlocked.Exchange(ref _lastActivityTicks, DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks);
+
         // If auth is required and CONNECT hasn't been received yet,
         // only allow CONNECT and PING commands
         if (_authService.IsAuthRequired && !ConnectReceived)
@@ -194,7 +320,7 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
                     await ProcessConnectAsync(cmd);
                     return;
                 case CommandType.Ping:
-                    await WriteAsync(NatsProtocol.PongBytes, ct);
+                    WriteProtocol(NatsProtocol.PongBytes);
                     return;
                 default:
                     // Ignore all other commands until authenticated
@@ -206,27 +332,43 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
         {
             case CommandType.Connect:
                 await ProcessConnectAsync(cmd);
+                if (ClientOpts?.Verbose == true)
+                    WriteProtocol(NatsProtocol.OkBytes);
                 break;
 
             case CommandType.Ping:
-                await WriteAsync(NatsProtocol.PongBytes, ct);
+                WriteProtocol(NatsProtocol.PongBytes);
+                if (ClientOpts?.Verbose == true)
+                    WriteProtocol(NatsProtocol.OkBytes);
                 break;
 
             case CommandType.Pong:
                 Interlocked.Exchange(ref _pingsOut, 0);
+                var rttStart = Interlocked.Read(ref _rttStartTicks);
+                if (rttStart > 0)
+                {
+                    var elapsed = DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks - rttStart;
+                    if (elapsed <= 0) elapsed = 1; // min 1 tick for Windows granularity
+                    Interlocked.Exchange(ref _rtt, elapsed);
+                }
+                _flags.SetFlag(ClientFlags.FirstPongSent);
                 break;
 
             case CommandType.Sub:
-                await ProcessSubAsync(cmd);
+                ProcessSub(cmd);
+                if (ClientOpts?.Verbose == true)
+                    WriteProtocol(NatsProtocol.OkBytes);
                 break;
 
             case CommandType.Unsub:
                 ProcessUnsub(cmd);
+                if (ClientOpts?.Verbose == true)
+                    WriteProtocol(NatsProtocol.OkBytes);
                 break;
 
             case CommandType.Pub:
             case CommandType.HPub:
-                await ProcessPubAsync(cmd);
+                // Pub/HPub is handled inline in ProcessCommandsAsync for stat batching
                 break;
         }
     }
@@ -237,36 +379,44 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
                      ?? new ClientOptions();
 
         // Authenticate if auth is required
+        AuthResult? authResult = null;
         if (_authService.IsAuthRequired)
         {
             var context = new ClientAuthContext
             {
                 Opts = ClientOpts,
                 Nonce = _nonce ?? [],
+                ClientCertificate = TlsState?.PeerCert,
             };
 
-            var result = _authService.Authenticate(context);
-            if (result == null)
+            authResult = _authService.Authenticate(context);
+            if (authResult == null)
             {
                 _logger.LogWarning("Client {ClientId} authentication failed", Id);
-                await SendErrAndCloseAsync(NatsProtocol.ErrAuthorizationViolation);
+                await SendErrAndCloseAsync(NatsProtocol.ErrAuthorizationViolation, ClientClosedReason.AuthenticationViolation);
                 return;
             }
 
             // Build permissions from auth result
-            _permissions = ClientPermissions.Build(result.Permissions);
+            _permissions = ClientPermissions.Build(authResult.Permissions);
 
             // Resolve account
             if (Router is NatsServer server)
             {
-                var accountName = result.AccountName ?? Account.GlobalAccountName;
+                var accountName = authResult.AccountName ?? Account.GlobalAccountName;
                 Account = server.GetOrCreateAccount(accountName);
-                Account.AddClient(Id);
+                if (!Account.AddClient(Id))
+                {
+                    Account = null;
+                    await SendErrAndCloseAsync("maximum connections for account exceeded",
+                        ClientClosedReason.AuthenticationViolation);
+                    return;
+                }
             }
 
-            _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} authenticated as {Identity}", Id, result.Identity);
+            _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} authenticated as {Identity}", Id, authResult.Identity);
 
-            // Clear nonce after use — defense-in-depth against memory dumps
+            // Clear nonce after use -- defense-in-depth against memory dumps
             if (_nonce != null)
                 CryptographicOperations.ZeroMemory(_nonce);
         }
@@ -275,20 +425,83 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
         if (Account == null && Router is NatsServer server2)
         {
             Account = server2.GetOrCreateAccount(Account.GlobalAccountName);
-            Account.AddClient(Id);
+            if (!Account.AddClient(Id))
+            {
+                Account = null;
+                await SendErrAndCloseAsync("maximum connections for account exceeded",
+                    ClientClosedReason.AuthenticationViolation);
+                return;
+            }
         }
 
-        Volatile.Write(ref _connectReceived, 1);
+        // Validate no_responders requires headers
+        if (ClientOpts.NoResponders && !ClientOpts.Headers)
+        {
+            _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} no_responders requires headers", Id);
+            await CloseWithReasonAsync(ClientClosedReason.NoRespondersRequiresHeaders,
+                NatsProtocol.ErrNoRespondersRequiresHeaders);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _flags.SetFlag(ClientFlags.ConnectReceived);
+        _flags.SetFlag(ClientFlags.ConnectProcessFinished);
         _logger.LogDebug("CONNECT received from client {ClientId}, name={ClientName}", Id, ClientOpts?.Name);
+
+        // Publish connect advisory to the system event bus
+        Router?.PublishConnectEvent(this);
+
+        // Start auth expiry timer if needed
+        if (_authService.IsAuthRequired && authResult?.Expiry is { } expiry)
+        {
+            var remaining = expiry - DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;
+            if (remaining > TimeSpan.Zero)
+            {
+                _ = Task.Run(async () =>
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        await Task.Delay(remaining, _clientCts!.Token);
+                        _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} authentication expired", Id);
+                        await SendErrAndCloseAsync("Authentication Expired",
+                            ClientClosedReason.AuthenticationExpired);
+                    }
+                    catch (OperationCanceledException) { }
+                }, _clientCts!.Token);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                await SendErrAndCloseAsync("Authentication Expired",
+                    ClientClosedReason.AuthenticationExpired);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
     }
 
-    private async ValueTask ProcessSubAsync(ParsedCommand cmd)
+    private void ProcessSub(ParsedCommand cmd)
     {
         // Permission check for subscribe
         if (_permissions != null && !_permissions.IsSubscribeAllowed(cmd.Subject!, cmd.Queue))
         {
             _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} subscribe permission denied for {Subject}", Id, cmd.Subject);
-            await SendErrAsync(NatsProtocol.ErrPermissionsSubscribe);
+            SendErr(NatsProtocol.ErrPermissionsSubscribe);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Per-connection subscription limit
+        if (_options.MaxSubs > 0 && _subs.Count >= _options.MaxSubs)
+        {
+            _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} max subscriptions exceeded", Id);
+            _ = SendErrAndCloseAsync(NatsProtocol.ErrMaxSubscriptionsExceeded,
+                ClientClosedReason.MaxSubscriptionsExceeded);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Per-account subscription limit
+        if (Account != null && !Account.IncrementSubscriptions())
+        {
+            _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} account subscription limit exceeded", Id);
+            _ = SendErrAndCloseAsync(NatsProtocol.ErrMaxSubscriptionsExceeded,
+                ClientClosedReason.MaxSubscriptionsExceeded);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -322,21 +535,22 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
         }
 
         _subs.Remove(cmd.Sid!);
+        Account?.DecrementSubscriptions();
 
         Account?.SubList.Remove(sub);
     }
 
-    private async ValueTask ProcessPubAsync(ParsedCommand cmd)
+    private void ProcessPub(ParsedCommand cmd, ref long localInMsgs, ref long localInBytes)
     {
-        Interlocked.Increment(ref InMsgs);
-        Interlocked.Add(ref InBytes, cmd.Payload.Length);
+        localInMsgs++;
+        localInBytes += cmd.Payload.Length;
 
         // Max payload validation (always, hard close)
         if (cmd.Payload.Length > _options.MaxPayload)
         {
             _logger.LogWarning("Client {ClientId} exceeded max payload: {Size} > {MaxPayload}",
                 Id, cmd.Payload.Length, _options.MaxPayload);
-            await SendErrAndCloseAsync(NatsProtocol.ErrMaxPayloadViolation);
+            _ = SendErrAndCloseAsync(NatsProtocol.ErrMaxPayloadViolation, ClientClosedReason.MaxPayloadExceeded);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -344,7 +558,7 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
         if (ClientOpts?.Pedantic == true && !SubjectMatch.IsValidPublishSubject(cmd.Subject!))
         {
             _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} invalid publish subject: {Subject}", Id, cmd.Subject);
-            await SendErrAsync(NatsProtocol.ErrInvalidPublishSubject);
+            SendErr(NatsProtocol.ErrInvalidPublishSubject);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -352,7 +566,7 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
         if (_permissions != null && !_permissions.IsPublishAllowed(cmd.Subject!))
         {
             _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} publish permission denied for {Subject}", Id, cmd.Subject);
-            await SendErrAsync(NatsProtocol.ErrPermissionsPublish);
+            SendErr(NatsProtocol.ErrPermissionsPublish);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -368,85 +582,178 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
         Router?.ProcessMessage(cmd.Subject!, cmd.ReplyTo, headers, payload, this);
     }
 
-    private async Task SendInfoAsync(CancellationToken ct)
+    private void SendInfo()
     {
-        var infoJson = JsonSerializer.Serialize(_serverInfo);
-        var infoLine = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes($"INFO {infoJson}\r\n");
-        await WriteAsync(infoLine, ct);
-    }
-
-    public async Task SendMessageAsync(string subject, string sid, string? replyTo,
-        ReadOnlyMemory<byte> headers, ReadOnlyMemory<byte> payload, CancellationToken ct)
-    {
-        Interlocked.Increment(ref OutMsgs);
-        Interlocked.Add(ref OutBytes, payload.Length + headers.Length);
-
-        byte[] line;
-        if (headers.Length > 0)
+        // Use the cached INFO bytes from the server when there is no per-connection
+        // nonce (i.e. NKey auth is not active for this connection).  When a nonce is
+        // present the _serverInfo was already cloned with the nonce embedded, so we
+        // must serialise it individually.
+        if (_nonce == null && Router is NatsServer server)
         {
-            int totalSize = headers.Length + payload.Length;
-            line = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes($"HMSG {subject} {sid} {(replyTo != null ? replyTo + " " : "")}{headers.Length} {totalSize}\r\n");
+            QueueOutbound(server.CachedInfoLine);
         }
         else
         {
-            line = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes($"MSG {subject} {sid} {(replyTo != null ? replyTo + " " : "")}{payload.Length}\r\n");
-        }
-
-        await _writeLock.WaitAsync(ct);
-        try
-        {
-            await _stream.WriteAsync(line, ct);
-            if (headers.Length > 0)
-                await _stream.WriteAsync(headers, ct);
-            if (payload.Length > 0)
-                await _stream.WriteAsync(payload, ct);
-            await _stream.WriteAsync(NatsProtocol.CrLf, ct);
-            await _stream.FlushAsync(ct);
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            _writeLock.Release();
+            var infoJson = JsonSerializer.Serialize(_serverInfo);
+            var infoLine = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes($"INFO {infoJson}\r\n");
+            QueueOutbound(infoLine);
         }
     }
 
-    private async Task WriteAsync(byte[] data, CancellationToken ct)
+    public void SendMessage(string subject, string sid, string? replyTo,
+        ReadOnlyMemory<byte> headers, ReadOnlyMemory<byte> payload)
     {
-        await _writeLock.WaitAsync(ct);
-        try
+        Interlocked.Increment(ref OutMsgs);
+        Interlocked.Add(ref OutBytes, payload.Length + headers.Length);
+        Interlocked.Increment(ref _serverStats.OutMsgs);
+        Interlocked.Add(ref _serverStats.OutBytes, payload.Length + headers.Length);
+
+        // Estimate control line size
+        var estimatedLineSize = 5 + subject.Length + 1 + sid.Length + 1
+            + (replyTo != null ? replyTo.Length + 1 : 0) + 20 + 2;
+
+        var totalPayloadLen = headers.Length + payload.Length;
+        var totalLen = estimatedLineSize + totalPayloadLen + 2;
+        var buffer = new byte[totalLen];
+        var span = buffer.AsSpan();
+        int pos = 0;
+
+        // Write prefix
+        if (headers.Length > 0)
         {
-            await _stream.WriteAsync(data, ct);
-            await _stream.FlushAsync(ct);
+            "HMSG "u8.CopyTo(span);
+            pos = 5;
         }
-        finally
+        else
         {
-            _writeLock.Release();
+            "MSG "u8.CopyTo(span);
+            pos = 4;
         }
+
+        // Subject
+        pos += Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(subject, span[pos..]);
+        span[pos++] = (byte)' ';
+
+        // SID
+        pos += Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(sid, span[pos..]);
+        span[pos++] = (byte)' ';
+
+        // Reply-to
+        if (replyTo != null)
+        {
+            pos += Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(replyTo, span[pos..]);
+            span[pos++] = (byte)' ';
+        }
+
+        // Sizes
+        if (headers.Length > 0)
+        {
+            int totalSize = headers.Length + payload.Length;
+            headers.Length.TryFormat(span[pos..], out int written);
+            pos += written;
+            span[pos++] = (byte)' ';
+            totalSize.TryFormat(span[pos..], out written);
+            pos += written;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            payload.Length.TryFormat(span[pos..], out int written);
+            pos += written;
+        }
+
+        // CRLF
+        span[pos++] = (byte)'\r';
+        span[pos++] = (byte)'\n';
+
+        // Headers + payload + trailing CRLF
+        if (headers.Length > 0)
+        {
+            headers.Span.CopyTo(span[pos..]);
+            pos += headers.Length;
+        }
+        if (payload.Length > 0)
+        {
+            payload.Span.CopyTo(span[pos..]);
+            pos += payload.Length;
+        }
+        span[pos++] = (byte)'\r';
+        span[pos++] = (byte)'\n';
+
+        QueueOutbound(buffer.AsMemory(0, pos));
     }
 
-    public async Task SendErrAsync(string message)
+    private void WriteProtocol(byte[] data)
+    {
+        QueueOutbound(data);
+    }
+
+    public void SendErr(string message)
     {
         var errLine = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes($"-ERR '{message}'\r\n");
+        QueueOutbound(errLine);
+    }
+
+    private async Task RunWriteLoopAsync(CancellationToken ct)
+    {
+        _flags.SetFlag(ClientFlags.WriteLoopStarted);
+        var reader = _outbound.Reader;
         try
         {
-            await WriteAsync(errLine, _clientCts?.Token ?? CancellationToken.None);
+            while (await reader.WaitToReadAsync(ct))
+            {
+                long batchBytes = 0;
+                while (reader.TryRead(out var data))
+                {
+                    await _stream.WriteAsync(data, ct);
+                    batchBytes += data.Length;
+                }
+
+                using var flushCts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(ct);
+                flushCts.CancelAfter(_options.WriteDeadline);
+                try
+                {
+                    await _stream.FlushAsync(flushCts.Token);
+                }
+                catch (OperationCanceledException) when (!ct.IsCancellationRequested)
+                {
+                    _flags.SetFlag(ClientFlags.IsSlowConsumer);
+                    Interlocked.Increment(ref _serverStats.SlowConsumers);
+                    Interlocked.Increment(ref _serverStats.SlowConsumerClients);
+                    await CloseWithReasonAsync(ClientClosedReason.SlowConsumerWriteDeadline, NatsProtocol.ErrSlowConsumer);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                Interlocked.Add(ref _pendingBytes, -batchBytes);
+            }
         }
         catch (OperationCanceledException)
         {
-            // Expected during shutdown
+            // Normal shutdown
         }
-        catch (IOException ex)
+        catch (IOException)
         {
-            _logger.LogDebug(ex, "Client {ClientId} failed to send -ERR", Id);
-        }
-        catch (ObjectDisposedException ex)
-        {
-            _logger.LogDebug(ex, "Client {ClientId} failed to send -ERR (disposed)", Id);
+            await CloseWithReasonAsync(ClientClosedReason.WriteError);
         }
     }
 
-    public async Task SendErrAndCloseAsync(string message)
+    public async Task SendErrAndCloseAsync(string message, ClientClosedReason reason = ClientClosedReason.ProtocolViolation)
     {
-        await SendErrAsync(message);
+        await CloseWithReasonAsync(reason, message);
+    }
+
+    private async Task CloseWithReasonAsync(ClientClosedReason reason, string? errMessage = null)
+    {
+        CloseReason = reason;
+        if (errMessage != null)
+            SendErr(errMessage);
+        _flags.SetFlag(ClientFlags.CloseConnection);
+
+        // Complete the outbound channel so the write loop drains remaining data
+        _outbound.Writer.TryComplete();
+
+        // Give the write loop a short window to flush the final batch before canceling
+        await Task.Delay(50);
+
         if (_clientCts is { } cts)
             await cts.CancelAsync();
         else
@@ -460,6 +767,13 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
         {
             while (await timer.WaitForNextTickAsync(ct))
             {
+                // Delay first PING until client has responded with PONG or 2 seconds elapsed
+                if (!_flags.HasFlag(ClientFlags.FirstPongSent)
+                    && (DateTime.UtcNow - StartTime).TotalSeconds < 2)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 var elapsed = Environment.TickCount64 - Interlocked.Read(ref _lastIn);
                 if (elapsed < (long)_options.PingInterval.TotalMilliseconds)
                 {
@@ -470,23 +784,18 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
 
                 if (Volatile.Read(ref _pingsOut) + 1 > _options.MaxPingsOut)
                 {
-                    _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} stale connection — closing", Id);
-                    await SendErrAndCloseAsync(NatsProtocol.ErrStaleConnection);
+                    _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} stale connection -- closing", Id);
+                    Interlocked.Increment(ref _serverStats.StaleConnections);
+                    Interlocked.Increment(ref _serverStats.StaleConnectionClients);
+                    await SendErrAndCloseAsync(NatsProtocol.ErrStaleConnection, ClientClosedReason.StaleConnection);
                     return;
                 }
 
                 var currentPingsOut = Interlocked.Increment(ref _pingsOut);
                 _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} sending PING ({PingsOut}/{MaxPingsOut})",
                     Id, currentPingsOut, _options.MaxPingsOut);
-                try
-                {
-                    await WriteAsync(NatsProtocol.PingBytes, ct);
-                }
-                catch (Exception ex)
-                {
-                    _logger.LogDebug(ex, "Client {ClientId} failed to send PING", Id);
-                    return;
-                }
+                Interlocked.Exchange(ref _rttStartTicks, DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks);
+                WriteProtocol(NatsProtocol.PingBytes);
             }
         }
         catch (OperationCanceledException)
@@ -495,6 +804,63 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Marks this connection as closed with the given reason.
+    /// Sets skip-flush flag for error-related reasons.
+    /// Only the first call sets the reason (subsequent calls are no-ops).
+    /// </summary>
+    public void MarkClosed(ClientClosedReason reason)
+    {
+        if (CloseReason != ClientClosedReason.None)
+            return;
+
+        CloseReason = reason;
+
+        switch (reason)
+        {
+            case ClientClosedReason.ReadError:
+            case ClientClosedReason.WriteError:
+            case ClientClosedReason.SlowConsumerPendingBytes:
+            case ClientClosedReason.SlowConsumerWriteDeadline:
+            case ClientClosedReason.TlsHandshakeError:
+                Volatile.Write(ref _skipFlushOnClose, 1);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        _logger.LogDebug("Client {ClientId} connection closed: {CloseReason}", Id, reason);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Flushes pending data (unless skip-flush is set) and closes the connection.
+    /// </summary>
+    public async Task FlushAndCloseAsync(bool minimalFlush = false)
+    {
+        if (!ShouldSkipFlush)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                using var flushCts = new CancellationTokenSource(minimalFlush
+                    ? TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(100)
+                    : TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
+                await _stream.FlushAsync(flushCts.Token);
+            }
+            catch (Exception)
+            {
+                // Best effort flush — don't let it prevent close
+            }
+        }
+
+        try { _socket.Shutdown(SocketShutdown.Both); }
+        catch (SocketException) { }
+        catch (ObjectDisposedException) { }
+    }
+
+    public void RemoveSubscription(string sid)
+    {
+        if (_subs.Remove(sid))
+            Account?.DecrementSubscriptions();
+    }
+
     public void RemoveAllSubscriptions(SubList subList)
     {
         foreach (var sub in _subs.Values)
@@ -505,9 +871,9 @@ public sealed class NatsClient : IDisposable
     public void Dispose()
     {
         _permissions?.Dispose();
+        _outbound.Writer.TryComplete();
         _clientCts?.Dispose();
         _stream.Dispose();
         _socket.Dispose();
-        _writeLock.Dispose();
     }
 }

src/NATS.Server/NatsOptions.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+using System.Security.Authentication;
 using NATS.Server.Auth;
+using NATS.Server.Tls;
 
 namespace NATS.Server;
 
@@ -7,12 +9,24 @@ public sealed class NatsOptions
     public string Host { get; set; } = "0.0.0.0";
     public int Port { get; set; } = 4222;
     public string? ServerName { get; set; }
-    public int MaxPayload { get; set; } = 1024 * 1024; // 1MB
+    public int MaxPayload { get; set; } = 1024 * 1024;
     public int MaxControlLine { get; set; } = 4096;
     public int MaxConnections { get; set; } = 65536;
+    public long MaxPending { get; set; } = 64 * 1024 * 1024; // 64MB, matching Go MAX_PENDING_SIZE
+    public TimeSpan WriteDeadline { get; set; } = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
     public TimeSpan PingInterval { get; set; } = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(2);
     public int MaxPingsOut { get; set; } = 2;
 
+    // Subscription limits
+    public int MaxSubs { get; set; }             // 0 = unlimited (per-connection)
+    public int MaxSubTokens { get; set; }        // 0 = unlimited
+
+    // Server tags (exposed via /varz)
+    public Dictionary<string, string>? Tags { get; set; }
+
+    // Account configuration
+    public Dictionary<string, AccountConfig>? Accounts { get; set; }
+
     // Simple auth (single user)
     public string? Username { get; set; }
     public string? Password { get; set; }
@@ -27,4 +41,79 @@ public sealed class NatsOptions
 
     // Auth timing
     public TimeSpan AuthTimeout { get; set; } = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2);
+
+    // Monitoring (0 = disabled; standard port is 8222)
+    public int MonitorPort { get; set; }
+    public string MonitorHost { get; set; } = "0.0.0.0";
+    public string? MonitorBasePath { get; set; }
+    // 0 = disabled
+    public int MonitorHttpsPort { get; set; }
+
+    // Lifecycle / lame-duck mode
+    public TimeSpan LameDuckDuration { get; set; } = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(2);
+    public TimeSpan LameDuckGracePeriod { get; set; } = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
+
+    // File paths
+    public string? PidFile { get; set; }
+    public string? PortsFileDir { get; set; }
+    public string? ConfigFile { get; set; }
+
+    // Logging
+    public string? LogFile { get; set; }
+    public long LogSizeLimit { get; set; }
+    public int LogMaxFiles { get; set; }
+    public bool Debug { get; set; }
+    public bool Trace { get; set; }
+    public bool Logtime { get; set; } = true;
+    public bool LogtimeUTC { get; set; }
+    public bool Syslog { get; set; }
+    public string? RemoteSyslog { get; set; }
+
+    // Profiling (0 = disabled)
+    public int ProfPort { get; set; }
+
+    // Extended options for Go parity
+    public string? ClientAdvertise { get; set; }
+    public bool TraceVerbose { get; set; }
+    public int MaxTracedMsgLen { get; set; }
+    public bool DisableSublistCache { get; set; }
+    public int ConnectErrorReports { get; set; } = 3600;
+    public int ReconnectErrorReports { get; set; } = 1;
+    public bool NoHeaderSupport { get; set; }
+    public int MaxClosedClients { get; set; } = 10_000;
+    public bool NoSystemAccount { get; set; }
+    public string? SystemAccount { get; set; }
+
+    // Tracks which fields were set via CLI flags (for reload precedence)
+    public HashSet<string> InCmdLine { get; } = [];
+
+    // TLS
+    public string? TlsCert { get; set; }
+    public string? TlsKey { get; set; }
+    public string? TlsCaCert { get; set; }
+    public bool TlsVerify { get; set; }
+    public bool TlsMap { get; set; }
+    public TimeSpan TlsTimeout { get; set; } = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2);
+    public bool TlsHandshakeFirst { get; set; }
+    public TimeSpan TlsHandshakeFirstFallback { get; set; } = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(50);
+    public bool AllowNonTls { get; set; }
+    public long TlsRateLimit { get; set; }
+    public HashSet<string>? TlsPinnedCerts { get; set; }
+    public SslProtocols TlsMinVersion { get; set; } = SslProtocols.Tls12;
+
+    // OCSP stapling and peer verification
+    public OcspConfig? OcspConfig { get; set; }
+    public bool OcspPeerVerify { get; set; }
+
+    // JWT / Operator mode
+    public string[]? TrustedKeys { get; set; }
+    public Auth.Jwt.IAccountResolver? AccountResolver { get; set; }
+
+    // Per-subsystem log level overrides (namespace -> level)
+    public Dictionary<string, string>? LogOverrides { get; set; }
+
+    // Subject mapping / transforms (source pattern -> destination template)
+    public Dictionary<string, string>? SubjectMappings { get; set; }
+
+    public bool HasTls => TlsCert != null && TlsKey != null;
 }

src/NATS.Server/Protocol/NatsHeaderParser.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Protocol;
+
+public readonly struct NatsHeaders()
+{
+    public int Status { get; init; }
+    public string Description { get; init; } = string.Empty;
+    public IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string[]> Headers { get; init; } = ReadOnlyDictionary<string, string[]>.Empty;
+
+    public static readonly NatsHeaders Invalid = new()
+    {
+        Status = -1,
+        Description = string.Empty,
+        Headers = ReadOnlyDictionary<string, string[]>.Empty,
+    };
+}
+
+public static class NatsHeaderParser
+{
+    private static ReadOnlySpan<byte> CrLf => "\r\n"u8;
+    private static ReadOnlySpan<byte> Prefix => "NATS/1.0"u8;
+
+    public static NatsHeaders Parse(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
+    {
+        if (data.Length < Prefix.Length)
+            return NatsHeaders.Invalid;
+
+        if (!data[..Prefix.Length].SequenceEqual(Prefix))
+            return NatsHeaders.Invalid;
+
+        int pos = Prefix.Length;
+        int status = 0;
+        string description = string.Empty;
+
+        // Parse status line: NATS/1.0[ status[ description]]\r\n
+        int lineEnd = data[pos..].IndexOf(CrLf);
+        if (lineEnd < 0)
+            return NatsHeaders.Invalid;
+
+        var statusLine = data[pos..(pos + lineEnd)];
+        pos += lineEnd + 2; // skip \r\n
+
+        if (statusLine.Length > 0)
+        {
+            int si = 0;
+            while (si < statusLine.Length && statusLine[si] == (byte)' ')
+                si++;
+
+            int numStart = si;
+            while (si < statusLine.Length && statusLine[si] >= (byte)'0' && statusLine[si] <= (byte)'9')
+                si++;
+
+            if (si > numStart && si - numStart <= 5) // max 5 digits to avoid overflow
+            {
+                for (int idx = numStart; idx < si; idx++)
+                    status = status * 10 + (statusLine[idx] - '0');
+
+                while (si < statusLine.Length && statusLine[si] == (byte)' ')
+                    si++;
+                if (si < statusLine.Length)
+                    description = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(statusLine[si..]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Parse key-value headers until empty line
+        var headers = new Dictionary<string, List<string>>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        while (pos < data.Length)
+        {
+            var remaining = data[pos..];
+            if (remaining.Length >= 2 && remaining[0] == (byte)'\r' && remaining[1] == (byte)'\n')
+                break;
+
+            lineEnd = remaining.IndexOf(CrLf);
+            if (lineEnd < 0)
+                break;
+
+            var headerLine = remaining[..lineEnd];
+            pos += lineEnd + 2;
+
+            int colon = headerLine.IndexOf((byte)':');
+            if (colon < 0)
+                continue;
+
+            var key = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(headerLine[..colon]).Trim();
+            var value = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(headerLine[(colon + 1)..]).Trim();
+
+            if (!headers.TryGetValue(key, out var values))
+            {
+                values = [];
+                headers[key] = values;
+            }
+            values.Add(value);
+        }
+
+        var result = new Dictionary<string, string[]>(headers.Count, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        foreach (var (k, v) in headers)
+            result[k] = v.ToArray();
+
+        return new NatsHeaders
+        {
+            Status = status,
+            Description = description,
+            Headers = result,
+        };
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Protocol/NatsParser.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using System.Buffers;
 using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
 
 namespace NATS.Server.Protocol;
 
@@ -35,6 +36,8 @@ public sealed class NatsParser
 {
     private static readonly byte[] CrLfBytes = "\r\n"u8.ToArray();
     private readonly int _maxPayload;
+    private ILogger? _logger;
+    public ILogger? Logger { set => _logger = value; }
 
     // State for split-packet payload reading
     private bool _awaitingPayload;
@@ -44,9 +47,20 @@ public sealed class NatsParser
     private int _pendingHeaderSize;
     private CommandType _pendingType;
 
-    public NatsParser(int maxPayload = NatsProtocol.MaxPayloadSize)
+    public NatsParser(int maxPayload = NatsProtocol.MaxPayloadSize, ILogger? logger = null)
     {
         _maxPayload = maxPayload;
+        _logger = logger;
+    }
+
+    private void TraceInOp(string op, ReadOnlySpan<byte> arg = default)
+    {
+        if (_logger == null || !_logger.IsEnabled(LogLevel.Trace))
+            return;
+        if (arg.IsEmpty)
+            _logger.LogTrace("<<- {Op}", op);
+        else
+            _logger.LogTrace("<<- {Op} {Arg}", op, Encoding.ASCII.GetString(arg));
     }
 
     public bool TryParse(ref ReadOnlySequence<byte> buffer, out ParsedCommand command)
@@ -91,6 +105,7 @@ public sealed class NatsParser
                 {
                     command = ParsedCommand.Simple(CommandType.Ping);
                     buffer = buffer.Slice(reader.Position);
+                    TraceInOp("PING");
                     return true;
                 }
 
@@ -98,6 +113,7 @@ public sealed class NatsParser
                 {
                     command = ParsedCommand.Simple(CommandType.Pong);
                     buffer = buffer.Slice(reader.Position);
+                    TraceInOp("PONG");
                     return true;
                 }
 
@@ -121,6 +137,7 @@ public sealed class NatsParser
                 {
                     command = ParseSub(lineSpan);
                     buffer = buffer.Slice(reader.Position);
+                    TraceInOp("SUB", lineSpan[4..]);
                     return true;
                 }
 
@@ -131,6 +148,7 @@ public sealed class NatsParser
                 {
                     command = ParseUnsub(lineSpan);
                     buffer = buffer.Slice(reader.Position);
+                    TraceInOp("UNSUB", lineSpan[6..]);
                     return true;
                 }
 
@@ -141,6 +159,7 @@ public sealed class NatsParser
                 {
                     command = ParseConnect(lineSpan);
                     buffer = buffer.Slice(reader.Position);
+                    TraceInOp("CONNECT");
                     return true;
                 }
 
@@ -151,6 +170,7 @@ public sealed class NatsParser
                 {
                     command = ParseInfo(lineSpan);
                     buffer = buffer.Slice(reader.Position);
+                    TraceInOp("INFO");
                     return true;
                 }
 
@@ -159,11 +179,13 @@ public sealed class NatsParser
             case (byte)'+': // +OK
                 command = ParsedCommand.Simple(CommandType.Ok);
                 buffer = buffer.Slice(reader.Position);
+                TraceInOp("+OK");
                 return true;
 
             case (byte)'-': // -ERR
                 command = ParsedCommand.Simple(CommandType.Err);
                 buffer = buffer.Slice(reader.Position);
+                TraceInOp("-ERR");
                 return true;
         }
 
@@ -215,6 +237,7 @@ public sealed class NatsParser
         _pendingHeaderSize = -1;
         _pendingType = CommandType.Pub;
 
+        TraceInOp("PUB", argsSpan);
         return TryReadPayload(ref buffer, out command);
     }
 
@@ -264,6 +287,7 @@ public sealed class NatsParser
         _pendingHeaderSize = hdrSize;
         _pendingType = CommandType.HPub;
 
+        TraceInOp("HPUB", argsSpan);
         return TryReadPayload(ref buffer, out command);
     }
 

src/NATS.Server/Protocol/NatsProtocol.cs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ public static class NatsProtocol
 {
     public const int MaxControlLineSize = 4096;
     public const int MaxPayloadSize = 1024 * 1024; // 1MB
+    public const long MaxPendingSize = 64 * 1024 * 1024; // 64MB default max pending
     public const int DefaultPort = 4222;
     public const string Version = "0.1.0";
     public const int ProtoVersion = 1;
@@ -30,6 +31,9 @@ public static class NatsProtocol
     public const string ErrAuthTimeout = "Authentication Timeout";
     public const string ErrPermissionsPublish = "Permissions Violation for Publish";
     public const string ErrPermissionsSubscribe = "Permissions Violation for Subscription";
+    public const string ErrSlowConsumer = "Slow Consumer";
+    public const string ErrNoRespondersRequiresHeaders = "No Responders Requires Headers Support";
+    public const string ErrMaxSubscriptionsExceeded = "Maximum Subscriptions Exceeded";
 }
 
 public sealed class ServerInfo
@@ -73,6 +77,18 @@ public sealed class ServerInfo
     [JsonPropertyName("nonce")]
     [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingNull)]
     public string? Nonce { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_required")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingDefault)]
+    public bool TlsRequired { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_verify")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingDefault)]
+    public bool TlsVerify { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("tls_available")]
+    [JsonIgnore(Condition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingDefault)]
+    public bool TlsAvailable { get; set; }
 }
 
 public sealed class ClientOptions
@@ -118,4 +134,7 @@ public sealed class ClientOptions
 
     [JsonPropertyName("sig")]
     public string? Sig { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("jwt")]
+    public string? JWT { get; set; }
 }

src/NATS.Server/ServerStats.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+
+namespace NATS.Server;
+
+public sealed class ServerStats
+{
+    public long InMsgs;
+    public long OutMsgs;
+    public long InBytes;
+    public long OutBytes;
+    public long TotalConnections;
+    public long SlowConsumers;
+    public long StaleConnections;
+    public long Stalls;
+    public long SlowConsumerClients;
+    public long SlowConsumerRoutes;
+    public long SlowConsumerLeafs;
+    public long SlowConsumerGateways;
+    public long StaleConnectionClients;
+    public long StaleConnectionRoutes;
+    public long StaleConnectionLeafs;
+    public long StaleConnectionGateways;
+    public readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, long> HttpReqStats = new();
+}

src/NATS.Server/Subscriptions/SubList.cs

@@ -13,9 +13,16 @@ public sealed class SubList : IDisposable
 
     private readonly ReaderWriterLockSlim _lock = new();
     private readonly TrieLevel _root = new();
-    private Dictionary<string, SubListResult>? _cache = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+    private Dictionary<string, CachedResult>? _cache = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
     private uint _count;
     private volatile bool _disposed;
+    private long _generation;
+    private ulong _matches;
+    private ulong _cacheHits;
+    private ulong _inserts;
+    private ulong _removes;
+
+    private readonly record struct CachedResult(SubListResult Result, long Generation);
 
     public void Dispose()
     {
@@ -33,6 +40,62 @@ public sealed class SubList : IDisposable
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns all subscriptions in the trie. For monitoring only.
+    /// </summary>
+    public List<Subscription> GetAllSubscriptions()
+    {
+        _lock.EnterReadLock();
+        try
+        {
+            var result = new List<Subscription>();
+            CollectAll(_root, result);
+            return result;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _lock.ExitReadLock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void CollectAll(TrieLevel level, List<Subscription> result)
+    {
+        foreach (var (_, node) in level.Nodes)
+        {
+            foreach (var sub in node.PlainSubs) result.Add(sub);
+            foreach (var (_, qset) in node.QueueSubs)
+                foreach (var sub in qset) result.Add(sub);
+            if (node.Next != null) CollectAll(node.Next, result);
+        }
+        if (level.Pwc != null)
+        {
+            foreach (var sub in level.Pwc.PlainSubs) result.Add(sub);
+            foreach (var (_, qset) in level.Pwc.QueueSubs)
+                foreach (var sub in qset) result.Add(sub);
+            if (level.Pwc.Next != null) CollectAll(level.Pwc.Next, result);
+        }
+        if (level.Fwc != null)
+        {
+            foreach (var sub in level.Fwc.PlainSubs) result.Add(sub);
+            foreach (var (_, qset) in level.Fwc.QueueSubs)
+                foreach (var sub in qset) result.Add(sub);
+            if (level.Fwc.Next != null) CollectAll(level.Fwc.Next, result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns the current number of entries in the cache.
+    /// </summary>
+    public int CacheCount
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            _lock.EnterReadLock();
+            try { return _cache?.Count ?? 0; }
+            finally { _lock.ExitReadLock(); }
+        }
+    }
+
     public void Insert(Subscription sub)
     {
         var subject = sub.Subject;
@@ -90,7 +153,8 @@ public sealed class SubList : IDisposable
             }
 
             _count++;
-            AddToCache(subject, sub);
+            _inserts++;
+            Interlocked.Increment(ref _generation);
         }
         finally
         {
@@ -104,78 +168,10 @@ public sealed class SubList : IDisposable
         _lock.EnterWriteLock();
         try
         {
-            var level = _root;
-            TrieNode? node = null;
-            bool sawFwc = false;
-
-            var pathList = new List<(TrieLevel level, TrieNode node, string token, bool isPwc, bool isFwc)>();
-
-            foreach (var token in new TokenEnumerator(sub.Subject))
+            if (RemoveInternal(sub))
             {
-                if (token.Length == 0 || sawFwc)
-                    return;
-
-                bool isPwc = token.Length == 1 && token[0] == SubjectMatch.Pwc;
-                bool isFwc = token.Length == 1 && token[0] == SubjectMatch.Fwc;
-
-                if (isPwc)
-                {
-                    node = level.Pwc;
-                }
-                else if (isFwc)
-                {
-                    node = level.Fwc;
-                    sawFwc = true;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    level.Nodes.TryGetValue(token.ToString(), out node);
-                }
-
-                if (node == null)
-                    return; // not found
-
-                var tokenStr = token.ToString();
-                pathList.Add((level, node, tokenStr, isPwc, isFwc));
-                if (node.Next == null)
-                    return; // corrupted trie state
-                level = node.Next;
-            }
-
-            if (node == null) return;
-
-            // Remove from node
-            bool removed;
-            if (sub.Queue == null)
-            {
-                removed = node.PlainSubs.Remove(sub);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                removed = false;
-                if (node.QueueSubs.TryGetValue(sub.Queue, out var qset))
-                {
-                    removed = qset.Remove(sub);
-                    if (qset.Count == 0)
-                        node.QueueSubs.Remove(sub.Queue);
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (!removed) return;
-
-            _count--;
-            RemoveFromCache(sub.Subject);
-
-            // Prune empty nodes (walk backwards)
-            for (int i = pathList.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
-            {
-                var (l, n, t, isPwc, isFwc) = pathList[i];
-                if (n.IsEmpty)
-                {
-                    if (isPwc) l.Pwc = null;
-                    else if (isFwc) l.Fwc = null;
-                    else l.Nodes.Remove(t);
-                }
+                _removes++;
+                Interlocked.Increment(ref _generation);
             }
         }
         finally
@@ -184,22 +180,107 @@ public sealed class SubList : IDisposable
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Core remove logic without lock acquisition or generation bumping.
+    /// Assumes write lock is held. Returns true if a subscription was actually removed.
+    /// </summary>
+    private bool RemoveInternal(Subscription sub)
+    {
+        var level = _root;
+        TrieNode? node = null;
+        bool sawFwc = false;
+
+        var pathList = new List<(TrieLevel level, TrieNode node, string token, bool isPwc, bool isFwc)>();
+
+        foreach (var token in new TokenEnumerator(sub.Subject))
+        {
+            if (token.Length == 0 || sawFwc)
+                return false;
+
+            bool isPwc = token.Length == 1 && token[0] == SubjectMatch.Pwc;
+            bool isFwc = token.Length == 1 && token[0] == SubjectMatch.Fwc;
+
+            if (isPwc)
+            {
+                node = level.Pwc;
+            }
+            else if (isFwc)
+            {
+                node = level.Fwc;
+                sawFwc = true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                level.Nodes.TryGetValue(token.ToString(), out node);
+            }
+
+            if (node == null)
+                return false; // not found
+
+            var tokenStr = token.ToString();
+            pathList.Add((level, node, tokenStr, isPwc, isFwc));
+            if (node.Next == null)
+                return false; // corrupted trie state
+            level = node.Next;
+        }
+
+        if (node == null) return false;
+
+        // Remove from node
+        bool removed;
+        if (sub.Queue == null)
+        {
+            removed = node.PlainSubs.Remove(sub);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            removed = false;
+            if (node.QueueSubs.TryGetValue(sub.Queue, out var qset))
+            {
+                removed = qset.Remove(sub);
+                if (qset.Count == 0)
+                    node.QueueSubs.Remove(sub.Queue);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!removed) return false;
+
+        _count--;
+
+        // Prune empty nodes (walk backwards)
+        for (int i = pathList.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+        {
+            var (l, n, t, isPwc, isFwc) = pathList[i];
+            if (n.IsEmpty)
+            {
+                if (isPwc) l.Pwc = null;
+                else if (isFwc) l.Fwc = null;
+                else l.Nodes.Remove(t);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
     public SubListResult Match(string subject)
     {
-        // Check cache under read lock first.
+        Interlocked.Increment(ref _matches);
+        var currentGen = Interlocked.Read(ref _generation);
+
         _lock.EnterReadLock();
         try
         {
-            if (_cache != null && _cache.TryGetValue(subject, out var cached))
-                return cached;
+            if (_cache != null && _cache.TryGetValue(subject, out var cached) && cached.Generation == currentGen)
+            {
+                Interlocked.Increment(ref _cacheHits);
+                return cached.Result;
+            }
         }
         finally
         {
             _lock.ExitReadLock();
         }
 
-        // Cache miss -- tokenize and match under write lock (needed for cache update).
-        // Tokenize the subject.
         var tokens = Tokenize(subject);
         if (tokens == null)
             return SubListResult.Empty;
@@ -207,13 +288,15 @@ public sealed class SubList : IDisposable
         _lock.EnterWriteLock();
         try
         {
-            // Re-check cache after acquiring write lock.
-            if (_cache != null && _cache.TryGetValue(subject, out var cached))
-                return cached;
+            currentGen = Interlocked.Read(ref _generation);
+            if (_cache != null && _cache.TryGetValue(subject, out var cached) && cached.Generation == currentGen)
+            {
+                Interlocked.Increment(ref _cacheHits);
+                return cached.Result;
+            }
 
             var plainSubs = new List<Subscription>();
             var queueSubs = new List<List<Subscription>>();
-
             MatchLevel(_root, tokens, 0, plainSubs, queueSubs);
 
             SubListResult result;
@@ -226,19 +309,14 @@ public sealed class SubList : IDisposable
                 var queueSubsArr = new Subscription[queueSubs.Count][];
                 for (int i = 0; i < queueSubs.Count; i++)
                     queueSubsArr[i] = queueSubs[i].ToArray();
-
-                result = new SubListResult(
-                    plainSubs.ToArray(),
-                    queueSubsArr);
+                result = new SubListResult(plainSubs.ToArray(), queueSubsArr);
             }
 
             if (_cache != null)
             {
-                _cache[subject] = result;
-
+                _cache[subject] = new CachedResult(result, currentGen);
                 if (_cache.Count > CacheMax)
                 {
-                    // Sweep: remove entries until at CacheSweep count.
                     var keys = _cache.Keys.Take(_cache.Count - CacheSweep).ToList();
                     foreach (var key in keys)
                         _cache.Remove(key);
@@ -356,119 +434,355 @@ public sealed class SubList : IDisposable
         }
     }
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Adds a subscription to matching cache entries.
-    /// Assumes write lock is held.
-    /// </summary>
-    private void AddToCache(string subject, Subscription sub)
+    public SubListStats Stats()
     {
-        if (_cache == null)
-            return;
-
-        // If literal subject, we can do a direct lookup.
-        if (SubjectMatch.IsLiteral(subject))
+        _lock.EnterReadLock();
+        uint numSubs, numCache;
+        ulong inserts, removes;
+        try
         {
-            if (_cache.TryGetValue(subject, out var r))
-            {
-                _cache[subject] = AddSubToResult(r, sub);
-            }
-            return;
+            numSubs = _count;
+            numCache = (uint)(_cache?.Count ?? 0);
+            inserts = _inserts;
+            removes = _removes;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _lock.ExitReadLock();
         }
 
-        // Wildcard subscription -- check all cached keys.
-        var keysToUpdate = new List<(string key, SubListResult result)>();
-        foreach (var (key, r) in _cache)
+        var matches = Interlocked.Read(ref _matches);
+        var cacheHits = Interlocked.Read(ref _cacheHits);
+        var hitRate = matches > 0 ? (double)cacheHits / matches : 0.0;
+
+        uint maxFanout = 0;
+        long totalFanout = 0;
+        int cacheEntries = 0;
+
+        _lock.EnterReadLock();
+        try
         {
-            if (SubjectMatch.MatchLiteral(key, subject))
+            if (_cache != null)
             {
-                keysToUpdate.Add((key, r));
+                foreach (var (_, entry) in _cache)
+                {
+                    var r = entry.Result;
+                    var f = r.PlainSubs.Length + r.QueueSubs.Length;
+                    totalFanout += f;
+                    if (f > maxFanout) maxFanout = (uint)f;
+                    cacheEntries++;
+                }
             }
         }
-        foreach (var (key, r) in keysToUpdate)
+        finally
         {
-            _cache[key] = AddSubToResult(r, sub);
+            _lock.ExitReadLock();
+        }
+
+        return new SubListStats
+        {
+            NumSubs = numSubs,
+            NumCache = numCache,
+            NumInserts = inserts,
+            NumRemoves = removes,
+            NumMatches = matches,
+            CacheHitRate = hitRate,
+            MaxFanout = maxFanout,
+            AvgFanout = cacheEntries > 0 ? (double)totalFanout / cacheEntries : 0.0,
+        };
+    }
+
+    public bool HasInterest(string subject)
+    {
+        var currentGen = Interlocked.Read(ref _generation);
+        _lock.EnterReadLock();
+        try
+        {
+            if (_cache != null && _cache.TryGetValue(subject, out var cached) && cached.Generation == currentGen)
+            {
+                var r = cached.Result;
+                return r.PlainSubs.Length > 0 || r.QueueSubs.Length > 0;
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _lock.ExitReadLock();
+        }
+
+        var tokens = Tokenize(subject);
+        if (tokens == null) return false;
+
+        _lock.EnterReadLock();
+        try
+        {
+            return HasInterestLevel(_root, tokens, 0);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _lock.ExitReadLock();
         }
     }
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Removes cache entries that match the given subject.
-    /// Assumes write lock is held.
-    /// </summary>
-    private void RemoveFromCache(string subject)
+    public (int plainCount, int queueCount) NumInterest(string subject)
     {
-        if (_cache == null)
-            return;
+        var tokens = Tokenize(subject);
+        if (tokens == null) return (0, 0);
 
-        // If literal subject, we can do a direct removal.
-        if (SubjectMatch.IsLiteral(subject))
+        _lock.EnterReadLock();
+        try
         {
-            _cache.Remove(subject);
-            return;
+            int np = 0, nq = 0;
+            CountInterestLevel(_root, tokens, 0, ref np, ref nq);
+            return (np, nq);
         }
-
-        // Wildcard subscription -- remove all matching cached keys.
-        var keysToRemove = new List<string>();
-        foreach (var key in _cache.Keys)
+        finally
         {
-            if (SubjectMatch.MatchLiteral(key, subject))
-            {
-                keysToRemove.Add(key);
-            }
-        }
-        foreach (var key in keysToRemove)
-        {
-            _cache.Remove(key);
+            _lock.ExitReadLock();
         }
     }
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Creates a new result with the given subscription added.
-    /// </summary>
-    private static SubListResult AddSubToResult(SubListResult result, Subscription sub)
+    public void RemoveBatch(IEnumerable<Subscription> subs)
     {
-        if (sub.Queue == null)
+        _lock.EnterWriteLock();
+        try
         {
-            var newPlain = new Subscription[result.PlainSubs.Length + 1];
-            result.PlainSubs.CopyTo(newPlain, 0);
-            newPlain[^1] = sub;
-            return new SubListResult(newPlain, result.QueueSubs);
+            var wasEnabled = _cache != null;
+            _cache = null;
+
+            foreach (var sub in subs)
+            {
+                if (RemoveInternal(sub))
+                    _removes++;
+            }
+
+            Interlocked.Increment(ref _generation);
+
+            if (wasEnabled)
+                _cache = new Dictionary<string, CachedResult>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _lock.ExitWriteLock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public IReadOnlyList<Subscription> All()
+    {
+        var subs = new List<Subscription>();
+        _lock.EnterReadLock();
+        try
+        {
+            CollectAllSubs(_root, subs);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _lock.ExitReadLock();
+        }
+        return subs;
+    }
+
+    public SubListResult ReverseMatch(string subject)
+    {
+        var tokens = Tokenize(subject);
+        if (tokens == null)
+            return SubListResult.Empty;
+
+        _lock.EnterReadLock();
+        try
+        {
+            var plainSubs = new List<Subscription>();
+            var queueSubs = new List<List<Subscription>>();
+            ReverseMatchLevel(_root, tokens, 0, plainSubs, queueSubs);
+
+            if (plainSubs.Count == 0 && queueSubs.Count == 0)
+                return SubListResult.Empty;
+
+            var queueSubsArr = new Subscription[queueSubs.Count][];
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueSubs.Count; i++)
+                queueSubsArr[i] = queueSubs[i].ToArray();
+            return new SubListResult(plainSubs.ToArray(), queueSubsArr);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _lock.ExitReadLock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool HasInterestLevel(TrieLevel? level, string[] tokens, int tokenIndex)
+    {
+        TrieNode? pwc = null;
+        TrieNode? node = null;
+
+        for (int i = tokenIndex; i < tokens.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (level == null) return false;
+            if (level.Fwc != null && NodeHasInterest(level.Fwc)) return true;
+
+            pwc = level.Pwc;
+            if (pwc != null && HasInterestLevel(pwc.Next, tokens, i + 1)) return true;
+
+            node = null;
+            if (level.Nodes.TryGetValue(tokens[i], out var found))
+            {
+                node = found;
+                level = node.Next;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                level = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (node != null && NodeHasInterest(node)) return true;
+        if (pwc != null && NodeHasInterest(pwc)) return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static bool NodeHasInterest(TrieNode node)
+    {
+        return node.PlainSubs.Count > 0 || node.QueueSubs.Count > 0;
+    }
+
+    private static void CountInterestLevel(TrieLevel? level, string[] tokens, int tokenIndex,
+        ref int np, ref int nq)
+    {
+        TrieNode? pwc = null;
+        TrieNode? node = null;
+
+        for (int i = tokenIndex; i < tokens.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (level == null) return;
+            if (level.Fwc != null) AddNodeCounts(level.Fwc, ref np, ref nq);
+
+            pwc = level.Pwc;
+            if (pwc != null) CountInterestLevel(pwc.Next, tokens, i + 1, ref np, ref nq);
+
+            node = null;
+            if (level.Nodes.TryGetValue(tokens[i], out var found))
+            {
+                node = found;
+                level = node.Next;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                level = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (node != null) AddNodeCounts(node, ref np, ref nq);
+        if (pwc != null) AddNodeCounts(pwc, ref np, ref nq);
+    }
+
+    private static void AddNodeCounts(TrieNode node, ref int np, ref int nq)
+    {
+        np += node.PlainSubs.Count;
+        foreach (var (_, qset) in node.QueueSubs)
+            nq += qset.Count;
+    }
+
+    private static void CollectAllSubs(TrieLevel level, List<Subscription> subs)
+    {
+        foreach (var (_, node) in level.Nodes)
+        {
+            foreach (var sub in node.PlainSubs)
+                subs.Add(sub);
+            foreach (var (_, qset) in node.QueueSubs)
+                foreach (var sub in qset)
+                    subs.Add(sub);
+            if (node.Next != null)
+                CollectAllSubs(node.Next, subs);
+        }
+        if (level.Pwc != null)
+        {
+            foreach (var sub in level.Pwc.PlainSubs)
+                subs.Add(sub);
+            foreach (var (_, qset) in level.Pwc.QueueSubs)
+                foreach (var sub in qset)
+                    subs.Add(sub);
+            if (level.Pwc.Next != null)
+                CollectAllSubs(level.Pwc.Next, subs);
+        }
+        if (level.Fwc != null)
+        {
+            foreach (var sub in level.Fwc.PlainSubs)
+                subs.Add(sub);
+            foreach (var (_, qset) in level.Fwc.QueueSubs)
+                foreach (var sub in qset)
+                    subs.Add(sub);
+            if (level.Fwc.Next != null)
+                CollectAllSubs(level.Fwc.Next, subs);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void ReverseMatchLevel(TrieLevel? level, string[] tokens, int tokenIndex,
+        List<Subscription> plainSubs, List<List<Subscription>> queueSubs)
+    {
+        if (level == null || tokenIndex >= tokens.Length)
+            return;
+
+        var token = tokens[tokenIndex];
+        bool isLast = tokenIndex == tokens.Length - 1;
+
+        if (token == ">")
+        {
+            CollectAllNodes(level, plainSubs, queueSubs);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (token == "*")
+        {
+            foreach (var (_, node) in level.Nodes)
+            {
+                if (isLast)
+                    AddNodeToResults(node, plainSubs, queueSubs);
+                else
+                    ReverseMatchLevel(node.Next, tokens, tokenIndex + 1, plainSubs, queueSubs);
+            }
         }
         else
         {
-            // Find existing queue group
-            var queueSubs = result.QueueSubs;
-            int slot = -1;
-            for (int i = 0; i < queueSubs.Length; i++)
+            if (level.Nodes.TryGetValue(token, out var node))
             {
-                if (queueSubs[i].Length > 0 && queueSubs[i][0].Queue == sub.Queue)
-                {
-                    slot = i;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Deep copy queue subs
-            var newQueueSubs = new Subscription[queueSubs.Length + (slot < 0 ? 1 : 0)][];
-            for (int i = 0; i < queueSubs.Length; i++)
-            {
-                if (i == slot)
-                {
-                    var newGroup = new Subscription[queueSubs[i].Length + 1];
-                    queueSubs[i].CopyTo(newGroup, 0);
-                    newGroup[^1] = sub;
-                    newQueueSubs[i] = newGroup;
-                }
+                if (isLast)
+                    AddNodeToResults(node, plainSubs, queueSubs);
                 else
-                {
-                    newQueueSubs[i] = (Subscription[])queueSubs[i].Clone();
-                }
-            }
-            if (slot < 0)
-            {
-                newQueueSubs[^1] = [sub];
+                    ReverseMatchLevel(node.Next, tokens, tokenIndex + 1, plainSubs, queueSubs);
             }
+        }
 
-            return new SubListResult(result.PlainSubs, newQueueSubs);
+        if (level.Pwc != null)
+        {
+            if (isLast)
+                AddNodeToResults(level.Pwc, plainSubs, queueSubs);
+            else
+                ReverseMatchLevel(level.Pwc.Next, tokens, tokenIndex + 1, plainSubs, queueSubs);
+        }
+        if (level.Fwc != null)
+        {
+            AddNodeToResults(level.Fwc, plainSubs, queueSubs);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void CollectAllNodes(TrieLevel level, List<Subscription> plainSubs,
+        List<List<Subscription>> queueSubs)
+    {
+        foreach (var (_, node) in level.Nodes)
+        {
+            AddNodeToResults(node, plainSubs, queueSubs);
+            if (node.Next != null)
+                CollectAllNodes(node.Next, plainSubs, queueSubs);
+        }
+        if (level.Pwc != null)
+        {
+            AddNodeToResults(level.Pwc, plainSubs, queueSubs);
+            if (level.Pwc.Next != null)
+                CollectAllNodes(level.Pwc.Next, plainSubs, queueSubs);
+        }
+        if (level.Fwc != null)
+        {
+            AddNodeToResults(level.Fwc, plainSubs, queueSubs);
+            if (level.Fwc.Next != null)
+                CollectAllNodes(level.Fwc.Next, plainSubs, queueSubs);
         }
     }
 

src/NATS.Server/Subscriptions/SubListStats.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+namespace NATS.Server.Subscriptions;
+
+public sealed class SubListStats
+{
+    public uint NumSubs { get; init; }
+    public uint NumCache { get; init; }
+    public ulong NumInserts { get; init; }
+    public ulong NumRemoves { get; init; }
+    public ulong NumMatches { get; init; }
+    public double CacheHitRate { get; init; }
+    public uint MaxFanout { get; init; }
+    public double AvgFanout { get; init; }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Subscriptions/SubjectMatch.cs

@@ -113,4 +113,112 @@ public static class SubjectMatch
 
         return li >= literal.Length; // both exhausted
     }
+
+    /// <summary>Count dot-delimited tokens. Empty string returns 0.</summary>
+    public static int NumTokens(string subject)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(subject))
+            return 0;
+        int count = 1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < subject.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (subject[i] == Sep)
+                count++;
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Return the 0-based nth token as a span. Returns empty if out of range.</summary>
+    public static ReadOnlySpan<char> TokenAt(string subject, int index)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(subject))
+            return default;
+
+        var span = subject.AsSpan();
+        int current = 0;
+        int start = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < span.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (span[i] == Sep)
+            {
+                if (current == index)
+                    return span[start..i];
+                start = i + 1;
+                current++;
+            }
+        }
+        if (current == index)
+            return span[start..];
+        return default;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Determines if two subject patterns (possibly containing wildcards) can both
+    /// match the same literal subject. Reference: Go sublist.go SubjectsCollide.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool SubjectsCollide(string subj1, string subj2)
+    {
+        if (subj1 == subj2)
+            return true;
+
+        bool lit1 = IsLiteral(subj1);
+        bool lit2 = IsLiteral(subj2);
+
+        if (lit1 && lit2)
+            return false;
+
+        if (lit1 && !lit2)
+            return MatchLiteral(subj1, subj2);
+        if (lit2 && !lit1)
+            return MatchLiteral(subj2, subj1);
+
+        // Both have wildcards — split once to avoid O(n²) TokenAt calls
+        var tokens1 = subj1.Split(Sep);
+        var tokens2 = subj2.Split(Sep);
+        int n1 = tokens1.Length;
+        int n2 = tokens2.Length;
+        bool hasFwc1 = tokens1[^1] == ">";
+        bool hasFwc2 = tokens2[^1] == ">";
+
+        if (!hasFwc1 && !hasFwc2 && n1 != n2)
+            return false;
+        if (n1 < n2 && !hasFwc1)
+            return false;
+        if (n2 < n1 && !hasFwc2)
+            return false;
+
+        int stop = Math.Min(n1, n2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < stop; i++)
+        {
+            if (!TokensCanMatch(tokens1[i], tokens2[i]))
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TokensCanMatch(ReadOnlySpan<char> t1, ReadOnlySpan<char> t2)
+    {
+        if (t1.Length == 1 && (t1[0] == Pwc || t1[0] == Fwc))
+            return true;
+        if (t2.Length == 1 && (t2[0] == Pwc || t2[0] == Fwc))
+            return true;
+        return t1.SequenceEqual(t2);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Validates subject. When checkRunes is true, also rejects null bytes.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool IsValidSubject(string subject, bool checkRunes)
+    {
+        if (!IsValidSubject(subject))
+            return false;
+        if (!checkRunes)
+            return true;
+        for (int i = 0; i < subject.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (subject[i] == '\0')
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
 }

src/NATS.Server/Subscriptions/SubjectTransform.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,708 @@
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Subscriptions;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Compiled subject transform engine that maps subjects from a source pattern to a destination template.
+/// Reference: Go server/subject_transform.go
+/// </summary>
+public sealed partial class SubjectTransform
+{
+    private readonly string _source;
+    private readonly string _dest;
+    private readonly string[] _sourceTokens;
+    private readonly string[] _destTokens;
+    private readonly TransformOp[] _ops;
+
+    private SubjectTransform(string source, string dest, string[] sourceTokens, string[] destTokens, TransformOp[] ops)
+    {
+        _source = source;
+        _dest = dest;
+        _sourceTokens = sourceTokens;
+        _destTokens = destTokens;
+        _ops = ops;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Compiles a subject transform from source pattern to destination template.
+    /// Returns null if source is invalid or destination references out-of-range wildcards.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static SubjectTransform? Create(string source, string destination)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(destination))
+            return null;
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(source))
+            source = ">";
+
+        // Validate source and destination as subjects
+        var (srcValid, srcTokens, srcPwcCount, srcHasFwc) = SubjectInfo(source);
+        var (destValid, destTokens, destPwcCount, destHasFwc) = SubjectInfo(destination);
+
+        // Both must be valid, dest must have no pwcs, fwc must match
+        if (!srcValid || !destValid || destPwcCount > 0 || srcHasFwc != destHasFwc)
+            return null;
+
+        var ops = new TransformOp[destTokens.Length];
+
+        if (srcPwcCount > 0 || srcHasFwc)
+        {
+            // Build map from 1-based wildcard index to source token position
+            var wildcardPositions = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+            int wildcardNum = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < srcTokens.Length; i++)
+            {
+                if (srcTokens[i] == "*")
+                {
+                    wildcardNum++;
+                    wildcardPositions[wildcardNum] = i;
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < destTokens.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var parsed = ParseDestToken(destTokens[i]);
+                if (parsed == null)
+                    return null; // Parse error (bad function, etc.)
+
+                if (parsed.Type == TransformType.None)
+                {
+                    ops[i] = new TransformOp(TransformType.None);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Resolve wildcard indexes to source token positions
+                var srcPositions = new int[parsed.WildcardIndexes.Length];
+                for (int j = 0; j < parsed.WildcardIndexes.Length; j++)
+                {
+                    int wcIdx = parsed.WildcardIndexes[j];
+                    if (wcIdx > srcPwcCount)
+                        return null; // Out of range
+
+                    // Match Go behavior: missing map key returns zero-value (0)
+                    // This happens for partition with index 0, which Go silently allows.
+                    if (!wildcardPositions.TryGetValue(wcIdx, out int pos))
+                        pos = 0;
+
+                    srcPositions[j] = pos;
+                }
+
+                ops[i] = new TransformOp(parsed.Type, srcPositions, parsed.IntArg, parsed.StringArg);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // No wildcards in source: only NoTransform, Partition, and Random allowed
+            for (int i = 0; i < destTokens.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var parsed = ParseDestToken(destTokens[i]);
+                if (parsed == null)
+                    return null;
+
+                if (parsed.Type == TransformType.None)
+                {
+                    ops[i] = new TransformOp(TransformType.None);
+                }
+                else if (parsed.Type == TransformType.Partition)
+                {
+                    ops[i] = new TransformOp(TransformType.Partition, [], parsed.IntArg, parsed.StringArg);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // Other functions not allowed without wildcards in source
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new SubjectTransform(source, destination, srcTokens, destTokens, ops);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Matches subject against source pattern, captures wildcard values, evaluates destination template.
+    /// Returns null if subject doesn't match source.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string? Apply(string subject)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(subject))
+            return null;
+
+        // Special case: source is > (match everything) and dest is > (passthrough)
+        if ((_source == ">" || _source == string.Empty) && (_dest == ">" || _dest == string.Empty))
+            return subject;
+
+        var subjectTokens = subject.Split('.');
+
+        // Check if subject matches source pattern
+        if (_source != ">" && !MatchTokens(subjectTokens, _sourceTokens))
+            return null;
+
+        return TransformTokenized(subjectTokens);
+    }
+
+    private string TransformTokenized(string[] tokens)
+    {
+        if (_ops.Length == 0)
+            return _dest;
+
+        var sb = new StringBuilder();
+        int lastIndex = _ops.Length - 1;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < _ops.Length; i++)
+        {
+            var op = _ops[i];
+
+            if (op.Type == TransformType.None)
+            {
+                // If this dest token is fwc, break out to handle trailing tokens
+                if (_destTokens[i] == ">")
+                    break;
+
+                sb.Append(_destTokens[i]);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                switch (op.Type)
+                {
+                    case TransformType.Wildcard:
+                        if (op.SourcePositions.Length > 0 && op.SourcePositions[0] < tokens.Length)
+                            sb.Append(tokens[op.SourcePositions[0]]);
+                        break;
+
+                    case TransformType.Partition:
+                        sb.Append(ComputePartition(tokens, op));
+                        break;
+
+                    case TransformType.Split:
+                        ApplySplit(sb, tokens, op);
+                        break;
+
+                    case TransformType.SplitFromLeft:
+                        ApplySplitFromLeft(sb, tokens, op);
+                        break;
+
+                    case TransformType.SplitFromRight:
+                        ApplySplitFromRight(sb, tokens, op);
+                        break;
+
+                    case TransformType.SliceFromLeft:
+                        ApplySliceFromLeft(sb, tokens, op);
+                        break;
+
+                    case TransformType.SliceFromRight:
+                        ApplySliceFromRight(sb, tokens, op);
+                        break;
+
+                    case TransformType.Left:
+                        ApplyLeft(sb, tokens, op);
+                        break;
+
+                    case TransformType.Right:
+                        ApplyRight(sb, tokens, op);
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (i < lastIndex)
+                sb.Append('.');
+        }
+
+        // Handle trailing fwc: append remaining tokens from subject
+        if (_destTokens[^1] == ">")
+        {
+            int srcFwcPos = _sourceTokens.Length - 1; // position of > in source
+            for (int i = srcFwcPos; i < tokens.Length; i++)
+            {
+                sb.Append(tokens[i]);
+                if (i < tokens.Length - 1)
+                    sb.Append('.');
+            }
+        }
+
+        return sb.ToString();
+    }
+
+    private static string ComputePartition(string[] tokens, TransformOp op)
+    {
+        int numBuckets = op.IntArg;
+        if (numBuckets == 0)
+            return "0";
+
+        byte[] keyBytes;
+        if (op.SourcePositions.Length > 0)
+        {
+            // Hash concatenation of specified source tokens
+            var keyBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+            foreach (int pos in op.SourcePositions)
+            {
+                if (pos < tokens.Length)
+                    keyBuilder.Append(tokens[pos]);
+            }
+
+            keyBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(keyBuilder.ToString());
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Hash full subject (all tokens joined with .)
+            keyBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(string.Join(".", tokens));
+        }
+
+        uint hash = Fnv1A32(keyBytes);
+        return (hash % (uint)numBuckets).ToString();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// FNV-1a 32-bit hash. Offset basis: 2166136261, prime: 16777619.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static uint Fnv1A32(byte[] data)
+    {
+        const uint offsetBasis = 2166136261;
+        const uint prime = 16777619;
+
+        uint hash = offsetBasis;
+        foreach (byte b in data)
+        {
+            hash ^= b;
+            hash *= prime;
+        }
+
+        return hash;
+    }
+
+    private static void ApplySplit(StringBuilder sb, string[] tokens, TransformOp op)
+    {
+        if (op.SourcePositions.Length == 0)
+            return;
+
+        string sourceToken = tokens[op.SourcePositions[0]];
+        string delimiter = op.StringArg ?? string.Empty;
+
+        var splits = sourceToken.Split(delimiter);
+        bool first = true;
+
+        for (int j = 0; j < splits.Length; j++)
+        {
+            string split = splits[j];
+            if (split != string.Empty)
+            {
+                if (!first)
+                    sb.Append('.');
+                sb.Append(split);
+                first = false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void ApplySplitFromLeft(StringBuilder sb, string[] tokens, TransformOp op)
+    {
+        string sourceToken = tokens[op.SourcePositions[0]];
+        int position = op.IntArg;
+
+        if (position > 0 && position < sourceToken.Length)
+        {
+            sb.Append(sourceToken.AsSpan(0, position));
+            sb.Append('.');
+            sb.Append(sourceToken.AsSpan(position));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            sb.Append(sourceToken);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void ApplySplitFromRight(StringBuilder sb, string[] tokens, TransformOp op)
+    {
+        string sourceToken = tokens[op.SourcePositions[0]];
+        int position = op.IntArg;
+
+        if (position > 0 && position < sourceToken.Length)
+        {
+            sb.Append(sourceToken.AsSpan(0, sourceToken.Length - position));
+            sb.Append('.');
+            sb.Append(sourceToken.AsSpan(sourceToken.Length - position));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            sb.Append(sourceToken);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void ApplySliceFromLeft(StringBuilder sb, string[] tokens, TransformOp op)
+    {
+        string sourceToken = tokens[op.SourcePositions[0]];
+        int sliceSize = op.IntArg;
+
+        if (sliceSize > 0 && sliceSize < sourceToken.Length)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i + sliceSize <= sourceToken.Length; i += sliceSize)
+            {
+                if (i != 0)
+                    sb.Append('.');
+
+                sb.Append(sourceToken.AsSpan(i, sliceSize));
+
+                // If there's a remainder that doesn't fill a full slice
+                if (i + sliceSize != sourceToken.Length && i + sliceSize + sliceSize > sourceToken.Length)
+                {
+                    sb.Append('.');
+                    sb.Append(sourceToken.AsSpan(i + sliceSize));
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            sb.Append(sourceToken);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void ApplySliceFromRight(StringBuilder sb, string[] tokens, TransformOp op)
+    {
+        string sourceToken = tokens[op.SourcePositions[0]];
+        int sliceSize = op.IntArg;
+
+        if (sliceSize > 0 && sliceSize < sourceToken.Length)
+        {
+            int remainder = sourceToken.Length % sliceSize;
+            if (remainder > 0)
+            {
+                sb.Append(sourceToken.AsSpan(0, remainder));
+                sb.Append('.');
+            }
+
+            for (int i = remainder; i + sliceSize <= sourceToken.Length; i += sliceSize)
+            {
+                sb.Append(sourceToken.AsSpan(i, sliceSize));
+                if (i + sliceSize < sourceToken.Length)
+                    sb.Append('.');
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            sb.Append(sourceToken);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void ApplyLeft(StringBuilder sb, string[] tokens, TransformOp op)
+    {
+        string sourceToken = tokens[op.SourcePositions[0]];
+        int length = op.IntArg;
+
+        if (length > 0 && length < sourceToken.Length)
+        {
+            sb.Append(sourceToken.AsSpan(0, length));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            sb.Append(sourceToken);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void ApplyRight(StringBuilder sb, string[] tokens, TransformOp op)
+    {
+        string sourceToken = tokens[op.SourcePositions[0]];
+        int length = op.IntArg;
+
+        if (length > 0 && length < sourceToken.Length)
+        {
+            sb.Append(sourceToken.AsSpan(sourceToken.Length - length));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            sb.Append(sourceToken);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Matches literal subject tokens against a pattern with wildcards.
+    /// Subject tokens must be literal (no wildcards).
+    /// </summary>
+    private static bool MatchTokens(string[] subjectTokens, string[] patternTokens)
+    {
+        for (int i = 0; i < patternTokens.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (i >= subjectTokens.Length)
+                return false;
+
+            string pt = patternTokens[i];
+
+            // Full wildcard matches all remaining
+            if (pt == ">")
+                return true;
+
+            // Partial wildcard matches any single token
+            if (pt == "*")
+                continue;
+
+            // Literal comparison
+            if (subjectTokens[i] != pt)
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        // Both must be exhausted (unless pattern ended with >)
+        return subjectTokens.Length == patternTokens.Length;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Validates a subject and returns (valid, tokens, pwcCount, hasFwc).
+    /// Reference: Go subject_transform.go subjectInfo()
+    /// </summary>
+    private static (bool Valid, string[] Tokens, int PwcCount, bool HasFwc) SubjectInfo(string subject)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(subject))
+            return (false, [], 0, false);
+
+        string[] tokens = subject.Split('.');
+        int pwcCount = 0;
+        bool hasFwc = false;
+
+        foreach (string t in tokens)
+        {
+            if (t.Length == 0 || hasFwc)
+                return (false, [], 0, false);
+
+            if (t.Length == 1)
+            {
+                switch (t[0])
+                {
+                    case '>':
+                        hasFwc = true;
+                        break;
+                    case '*':
+                        pwcCount++;
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return (true, tokens, pwcCount, hasFwc);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Parses a single destination token into a transform operation descriptor.
+    /// Returns null on parse error.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static ParsedToken? ParseDestToken(string token)
+    {
+        if (token.Length <= 1)
+            return new ParsedToken(TransformType.None, [], -1, string.Empty);
+
+        // $N shorthand for wildcard(N)
+        if (token[0] == '$')
+        {
+            if (int.TryParse(token.AsSpan(1), out int idx))
+                return new ParsedToken(TransformType.Wildcard, [idx], -1, string.Empty);
+
+            // Other things rely on tokens starting with $ so not an error
+            return new ParsedToken(TransformType.None, [], -1, string.Empty);
+        }
+
+        // Mustache-style {{function(args)}}
+        if (token.Length > 4 && token[0] == '{' && token[1] == '{' && token[^2] == '}' && token[^1] == '}')
+        {
+            return ParseMustacheToken(token);
+        }
+
+        return new ParsedToken(TransformType.None, [], -1, string.Empty);
+    }
+
+    private static ParsedToken? ParseMustacheToken(string token)
+    {
+        // wildcard(n)
+        var args = GetFunctionArgs(WildcardRegex(), token);
+        if (args != null)
+        {
+            if (args.Length == 1 && args[0] == string.Empty)
+                return null; // Not enough args
+
+            if (args.Length == 1)
+            {
+                if (!int.TryParse(args[0].Trim(), out int idx))
+                    return null;
+                return new ParsedToken(TransformType.Wildcard, [idx], -1, string.Empty);
+            }
+
+            return null; // Too many args
+        }
+
+        // partition(num, tokens...)
+        args = GetFunctionArgs(PartitionRegex(), token);
+        if (args != null)
+        {
+            if (args.Length < 1)
+                return null;
+
+            if (args.Length == 1)
+            {
+                if (!TryParseInt32(args[0].Trim(), out int numBuckets))
+                    return null;
+                return new ParsedToken(TransformType.Partition, [], numBuckets, string.Empty);
+            }
+
+            // partition(num, tok1, tok2, ...)
+            if (!TryParseInt32(args[0].Trim(), out int buckets))
+                return null;
+
+            var indexes = new int[args.Length - 1];
+            for (int i = 1; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                if (!int.TryParse(args[i].Trim(), out indexes[i - 1]))
+                    return null;
+            }
+
+            return new ParsedToken(TransformType.Partition, indexes, buckets, string.Empty);
+        }
+
+        // splitFromLeft(token, position)
+        args = GetFunctionArgs(SplitFromLeftRegex(), token);
+        if (args != null)
+            return ParseIndexIntArgs(args, TransformType.SplitFromLeft);
+
+        // splitFromRight(token, position)
+        args = GetFunctionArgs(SplitFromRightRegex(), token);
+        if (args != null)
+            return ParseIndexIntArgs(args, TransformType.SplitFromRight);
+
+        // sliceFromLeft(token, size)
+        args = GetFunctionArgs(SliceFromLeftRegex(), token);
+        if (args != null)
+            return ParseIndexIntArgs(args, TransformType.SliceFromLeft);
+
+        // sliceFromRight(token, size)
+        args = GetFunctionArgs(SliceFromRightRegex(), token);
+        if (args != null)
+            return ParseIndexIntArgs(args, TransformType.SliceFromRight);
+
+        // right(token, length)
+        args = GetFunctionArgs(RightRegex(), token);
+        if (args != null)
+            return ParseIndexIntArgs(args, TransformType.Right);
+
+        // left(token, length)
+        args = GetFunctionArgs(LeftRegex(), token);
+        if (args != null)
+            return ParseIndexIntArgs(args, TransformType.Left);
+
+        // split(token, delimiter)
+        args = GetFunctionArgs(SplitRegex(), token);
+        if (args != null)
+        {
+            if (args.Length < 2)
+                return null;
+            if (args.Length > 2)
+                return null;
+
+            if (!int.TryParse(args[0].Trim(), out int idx))
+                return null;
+
+            string delimiter = args[1];
+            if (delimiter.Contains(' ') || delimiter.Contains('.'))
+                return null;
+
+            return new ParsedToken(TransformType.Split, [idx], -1, delimiter);
+        }
+
+        // Unknown function
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static ParsedToken? ParseIndexIntArgs(string[] args, TransformType type)
+    {
+        if (args.Length < 2)
+            return null;
+        if (args.Length > 2)
+            return null;
+
+        if (!int.TryParse(args[0].Trim(), out int idx))
+            return null;
+
+        if (!TryParseInt32(args[1].Trim(), out int intArg))
+            return null;
+
+        return new ParsedToken(type, [idx], intArg, string.Empty);
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryParseInt32(string s, out int result)
+    {
+        // Parse as long first to detect overflow
+        if (long.TryParse(s, out long longVal) && longVal >= 0 && longVal <= int.MaxValue)
+        {
+            result = (int)longVal;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        result = -1;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static string[]? GetFunctionArgs(Regex regex, string token)
+    {
+        var match = regex.Match(token);
+        if (match.Success && match.Groups.Count > 1)
+        {
+            string argsStr = match.Groups[1].Value;
+            return CommaSeparatorRegex().Split(argsStr);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // Regex patterns matching the Go reference implementation (case-insensitive function names)
+    [GeneratedRegex(@"\{\{\s*[wW]ildcard\s*\((.*)\)\s*\}\}")]
+    private static partial Regex WildcardRegex();
+
+    [GeneratedRegex(@"\{\{\s*[pP]artition\s*\((.*)\)\s*\}\}")]
+    private static partial Regex PartitionRegex();
+
+    [GeneratedRegex(@"\{\{\s*[sS]plit[fF]rom[lL]eft\s*\((.*)\)\s*\}\}")]
+    private static partial Regex SplitFromLeftRegex();
+
+    [GeneratedRegex(@"\{\{\s*[sS]plit[fF]rom[rR]ight\s*\((.*)\)\s*\}\}")]
+    private static partial Regex SplitFromRightRegex();
+
+    [GeneratedRegex(@"\{\{\s*[sS]lice[fF]rom[lL]eft\s*\((.*)\)\s*\}\}")]
+    private static partial Regex SliceFromLeftRegex();
+
+    [GeneratedRegex(@"\{\{\s*[sS]lice[fF]rom[rR]ight\s*\((.*)\)\s*\}\}")]
+    private static partial Regex SliceFromRightRegex();
+
+    [GeneratedRegex(@"\{\{\s*[sS]plit\s*\((.*)\)\s*\}\}")]
+    private static partial Regex SplitRegex();
+
+    [GeneratedRegex(@"\{\{\s*[lL]eft\s*\((.*)\)\s*\}\}")]
+    private static partial Regex LeftRegex();
+
+    [GeneratedRegex(@"\{\{\s*[rR]ight\s*\((.*)\)\s*\}\}")]
+    private static partial Regex RightRegex();
+
+    [GeneratedRegex(@",\s*")]
+    private static partial Regex CommaSeparatorRegex();
+
+    private enum TransformType
+    {
+        None,
+        Wildcard,
+        Partition,
+        Split,
+        SplitFromLeft,
+        SplitFromRight,
+        SliceFromLeft,
+        SliceFromRight,
+        Left,
+        Right,
+    }
+
+    private sealed record ParsedToken(TransformType Type, int[] WildcardIndexes, int IntArg, string StringArg);
+
+    private readonly record struct TransformOp(
+        TransformType Type,
+        int[] SourcePositions,
+        int IntArg,
+        string? StringArg)
+    {
+        public TransformOp(TransformType type) : this(type, [], -1, null)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Subscriptions/Subscription.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using NATS.Server;
+using NATS.Server.Imports;
 
 namespace NATS.Server.Subscriptions;
 
@@ -9,5 +10,7 @@ public sealed class Subscription
     public required string Sid { get; init; }
     public long MessageCount;  // Interlocked
     public long MaxMessages;   // 0 = unlimited
-    public NatsClient? Client { get; set; }
+    public INatsClient? Client { get; set; }
+    public ServiceImport? ServiceImport { get; set; }
+    public StreamImport? StreamImport { get; set; }
 }

src/NATS.Server/Tls/OcspConfig.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+namespace NATS.Server.Tls;
+
+// OcspMode mirrors the OCSPMode constants from the Go reference implementation (ocsp.go).
+// Auto   — staple only if the certificate contains the status_request TLS extension.
+// Always — always attempt stapling; warn but continue if the OCSP response cannot be obtained.
+// Must   — stapling is mandatory; fail server startup if the OCSP response cannot be obtained.
+// Never  — never attempt stapling regardless of certificate extensions.
+public enum OcspMode
+{
+    Auto   = 0,
+    Always = 1,
+    Must   = 2,
+    Never  = 3,
+}
+
+public sealed class OcspConfig
+{
+    public OcspMode Mode { get; init; } = OcspMode.Auto;
+    public string[] OverrideUrls { get; init; } = [];
+}

src/NATS.Server/Tls/PeekableStream.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+namespace NATS.Server.Tls;
+
+public sealed class PeekableStream : Stream
+{
+    private readonly Stream _inner;
+    private byte[]? _peekedBytes;
+    private int _peekedOffset;
+    private int _peekedCount;
+
+    public PeekableStream(Stream inner) => _inner = inner;
+
+    public async Task<byte[]> PeekAsync(int count, CancellationToken ct = default)
+    {
+        var buf = new byte[count];
+        int read = await _inner.ReadAsync(buf.AsMemory(0, count), ct);
+        if (read < count) Array.Resize(ref buf, read);
+        _peekedBytes = buf;
+        _peekedOffset = 0;
+        _peekedCount = read;
+        return buf;
+    }
+
+    public override async ValueTask<int> ReadAsync(Memory<byte> buffer, CancellationToken ct = default)
+    {
+        if (_peekedBytes != null && _peekedOffset < _peekedCount)
+        {
+            int available = _peekedCount - _peekedOffset;
+            int toCopy = Math.Min(available, buffer.Length);
+            _peekedBytes.AsMemory(_peekedOffset, toCopy).CopyTo(buffer);
+            _peekedOffset += toCopy;
+            if (_peekedOffset >= _peekedCount) _peekedBytes = null;
+            return toCopy;
+        }
+        return await _inner.ReadAsync(buffer, ct);
+    }
+
+    public override int Read(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count)
+    {
+        if (_peekedBytes != null && _peekedOffset < _peekedCount)
+        {
+            int available = _peekedCount - _peekedOffset;
+            int toCopy = Math.Min(available, count);
+            Array.Copy(_peekedBytes, _peekedOffset, buffer, offset, toCopy);
+            _peekedOffset += toCopy;
+            if (_peekedOffset >= _peekedCount) _peekedBytes = null;
+            return toCopy;
+        }
+        return _inner.Read(buffer, offset, count);
+    }
+
+    public override Task<int> ReadAsync(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count, CancellationToken ct)
+        => ReadAsync(buffer.AsMemory(offset, count), ct).AsTask();
+
+    // Write passthrough
+    public override void Write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count) => _inner.Write(buffer, offset, count);
+    public override Task WriteAsync(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count, CancellationToken ct) => _inner.WriteAsync(buffer, offset, count, ct);
+    public override ValueTask WriteAsync(ReadOnlyMemory<byte> buffer, CancellationToken ct = default) => _inner.WriteAsync(buffer, ct);
+    public override void Flush() => _inner.Flush();
+    public override Task FlushAsync(CancellationToken ct) => _inner.FlushAsync(ct);
+
+    // Required Stream overrides
+    public override bool CanRead => _inner.CanRead;
+    public override bool CanSeek => false;
+    public override bool CanWrite => _inner.CanWrite;
+    public override long Length => throw new NotSupportedException();
+    public override long Position { get => throw new NotSupportedException(); set => throw new NotSupportedException(); }
+    public override long Seek(long offset, SeekOrigin origin) => throw new NotSupportedException();
+    public override void SetLength(long value) => throw new NotSupportedException();
+
+    protected override void Dispose(bool disposing) { if (disposing) _inner.Dispose(); base.Dispose(disposing); }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Tls/TlsConnectionState.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Tls;
+
+public sealed record TlsConnectionState(
+    string? TlsVersion,
+    string? CipherSuite,
+    X509Certificate2? PeerCert
+);

src/NATS.Server/Tls/TlsConnectionWrapper.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+using System.Net.Security;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using NATS.Server.Protocol;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Tls;
+
+public static class TlsConnectionWrapper
+{
+    private const byte TlsRecordMarker = 0x16;
+
+    public static async Task<(Stream stream, bool infoAlreadySent)> NegotiateAsync(
+        Socket socket,
+        Stream networkStream,
+        NatsOptions options,
+        SslServerAuthenticationOptions? sslOptions,
+        ServerInfo serverInfo,
+        ILogger logger,
+        CancellationToken ct)
+    {
+        // Mode 1: No TLS
+        if (sslOptions == null || !options.HasTls)
+            return (networkStream, false);
+
+        // Clone to avoid mutating shared instance
+        serverInfo = new ServerInfo
+        {
+            ServerId = serverInfo.ServerId,
+            ServerName = serverInfo.ServerName,
+            Version = serverInfo.Version,
+            Proto = serverInfo.Proto,
+            Host = serverInfo.Host,
+            Port = serverInfo.Port,
+            Headers = serverInfo.Headers,
+            MaxPayload = serverInfo.MaxPayload,
+            ClientId = serverInfo.ClientId,
+            ClientIp = serverInfo.ClientIp,
+        };
+
+        // Mode 3: TLS First
+        if (options.TlsHandshakeFirst)
+            return await NegotiateTlsFirstAsync(socket, networkStream, options, sslOptions, serverInfo, logger, ct);
+
+        // Mode 2 & 4: Send INFO first, then decide
+        serverInfo.TlsRequired = !options.AllowNonTls;
+        serverInfo.TlsAvailable = options.AllowNonTls;
+        serverInfo.TlsVerify = options.TlsVerify;
+        await SendInfoAsync(networkStream, serverInfo, ct);
+
+        // Peek first byte to detect TLS
+        var peekable = new PeekableStream(networkStream);
+        var peeked = await PeekWithTimeoutAsync(peekable, 1, options.TlsTimeout, ct);
+
+        if (peeked.Length == 0)
+        {
+            // Client disconnected or timed out
+            return (peekable, true);
+        }
+
+        if (peeked[0] == TlsRecordMarker)
+        {
+            // Client is starting TLS
+            var sslStream = new SslStream(peekable, leaveInnerStreamOpen: false);
+            try
+            {
+                using var handshakeCts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(ct);
+                handshakeCts.CancelAfter(options.TlsTimeout);
+
+                await sslStream.AuthenticateAsServerAsync(sslOptions, handshakeCts.Token);
+                logger.LogDebug("TLS handshake complete: {Protocol} {CipherSuite}",
+                    sslStream.SslProtocol, sslStream.NegotiatedCipherSuite);
+
+                // Validate pinned certs
+                if (options.TlsPinnedCerts != null && sslStream.RemoteCertificate is X509Certificate2 remoteCert)
+                {
+                    if (!TlsHelper.MatchesPinnedCert(remoteCert, options.TlsPinnedCerts))
+                    {
+                        logger.LogWarning("Certificate pinning check failed");
+                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Certificate pinning check failed");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                sslStream.Dispose();
+                throw;
+            }
+
+            return (sslStream, true);
+        }
+
+        // Mode 4: Mixed — client chose plaintext
+        if (options.AllowNonTls)
+        {
+            logger.LogDebug("Client connected without TLS (mixed mode)");
+            return (peekable, true);
+        }
+
+        // TLS required but client sent plaintext
+        logger.LogWarning("TLS required but client sent plaintext data");
+        throw new InvalidOperationException("TLS required");
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<(Stream stream, bool infoAlreadySent)> NegotiateTlsFirstAsync(
+        Socket socket,
+        Stream networkStream,
+        NatsOptions options,
+        SslServerAuthenticationOptions sslOptions,
+        ServerInfo serverInfo,
+        ILogger logger,
+        CancellationToken ct)
+    {
+        // Wait for data with fallback timeout
+        var peekable = new PeekableStream(networkStream);
+        var peeked = await PeekWithTimeoutAsync(peekable, 1, options.TlsHandshakeFirstFallback, ct);
+
+        if (peeked.Length > 0 && peeked[0] == TlsRecordMarker)
+        {
+            // Client started TLS immediately — handshake first, then send INFO
+            var sslStream = new SslStream(peekable, leaveInnerStreamOpen: false);
+            try
+            {
+                using var handshakeCts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(ct);
+                handshakeCts.CancelAfter(options.TlsTimeout);
+
+                await sslStream.AuthenticateAsServerAsync(sslOptions, handshakeCts.Token);
+                logger.LogDebug("TLS-first handshake complete: {Protocol} {CipherSuite}",
+                    sslStream.SslProtocol, sslStream.NegotiatedCipherSuite);
+
+                // Validate pinned certs
+                if (options.TlsPinnedCerts != null && sslStream.RemoteCertificate is X509Certificate2 remoteCert)
+                {
+                    if (!TlsHelper.MatchesPinnedCert(remoteCert, options.TlsPinnedCerts))
+                    {
+                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Certificate pinning check failed");
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Now send INFO over encrypted stream
+                serverInfo.TlsRequired = true;
+                serverInfo.TlsVerify = options.TlsVerify;
+                await SendInfoAsync(sslStream, serverInfo, ct);
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                sslStream.Dispose();
+                throw;
+            }
+
+            return (sslStream, true);
+        }
+
+        // Fallback: timeout expired or non-TLS data — send INFO and negotiate normally
+        logger.LogDebug("TLS-first fallback: sending INFO");
+        serverInfo.TlsRequired = !options.AllowNonTls;
+        serverInfo.TlsAvailable = options.AllowNonTls;
+        serverInfo.TlsVerify = options.TlsVerify;
+        await SendInfoAsync(peekable, serverInfo, ct);
+
+        if (peeked.Length == 0)
+        {
+            // Timeout — INFO was sent, return stream for normal flow
+            return (peekable, true);
+        }
+
+        // Non-TLS data received during fallback window
+        if (options.AllowNonTls)
+        {
+            return (peekable, true);
+        }
+
+        // TLS required but got plaintext
+        throw new InvalidOperationException("TLS required but client sent plaintext");
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<byte[]> PeekWithTimeoutAsync(
+        PeekableStream stream, int count, TimeSpan timeout, CancellationToken ct)
+    {
+        using var cts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(ct);
+        cts.CancelAfter(timeout);
+        try
+        {
+            return await stream.PeekAsync(count, cts.Token);
+        }
+        catch (OperationCanceledException) when (!ct.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            // Timeout — not a cancellation of the outer token
+            return [];
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static async Task SendInfoAsync(Stream stream, ServerInfo serverInfo, CancellationToken ct)
+    {
+        var infoJson = JsonSerializer.Serialize(serverInfo);
+        var infoLine = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes($"INFO {infoJson}\r\n");
+        await stream.WriteAsync(infoLine, ct);
+        await stream.FlushAsync(ct);
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Tls/TlsHelper.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+using System.Net.Security;
+using System.Security.Authentication;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Tls;
+
+public static class TlsHelper
+{
+    public static X509Certificate2 LoadCertificate(string certPath, string? keyPath)
+    {
+        if (keyPath != null)
+            return X509Certificate2.CreateFromPemFile(certPath, keyPath);
+        return X509CertificateLoader.LoadCertificateFromFile(certPath);
+    }
+
+    public static X509Certificate2Collection LoadCaCertificates(string caPath)
+    {
+        var collection = new X509Certificate2Collection();
+        collection.ImportFromPemFile(caPath);
+        return collection;
+    }
+
+    public static SslServerAuthenticationOptions BuildServerAuthOptions(NatsOptions opts)
+    {
+        var cert = LoadCertificate(opts.TlsCert!, opts.TlsKey);
+        var authOpts = new SslServerAuthenticationOptions
+        {
+            ServerCertificate = cert,
+            EnabledSslProtocols = opts.TlsMinVersion,
+            ClientCertificateRequired = opts.TlsVerify,
+        };
+
+        if (opts.TlsVerify && opts.TlsCaCert != null)
+        {
+            var revocationMode = opts.OcspPeerVerify
+                ? X509RevocationMode.Online
+                : X509RevocationMode.NoCheck;
+
+            var caCerts = LoadCaCertificates(opts.TlsCaCert);
+            authOpts.RemoteCertificateValidationCallback = (_, cert, chain, errors) =>
+            {
+                if (cert == null) return false;
+                using var chain2 = new X509Chain();
+                chain2.ChainPolicy.TrustMode = X509ChainTrustMode.CustomRootTrust;
+                foreach (var ca in caCerts)
+                    chain2.ChainPolicy.CustomTrustStore.Add(ca);
+                chain2.ChainPolicy.RevocationMode = revocationMode;
+                var cert2 = cert as X509Certificate2 ?? X509CertificateLoader.LoadCertificate(cert.GetRawCertData());
+                return chain2.Build(cert2);
+            };
+        }
+        else if (opts.OcspPeerVerify)
+        {
+            // No custom CA — still enable online revocation checking against the system store
+            authOpts.RemoteCertificateValidationCallback = (_, cert, chain, errors) =>
+            {
+                if (cert == null) return false;
+                using var chain2 = new X509Chain();
+                chain2.ChainPolicy.RevocationMode = X509RevocationMode.Online;
+                var cert2 = cert as X509Certificate2 ?? X509CertificateLoader.LoadCertificate(cert.GetRawCertData());
+                return chain2.Build(cert2);
+            };
+        }
+
+        return authOpts;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Builds an <see cref="SslStreamCertificateContext"/> for OCSP stapling.
+    /// Returns null when TLS is not configured or OCSP mode is Never.
+    /// When <paramref name="offline"/> is false the runtime will contact the
+    /// certificate's OCSP responder to obtain a fresh stapled response.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static SslStreamCertificateContext? BuildCertificateContext(NatsOptions opts, bool offline = false)
+    {
+        if (!opts.HasTls) return null;
+        if (opts.OcspConfig is null || opts.OcspConfig.Mode == OcspMode.Never) return null;
+
+        var cert = LoadCertificate(opts.TlsCert!, opts.TlsKey);
+        var chain = new X509Certificate2Collection();
+        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(opts.TlsCaCert))
+            chain.ImportFromPemFile(opts.TlsCaCert);
+
+        return SslStreamCertificateContext.Create(cert, chain, offline: offline);
+    }
+
+    public static string GetCertificateHash(X509Certificate2 cert)
+    {
+        var spki = cert.PublicKey.ExportSubjectPublicKeyInfo();
+        var hash = SHA256.HashData(spki);
+        return Convert.ToHexStringLower(hash);
+    }
+
+    public static bool MatchesPinnedCert(X509Certificate2 cert, HashSet<string> pinned)
+    {
+        var hash = GetCertificateHash(cert);
+        return pinned.Contains(hash);
+    }
+}

src/NATS.Server/Tls/TlsRateLimiter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+namespace NATS.Server.Tls;
+
+public sealed class TlsRateLimiter : IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly SemaphoreSlim _semaphore;
+    private readonly Timer _refillTimer;
+    private readonly int _tokensPerSecond;
+
+    public TlsRateLimiter(long tokensPerSecond)
+    {
+        _tokensPerSecond = (int)Math.Max(1, tokensPerSecond);
+        _semaphore = new SemaphoreSlim(_tokensPerSecond, _tokensPerSecond);
+        _refillTimer = new Timer(Refill, null, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
+    }
+
+    private void Refill(object? state)
+    {
+        int toRelease = _tokensPerSecond - _semaphore.CurrentCount;
+        if (toRelease > 0) _semaphore.Release(toRelease);
+    }
+
+    public Task WaitAsync(CancellationToken ct) => _semaphore.WaitAsync(ct);
+
+    public void Dispose() { _refillTimer.Dispose(); _semaphore.Dispose(); }
+}

tests/NATS.Server.Tests/AccountResolverTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+using NATS.Server.Auth.Jwt;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Tests;
+
+public class AccountResolverTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Store_and_fetch_roundtrip()
+    {
+        var resolver = new MemAccountResolver();
+        const string nkey = "AABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ";
+        const string jwt = "eyJhbGciOiJlZDI1NTE5LW5rZXkiLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QifQ.payload.sig";
+
+        await resolver.StoreAsync(nkey, jwt);
+        var fetched = await resolver.FetchAsync(nkey);
+
+        fetched.ShouldBe(jwt);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Fetch_unknown_key_returns_null()
+    {
+        var resolver = new MemAccountResolver();
+
+        var result = await resolver.FetchAsync("UNKNOWN_NKEY");
+
+        result.ShouldBeNull();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Store_overwrites_existing_entry()
+    {
+        var resolver = new MemAccountResolver();
+        const string nkey = "AABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ";
+        const string originalJwt = "original.jwt.token";
+        const string updatedJwt = "updated.jwt.token";
+
+        await resolver.StoreAsync(nkey, originalJwt);
+        await resolver.StoreAsync(nkey, updatedJwt);
+        var fetched = await resolver.FetchAsync(nkey);
+
+        fetched.ShouldBe(updatedJwt);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void IsReadOnly_returns_false()
+    {
+        IAccountResolver resolver = new MemAccountResolver();
+
+        resolver.IsReadOnly.ShouldBeFalse();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Multiple_accounts_are_stored_independently()
+    {
+        var resolver = new MemAccountResolver();
+        const string nkey1 = "AABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ1";
+        const string nkey2 = "AABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ2";
+        const string jwt1 = "jwt.for.account.one";
+        const string jwt2 = "jwt.for.account.two";
+
+        await resolver.StoreAsync(nkey1, jwt1);
+        await resolver.StoreAsync(nkey2, jwt2);
+
+        (await resolver.FetchAsync(nkey1)).ShouldBe(jwt1);
+        (await resolver.FetchAsync(nkey2)).ShouldBe(jwt2);
+    }
+}