Merge master (75b7effb) into remed/lane-G1

Refs #743

Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01Ub9hGmYLQvn9XETzw7CMsT

.claude/rules/data-plane-auth.md

@@ -151,7 +151,9 @@ Two things to know before relying on any of this:
   array node is writable only when the driver can write the array (`DriverArrayWriteSupport`: Modbus bounded
   by `maxRegistersPerWrite`/coil cap, S7 non-Bool/non-wide types, OpcUaClient, Galaxy signed types **with a
   declared `arrayLength`** — an undeclared length stays read-only because a short whole-array write would
-  resize the Galaxy attribute); `arrayLength >= 1` is required, and the node's `Writable && (!IsArray ||
+  resize the Galaxy attribute; AbCip atomic non-BOOL types, AbLegacy Int/Long/Float on the matching data file
+  (no `/bit`/`.sub`/indirect/`S:`/`I:`/`O:`, not native PLC-5, ≤ 256), TwinCAT every codec type but a BOOL
+  bit-in-word path — #737/#738/#739; those three CONVERT elements, so they never key on an exact node type); `arrayLength >= 1` is required, and the node's `Writable && (!IsArray ||
   ArrayWritable)` is projected onto the raw node and every UNS mirror.
 - **Anonymous is a normal grantable principal**, not a bypass. `OpcUa:AllowAnonymous` (default `true`,
   preserving today's behaviour) controls *admission*; when admitted the session authenticates as the

docs/Uns.md

@@ -327,12 +327,23 @@ carried on the plan records (`RawTagPlan.ArrayWritable`, mirrored onto every UNS
 | **S7** | Yes | `Byte`/`Int16`/`UInt16`/`Int32`/`UInt32`/`Float32` (one contiguous block). Not `Bool` (would clobber neighbouring bits) nor the wide / String / DateTime types |
 | **OpcUaClient** | Yes | All — forwarded upstream unchanged; the upstream server decides (shape included) |
 | **Galaxy** | Yes | OPC UA `Boolean`/`Int32`/`Int64`/`Float`/`Double`/`String`/`DateTime` (the `MxValueEncoder` array variants) — **only with a declared `arrayLength`**: an undeclared length materialises an unbounded node, and a short whole-array write would *resize* the Galaxy attribute (mxaccessgw contract), so such a node stays read-only |
-| AB CIP, AB Legacy, TwinCAT, FOCAS, MQTT, MTConnect, Sql, Calculation | **No** — scalar-only write encoders; array nodes stay read-only and a client write is `BadNotWritable` | — |
+| **AB CIP** | Yes (#737) | `SInt`/`USInt`/`Int`/`UInt`/`DInt`/`UDInt`/`Real`/`Dt`/`LInt`/`ULInt`/`LReal` (`AbCipArrayCodec`, both transports). Not `Bool` (bit-packed DWORDs), `String` or `Structure`, nor a `safetyTag` |
+| **AB Legacy** | Yes (#738) | `Int`/`AnalogInt` on an N/B/A file, `Long` on an L file, `Float` on an F file — the encode width is the data file's, so a type that does not match its file stays read-only — on a plain `<file><number>:<word>` address, ≤ 256 elements. Not Bit / String / Timer / Counter / Control arrays, `/bit` or `.sub` addresses, indirect addresses, the `S:`/`I:`/`O:` files, nor any PLC-5 on the native transport |
+| **TwinCAT** | Yes (#739) | Every element type `TwinCATArrayCodec` lays out (numeric, `Bool`, `String`/`WString`, temporal); multi-dimensional PLC arrays are written row-major from the flat value. Not a BOOL bit-in-word path (`MAIN.Word.3`) |
+| FOCAS, MQTT, MTConnect, Sql, Calculation | **No** — scalar-only write encoders; array nodes stay read-only and a client write is `BadNotWritable` | — |
 
-Modbus, S7 and Galaxy additionally need a **declared length** — `isArray: true` *and* an integer
-`arrayLength >= 1`. The Modbus and S7 tag factories read anything else as a **scalar** tag (whose
-scalar encoder cannot take an array), even though the composer still materialises an array node;
-that node stays read-only.
+Every "Yes" driver but OpcUaClient additionally needs a **declared length** — `isArray: true` *and* an
+integer `arrayLength >= 1`. The tag factories read anything else as a **scalar** tag (whose scalar
+encoder cannot take an array), even though the composer still materialises an array node; that node
+stays read-only.
+
+**Elements convert; they are not exact-matched.** ScadaBridge writes CLR `int[]` / `List<int>` to Int16
+nodes: the node manager converts a numeric array to the node's element type, and the AB CIP, AB Legacy
+and TwinCAT encoders convert each element again to the controller's type (an element that does not fit
+is `BadOutOfRange`). Those rows therefore do not key on an exact node `DataType`; they leave out only
+node types whose elements never convert — a `DateTime` or `String` node over a numeric element, and a
+`Boolean` node on AB Legacy. An array tag deployed read-only before its driver gained an encoder turns
+writable on the next deploy (a surgical `ArrayWritable` update, no rebuild).
 
 Each "Yes" row is pinned against the driver's real encoder by a parity test in that driver's
 test project (`*ArrayWriteSupportParityTests`), so a driver gaining or losing an array encoder

docs/drivers/AbCip.md

@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ The driver has two interchangeable wire transports, selected by one `DriverConfi
   write, read back, restored byte-exact). A user-approved **native array-element write** followed: `Program:EM01_PowerUnit._SEQ_EP[31]`
   0→4242→0 (the array's only alias targets `[1]`, no routine indexes or block-copies it; all 32 elements snapshotted
   twice before, after the write and after the restore — only `[31]` changed). Still ab_server-only: whole-array
-  writes (the driver has none), libplctag member writes, and fragmented writes. #566 is answered (the controller drops TCP; see "A target-closed CIP connection"). Mixed STRING/array/scalar
+  writes (#737; see [1-D array support](#1-d-array-support)), libplctag member writes, and fragmented writes. #566 is answered (the controller drops TCP; see "A target-closed CIP connection"). Mixed STRING/array/scalar
   Multiple Service Packet reads (#582) are proven on the press (one 5-read MSP, values equal to single reads). Results:
   [native-ab-transport-gate-results](../plans/2026-10-07-native-ab-transport-gate-results.md).
 - **libplctag cannot be deleted yet.** Scalar, UDT-member and STRING native writes are proven on a CompactLogix
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ The driver has two interchangeable wire transports, selected by one `DriverConfi
   libplctag member-write path is `ab_server`-only. See [Member writes](#member-writes).
 - ⚠️ RESIDUAL (#567): wide-struct **fragmented writes** (8-byte alignment) are unit-tested only. A write fragments only
   above `MaxRequestBytes` (4000 B on a Large Forward Open), so it needs a ~4 KB value; Z-35162 has no safe one (a DINT[32]
-  or a STRING is a single Write Tag, and AbCip has no whole-array write anyway). It stays open until a bench controller
+  or a STRING is a single Write Tag — and a whole DINT[32] array write, #737, is 128 B). It stays open until a bench controller
   or an approved large scratch tag exists.
 - Native browse (#572, resolved in code): listing paging no longer assumes ascending instance order, pages
   are paced, and a browse's template reads share one lease. Observed on Z-35162 (2026-10-09, 41
@@ -361,7 +361,17 @@ integration fixture is down during normal dev (Docker host fixture currently off
 
 **Live-verify** — integration-fixture-gated (requires `ab_server` Docker fixture on `10.100.0.35:44818`).
 
-**Deferrals** — array *writes*, multi-dimensional arrays, per-element historization.  Safety-partition array tags (`SafetyTag: true`) are excluded (GuardLogix write constraints extend to array writes).
+**Array writes (#737, review 07 U10)** — a whole-array write of exactly `arrayLength` elements, encoded by
+`AbCipArrayCodec` little-endian at the element width on both transports. Element values **convert**
+(ScadaBridge writes `int[]` to INT arrays); a value that does not fit is `BadOutOfRange`, one that cannot convert
+`BadTypeMismatch`, a different length `BadOutOfRange`, all before anything is sent. The controller buffer must be
+width × count (else `BadTypeMismatch`, checked before sending). Writable element types: `SInt`/`USInt`/`Int`/`UInt`/
+`DInt`/`UDInt`/`Real`/`Dt`/`LInt`/`ULInt`/`LReal`. **BOOL arrays** (bit-packed DWORDs), **STRING** and **structure**
+arrays are refused `BadNotSupported`, so their nodes stay read-only (`DriverArrayWriteSupport`); so does a
+safety-partition array tag (`safetyTag: true`, `BadNotWritable`). An array deployed read-only before #737 turns
+writable on the next deploy (a surgical `ArrayWritable` update). Proven on `ab_server` only until the hardware gate runs.
+
+**Deferrals** — multi-dimensional arrays, per-element historization, whole-array writes on hardware.
 
 See [Uns.md §Array tags](../Uns.md#array-tags-1-d) for the cross-driver coverage matrix
 and the UI authoring flow.
@@ -454,8 +464,9 @@ when it is browse-committed in `/raw`, and that tag writes like any other atomic
   `writable` key. The node is writable only once the operator sets the raw tag to `ReadWrite` (the
   node-manager gate); an authored `"writable": false` still refuses at the driver (`BadNotWritable`). The
   browse's `SecurityClass` (members inherit the parent symbol's read-only bit) is not consulted by the
-  commit. An element of a member array is authored by hand as `Seg.Points[2]`; a whole member array is
-  not writable (AbCip has no array encoder, `DriverArrayWriteSupport`).
+  commit. An element of a member array is authored by hand as `Seg.Points[2]`; a whole member array of an
+  atomic type is writable as an array tag (`isArray` + `arrayLength`, #737), a BOOL / STRING / structure member
+  array is not (`DriverArrayWriteSupport`).
 - **The request names the member.** One CIP symbolic segment per member (plus an element segment), the
   member's own CIP type, the member's own bytes — never the parent UDT, never a hidden host. Pinned at the
   request-byte level by `NativeAbCipTagRuntimeTests.A_member_path_write_names_the_member_and_sends_only_its_own_bytes`

docs/drivers/AbLegacy.md

@@ -304,8 +304,18 @@ N values of the declared `AbLegacyDataType`.  Maximum element count is 256 (PCCC
 limit).
 
 This closes the previously-noted limitation ("single-element addressing today") for the
-array read path.  The opt-in native transport also writes multi-element arrays (chunked); on libplctag
-array *writes* remain a follow-up.
+array read path.
+
+**Array writes (#738, review 07 U10 / r0 I3)** — on both transports, a whole-array write encodes exactly
+`arrayLength` elements at the **data file's** element width (N / B / A words, L longs, F floats). Element values
+**convert** (ScadaBridge writes `int[]` to Int16 nodes); a length mismatch or an element that overflows is
+`BadOutOfRange`, a non-numeric value `BadTypeMismatch`, before any runtime exists. Writable: `Int` / `AnalogInt` on
+an N / B / A file, `Long` on an L file, `Float` on an F file, on a plain `<file><number>:<word>` address of at most
+256 elements. These nodes stay **read-only** (`DriverArrayWriteSupport`): Bit arrays (bit-packed words), String /
+Timer / Counter / Control arrays (rejected at `FromTagConfig`), `/bit` and `.sub` addresses, a type that does not
+match its file (`BadTypeMismatch`), any PLC-5 on the native transport (writes refused before the wire), the
+`S:` / `I:` / `O:` files (libplctag refuses their translated names), and — deliberately — indirect addresses, whose
+element moves with the index word. An array deployed read-only before #738 turns writable on the next deploy.
 
 **Unit test coverage** — `tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.AbLegacy.Tests/` covers
 the multi-element read path via the fake tag runtime.  The AB Legacy integration fixture is
@@ -313,8 +323,10 @@ down during normal dev.
 
 **Live-verify** — integration-fixture-gated (requires the AB Legacy Docker fixture).
 
-**Deferrals** — array *writes* on libplctag (the opt-in native transport writes them), multi-dimensional arrays, per-element historization.
-`arrayLength > 256` is rejected at init with an explicit error (PCCC payload cap).
+**Deferrals** — multi-dimensional arrays, per-element historization, array writes on hardware
+(`AbLegacyArrayWriteIntegrationTests` is green on `ab_server` and ready for a real controller via
+`AB_LEGACY_ARRAY_WRITE_BASE`).
+`arrayLength > 256` is clamped to 256 by the tag factory (PCCC payload cap), so such a node stays read-only.
 
 See [Uns.md §Array tags](../Uns.md#array-tags-1-d) for the cross-driver coverage matrix
 and the UI authoring flow.

docs/drivers/Mqtt.md

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ driver are pure organisational grouping in the RawPath.
     "HostId": "",                       // Host Application identity — spBv1.0/STATE/{HostId}
     "ActAsPrimaryHost": false,          // claim the primary host id (Primary-gated; see below)
     "RequestRebirthOnGap": true,        // a seq gap asks the edge node to re-announce (NCMD)
-    "BirthObservationWindowSeconds": 15 // how long discovery collects births before calling it stable
+    "BirthObservationWindowSeconds": 15 // how long the browse picker collects births before calling them stable
   }
 }
 ```
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ driver are pure organisational grouping in the RawPath.
 | `HostId` | `""` | Sparkplug Host Application identity — the `spBv1.0/STATE/{HostId}` topic. Optional for observation; **required** to claim. Set without `ActAsPrimaryHost`, the driver only observes |
 | `ActAsPrimaryHost` | `false` | Claim the Sparkplug Primary Host Application identity. **Primary-gated** — only the node holding the redundancy Primary role claims it. See [Primary host](#primary-host-actasprimaryhost) |
 | `RequestRebirthOnGap` | `true` | On a detected sequence-number gap, publish a rebirth-request NCMD instead of running on stale metric state |
-| `BirthObservationWindowSeconds` | `15` | Discovery's birth-collection window. Must be ≥ 1 |
+| `BirthObservationWindowSeconds` | `15` | The Sparkplug browse picker's birth-collection window, clamped to 1–120 s (R06:M-4). The open budget grows by it; the open lingers while NBIRTH/DBIRTH traffic is still arriving (returning after a 1 s quiet spell — an idle plant costs 1 s); and an operator **Request rebirth** waits, bounded by it and capped at 15 s (below the AdminUI's 20 s per-call timeout), for the births it asked for to arrive and go quiet for 500 ms, so the tree re-rendered afterwards carries them. A caller deadline during that wait still reports the publish. The runtime driver does not read it (its `DiscoverAsync` has no production caller — `SupportsOnlineDiscovery` is false) |
 
 `MqttDriverForm` authors all five in Sparkplug mode. The sub-object is **merged, never replaced** (a
 key a newer driver adds inside it survives an older AdminUI), and in `Plain` mode it is not touched at
@@ -249,7 +249,10 @@ One subscription (`spBv1.0/{GroupId}/#`) feeds a per-edge-node state machine
   [Structured metrics](#structured-metrics-template--dataset--propertyset).
 - **Unsupported datatypes are skipped with a warning, never guessed**: `PropertySetList`, `Unknown`,
   extension values, and any `Template`/`DataSet` that cannot be flattened honestly. `Int8`→`Int16` and
-  `UInt8`→`UInt16` widen; `*Array` variants map to the element type with the array bit set.
+  `UInt8`→`UInt16` widen; `*Array` variants map to the element type with the array bit set — but
+  **array metrics are not read in v1** (warned once, never fed), so the browse picker offers them, and any
+  metric whose type is unsupported, **without an address**: the browse-commit refuses them rather than
+  committing a tag that waits for initial data forever (R06:M-5).
 - **Ingest state is reset at every session/authoring seam** — a reconnect or a `ReinitializeAsync`
   must not carry a previous session's alias table into a new one.
 
@@ -408,9 +411,18 @@ value. `MqttConnection` therefore raises `MqttConnectRejectedException`:
   code. (`ServerMoved` is permanent, `UseAnotherServer` is temporary — per the MQTT 5 spec.)
 
 A reconnect that completes without re-subscribing would be a healthy-looking connection that receives
-nothing forever, so `OnReconnectedAsync` **throws** when zero filters are granted, tearing the session
-down rather than swallowing it. A SUBACK failure degrades just the affected RawPaths to
-`BadCommunicationError`.
+nothing forever, so `OnReconnectedAsync` **throws** when none of the previously live filters is granted
+(or the SUBSCRIBE gets no verdict), tearing the session down rather than swallowing it. A SUBACK failure
+degrades just the affected RawPaths to `BadCommunicationError`.
+
+**A failed SUBSCRIBE is retried, never forgotten (R06:M-1).** Every topic whose SUBSCRIBE was refused or got
+no verdict joins a *pending* set that the next `SubscribeAsync` and every reconnect re-request; a grant moves
+it to the live set, and a redeploy that drops its tags drops it. Pending topics do not count toward the
+reconnect's total-failure verdict, so one ACL-denied topic cannot reconnect-loop the driver. A plain-mode
+`SubscribeAsync` whose SUBSCRIBE got **no verdict at all** (transport throw, SUBSCRIBE deadline) degrades its
+refs and then **throws**, so `DriverInstanceActor` holds no handle and its health-tick reconcile re-subscribes;
+a SUBACK *refusal* still returns a handle (the broker answered). A subscribe issued with no transport attached
+records its topics as pending, never as established (M-11).
 
 There are **two** kinds of reconnect and only one of them fires that callback. A drop the connection's
 own supervisor recovers keeps the same `MqttConnection`, so `Reconnected` → `OnReconnectedAsync`
@@ -479,6 +491,11 @@ with their real type; a birth type the encoder cannot represent (any `*Array`, D
 matters and is deliberately not configurable: a retained command would be replayed by the broker to the device on *every* future
 subscribe — including the device's own reconnect — so one stale write would be re-applied forever.
 
+**A batch publishes concurrently, one topic at a time (R06:M-8).** Writes to *different* topics in one
+`WriteAsync` go out together, at most 8 in flight, so a stalled broker costs a batch about one publish deadline
+rather than one per request; writes to the *same* topic stay sequential in request order, so the last one wins.
+A PUBACKed (QoS 1) publish advances `LastSuccessfulRead` like an inbound message; a QoS 0 Sparkplug command does not, because its completion only means the bytes left the local socket.
+
 **Plain QoS 1 is at-least-once.** Know the consequences before pointing a Plain `writeTopic` at a non-idempotent
 device topic:
 

docs/drivers/Sql.md

@@ -166,6 +166,24 @@ emits a `SqlQueryPlan` per distinct group key. Grouping is deterministic (groups
 order of their first member, members keep their input order, parameters keep first-appearance order),
 so an unchanged configuration produces byte-identical SQL.
 
+**Every key-value and where-pair query is row-capped (R06:S-1).** A key-value plan reads at most twice as
+many rows as it has distinct keys and asks for one more (`TOP (2n+1)` / `LIMIT 2n+1` / `FETCH FIRST 2n+1 ROWS
+ONLY`); a where-pair wide-row plan asks for two. The reader stops there even if a provider ignores the limit.
+
+- **A duplicated key is refused per key.** When a key comes back more than once, only the tags on THAT key
+  publish `BadConfigurationError`; every other key in the group reads normally, whatever else is present or
+  absent. (Before this, a duplicate was last-row-wins Good.)
+- **A gross excess fails the group.** Receiving the extra row past the cap means a history/events table or a
+  non-unique where column, which cannot be attributed because the rest is unread, so every member of the group
+  publishes `BadConfigurationError`. For a where-pair any second row is this case.
+- Each case logs a per-plan rate-limited warning naming the table and the selector (or an example key).
+  `topByTimestamp` keeps its single-row limit.
+- **Upgrade note:** a deployment whose key-value source carries stray duplicate rows, or whose where column is
+  not unique, will see those tags go Bad where they used to read an arbitrary row at Good.
+
+Every such refusal, like the other refusals (absent row, NULL cell, uncoercible cell), is the database
+answering: it advances `LastSuccessfulRead` and restores `Healthy` after a comms fault.
+
 ⚠️ **Group keys are case-sensitive on identifiers.** Two tags authored `dbo.T` and `DBO.T` plan as
 **two** groups — one extra round-trip, not a correctness problem, but worth knowing if a group count
 looks higher than expected.

docs/drivers/TwinCAT.md

@@ -362,6 +362,20 @@ element-typed CLR array (`bool[]`, `sbyte[]`, `byte[]`, `short[]`, `ushort[]`, `
   down (found live, below). A bit outside the parent's width, or a bit of a non-integer parent,
   is refused with `BadTypeMismatch`.
 
+### Array writes (#739, review 07 U9)
+
+An array node is **writable** (`DriverArrayWriteSupport`) for every element type the codec lays out —
+numeric, `Bool` (one byte per element, as TwinCAT stores a BOOL array), `STRING`/`WSTRING` and the temporal
+types. The write takes exactly `arrayLength` elements and **converts** each one (`ConvertForWrite`; ScadaBridge
+writes `int[]` to an Int16 node); a length mismatch or an out-of-range element is `BadOutOfRange` and a scalar
+value `BadTypeMismatch`, before any wire traffic. `WriteArrayAsync` then plans the layout from the resolved PLC
+array with the same `CheckArray` the read uses and encodes with `TwinCATArrayCodec.Encode` (the inverse of the
+decode); a shorter `arrayLength` writes the leading sub-range, and a multi-dimensional PLC array is written
+row-major from the flat 1-D value. A BOOL **bit-in-word** path (`MAIN.Word.3`) stays read-only as an array: it is a
+scalar bit write. Under a `DateTime` node only `DATE`/`DT`/`WSTRING` elements are writable, and under a `String`
+node only `STRING`/`WSTRING` (other conversions would depend on the text). An array deployed read-only before #739
+turns writable on the next deploy. Unit- and XAR-gate-tested; real-hardware proof is pending.
+
 ### Notification size cap
 
 ADS documents no notification size limit, and a live TwinCAT 2.11 target registered and

src/Core/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Core.Abstractions/DriverArrayWriteSupport.cs

@@ -35,12 +35,39 @@ namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Core.Abstractions;
 ///             DateTime — and only with a declared <c>arrayLength</c>: an undeclared length materialises an
 ///             unbounded node, and a short whole-array write to it would RESIZE the Galaxy attribute (the
 ///             mxaccessgw <c>gateway.md</c> contract), which is never what a client meant.</item>
-///         <item>Everything else (AbCip, AbLegacy, TwinCAT, FOCAS, MQTT, MTConnect, Sql, Calculation) — scalar
-///             write encoders only; array nodes stay read-only.</item>
+///         <item><b>AbCip</b> — <c>dataType</c> SInt / USInt / Int / UInt / DInt / UDInt / Real / Dt / LInt / ULInt /
+///             LReal (<c>AbCipArrayCodec</c>, both transports), and not a <c>safetyTag</c>. BOOL arrays (bit-packed
+///             DWORDs), STRING and structure arrays have no array encoder.</item>
+///         <item><b>AbLegacy</b> — <c>dataType</c> Int / AnalogInt on an N / B / A file, Long on an L file, Float
+///             on an F file (the encode width is the DATA FILE's; a type that does not match its file is refused),
+///             on a plain <c>&lt;file&gt;&lt;number&gt;:&lt;word&gt;</c> address of at most 256 elements (the PCCC
+///             file ceiling the factory clamps to). Refused and so left out: Bit arrays (bit-packed words), String /
+///             Timer / Counter / Control arrays (structured; the factory rejects them), <c>/bit</c> and <c>.sub</c>
+///             addresses, a PLC-5 device on the native transport (every PLC-5 write is refused before the wire), and
+///             the <c>S:</c> / <c>I:</c> / <c>O:</c> files (libplctag refuses their translated names). Indirect
+///             addresses (<c>N7:[N7:0]</c>) are kept read-only deliberately: the element moves with the index word
+///             and the index read is not atomic with the write.</item>
+///         <item><b>TwinCAT</b> — every element type <c>TwinCATArrayCodec</c> lays out (all but Structure, which
+///             the factory refuses), STRING / WSTRING included, except a BOOL bit-in-word path
+///             (<c>MAIN.Word.3</c>), which is a scalar bit write. A multi-dimensional PLC array is written row-major
+///             from the flat 1-D value. The PLC-side shape (element width, declared length ≤ the PLC's) is checked
+///             against the resolved symbol at write time, which no compose-time table can know.</item>
+///         <item>Everything else (FOCAS, MQTT, MTConnect, Sql, Calculation) — scalar write encoders only; array
+///             nodes stay read-only.</item>
 ///     </list>
-///     <para>Modbus, S7 and Galaxy require a declared length — <c>isArray: true</c> AND an integer
-///     <c>arrayLength &gt;= 1</c>. The Modbus and S7 tag factories treat anything else as a SCALAR tag (whose
+///     <para>Modbus, S7, Galaxy, AbCip, AbLegacy and TwinCAT require a declared length — <c>isArray: true</c> AND
+///     an integer <c>arrayLength &gt;= 1</c>. Their tag factories treat anything else as a SCALAR tag (whose
 ///     scalar encoder cannot take an array value), though the composer still materialises an array node.</para>
+///     <para><b>Elements convert; they are not exact-matched.</b> ScadaBridge writes CLR arrays such as
+///     <c>int[]</c> / <c>List&lt;int&gt;</c> to Int16 nodes; the node manager converts a numeric array to the
+///     node's element type, and the AbCip, AbLegacy and TwinCAT encoders then <c>Convert</c> each element to the
+///     controller's type (an element that does not fit is <c>BadOutOfRange</c>). So those rows do not key on an
+///     exact node <c>DataType</c>; they leave out only the node types whose elements NEVER convert: a
+///     <c>DateTime</c> or <c>String</c> node over a numeric element (AbCip, AbLegacy, TwinCAT — TwinCAT keeps
+///     DATE / DT and WSTRING under a DateTime node, and STRING / WSTRING under a String node; a DateTime's text
+///     form is culture-dependent, so a STRING under a DateTime node is left out), and a <c>Boolean</c> node on
+///     AbLegacy, whose encoder refuses bool elements. An unknown DataType name (served as BaseDataType) hands the
+///     driver whatever the client sent and is not refused.</para>
 ///     <para>Multi-dimensional arrays (<c>ValueRank &gt; 1</c>) are out of scope altogether — every array node
 ///     is materialised 1-D (<c>ValueRank = OneDimension</c>), so nothing here considers more than one rank.</para>
 /// </summary>
@@ -72,6 +99,34 @@ public static class DriverArrayWriteSupport
         "Boolean", "Int32", "Int64", "Float", "Double", "String", "DateTime",
     };
 
+    // AbCipArrayCodec.ElementWidth: the atomic element types with a fixed wire width.
+    private static readonly HashSet<string> AbCipArrayTypes = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+    {
+        "SInt", "USInt", "Int", "UInt", "DInt", "UDInt", "Real", "Dt", "LInt", "ULInt", "LReal",
+    };
+
+    /// <summary>The PCCC data-file element count ceiling (<c>AbLegacyArray.MaxElements</c>): the AbLegacy tag
+    /// factory CLAMPS a longer <c>arrayLength</c> to it, so a node of the authored (longer) length never matches.</summary>
+    public const int AbLegacyMaxArrayElements = 256;
+
+    // AbLegacyTagDefinitionFactory.ArrayFileElementType for the files the table admits, keyed by file letter, to the
+    // authored element types that match that file's width (ArrayFileMismatch). I / O / S are deliberately absent:
+    // libplctag refuses a write to their translated names, and the table does not widen output-image / status-file
+    // writes on the native transport alone.
+    private static readonly Dictionary<string, string[]> AbLegacyFileElementTypes = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+    {
+        ["N"] = ["Int", "AnalogInt"], ["B"] = ["Int", "AnalogInt"], ["A"] = ["Int", "AnalogInt"],
+        ["L"] = ["Long"],
+        ["F"] = ["Float"],
+    };
+
+    // TwinCATArrayCodec.Encode: every TwinCATDataType but Structure (which the factory refuses outright).
+    private static readonly HashSet<string> TwinCATArrayTypes = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+    {
+        "Bool", "SInt", "USInt", "Int", "UInt", "DInt", "UDInt", "LInt", "ULInt", "Real", "LReal",
+        "String", "WString", "Time", "Date", "DateTime", "TimeOfDay",
+    };
+
     /// <summary>
     ///     Whether a driver of <paramref name="driverType"/> can write a 1-D array tag of the given shape.
     /// </summary>
@@ -119,11 +174,150 @@ public static class DriverArrayWriteSupport
                 var native = ReadEnumName(root, "dataType") ?? "Int16";
                 return S7ArrayTypes.Contains(native);
             }
+            case DriverTypeNames.AbCip:
+                return AbCipSupports(dataType, tagConfig);
+            case DriverTypeNames.AbLegacy:
+                return AbLegacySupports(dataType, tagConfig, driverConfigs);
+            case DriverTypeNames.TwinCAT:
+                return TwinCATSupports(dataType, tagConfig);
             default:
                 return false;
         }
     }
 
+    // AbCipTagDefinitionFactory + AbCipDriver.WriteAsync: a non-blank string tagPath, an atomic element type the codec
+    // has a width for (BOOL arrays are bit-packed DWORDs, STRING / structure elements are structures), a declared
+    // length, and not a safety tag (refused BadNotWritable). Each element is CONVERTED, so any numeric / Boolean node
+    // type works; DateTime and (non-numeric) String elements never convert to a Logix integer or REAL.
+    private static bool AbCipSupports(string? dataType, string? tagConfig)
+    {
+        if (!TryParseObject(tagConfig, out var root) || !HasNonBlankString(root, "tagPath")
+            || ReadArrayLength(root) is null
+            || (root.TryGetProperty("safetyTag", out var safety) && safety.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.True))
+            return false;
+        var native = ReadEnumName(root, "dataType")?.Trim() ?? "DInt";
+        return AbCipArrayTypes.Contains(native) && dataType is not ("String" or "DateTime");
+    }
+
+    // AbLegacyTagDefinitionFactory + AbLegacyDriver.WriteAsync: a flat Int / AnalogInt / Long / Float array on a plain
+    // `<file><number>:<word>` address whose data file's element width matches (ArrayFileMismatch); no /bit, no .sub,
+    // no indirect [..] address; at most 256 elements (the factory clamps a longer length, so the node never matches);
+    // and not a PLC-5 on the native transport (refused before the wire). Elements CONVERT from any numeric node type;
+    // bool, string and DateTime elements are refused.
+    private static bool AbLegacySupports(string? dataType, string? tagConfig, string?[]? driverConfigs)
+    {
+        if (!TryParseObject(tagConfig, out var root)
+            || !root.TryGetProperty("address", out var addressEl) || addressEl.ValueKind != JsonValueKind.String
+            || ReadArrayLength(root) is not { } count || count > AbLegacyMaxArrayElements
+            || dataType is "Boolean" or "String" or "DateTime")
+            return false;
+        var native = ReadEnumName(root, "dataType")?.Trim() ?? "Int";
+        if (!TryParsePlainPcccAddress(addressEl.GetString(), out var fileLetter)
+            || !AbLegacyFileElementTypes.TryGetValue(fileLetter, out var matching)
+            || !matching.Contains(native, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            return false;
+        return !AbLegacyIsNativePlc5(driverConfigs);
+    }
+
+    // `<letters><digits>:<digits>` and nothing else (trimmed) — what AbLegacyAddress.TryParse yields with no bit
+    // index, no sub-element and no indirection, for the file letters that carry a file number.
+    private static bool TryParsePlainPcccAddress(string? address, out string fileLetter)
+    {
+        fileLetter = "";
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(address)) return false;
+        var src = address.Trim();
+        var colon = src.IndexOf(':');
+        if (colon <= 0) return false;
+        var letterEnd = 0;
+        while (letterEnd < colon && char.IsAsciiLetter(src[letterEnd])) letterEnd++;
+        if (letterEnd == 0 || letterEnd == colon) return false; // no letter, or no file number
+        var fileNumber = src[letterEnd..colon];
+        var word = src[(colon + 1)..];
+        if (!fileNumber.All(char.IsAsciiDigit) || !int.TryParse(fileNumber, out _)
+            || word.Length == 0 || !word.All(char.IsAsciiDigit) || !int.TryParse(word, out _))
+            return false;
+        fileLetter = src[..letterEnd];
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // Conservative: ANY config naming the native transport AND ANY config naming a PLC-5 (a root `plcFamily`, as a
+    // DeviceConfig carries it, or one in a `devices` array, as a DriverConfig carries it). Keys and values are matched
+    // case-insensitively, like the driver's DTO binding and enum parse. An absent transport is libplctag for every
+    // family (AbLegacyTransportResolver), which writes PLC-5.
+    private static bool AbLegacyIsNativePlc5(string?[]? driverConfigs)
+    {
+        var native = false;
+        var plc5 = false;
+        foreach (var config in driverConfigs ?? [])
+        {
+            if (!TryParseObject(config, out var root)) continue;
+            foreach (var prop in root.EnumerateObject())
+            {
+                if (IsNamed(prop, "transport") && IsStringValue(prop.Value, "Native")) native = true;
+                else if (IsNamed(prop, "plcFamily") && IsStringValue(prop.Value, "Plc5")) plc5 = true;
+                else if (IsNamed(prop, "devices") && prop.Value.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Array)
+                {
+                    foreach (var device in prop.Value.EnumerateArray())
+                    {
+                        if (device.ValueKind != JsonValueKind.Object) continue;
+                        foreach (var dp in device.EnumerateObject())
+                            if (IsNamed(dp, "plcFamily") && IsStringValue(dp.Value, "Plc5")) plc5 = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return native && plc5;
+    }
+
+    // TwinCATTagDefinitionFactory + TwinCATDriver.WriteAsync: a non-blank string symbolPath, a declared length, any
+    // element type the codec lays out (not Structure, which the factory refuses), and not a BOOL bit-in-word path
+    // (`MAIN.Word.3`: a scalar bit write, which an array value cannot feed). Elements CONVERT. A String node only feeds
+    // a STRING / WSTRING element (anything else would depend on the text happening to parse). A DateTime node only
+    // feeds a DATE / DT element or a WSTRING: its text form is CULTURE-dependent and may carry characters a STRING's
+    // strict Windows-1252 encoding refuses (ICU's en-US "12:00:00 PM").
+    private static bool TwinCATSupports(string? dataType, string? tagConfig)
+    {
+        if (!TryParseObject(tagConfig, out var root) || !HasNonBlankString(root, "symbolPath")
+            || ReadArrayLength(root) is null)
+            return false;
+        var native = ReadEnumName(root, "dataType")?.Trim() ?? "DInt";
+        if (!TwinCATArrayTypes.Contains(native)) return false;
+        var isWString = native.Equals("WString", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        var isString = isWString || native.Equals("String", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        var isDate = native.Equals("Date", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) || native.Equals("DateTime", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        if (dataType == "String" && !isString) return false;
+        if (dataType == "DateTime" && !isWString && !isDate) return false;
+        return !(native.Equals("Bool", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                 && HasTwinCATBitSuffix(root.GetProperty("symbolPath").GetString()!));
+    }
+
+    // TwinCATSymbolPath.TryParse's bit-index rule: a last top-level `.` segment of 0..31 with no `[`, behind at least
+    // one other segment (a TwinCAT 2 global's leading dot belongs to its root segment).
+    private static bool HasTwinCATBitSuffix(string symbolPath)
+    {
+        var src = symbolPath.Trim();
+        if (src.StartsWith('.')) src = src[1..];
+        var depth = 0;
+        var lastDot = -1;
+        for (var i = 0; i < src.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (src[i] == '[') depth++;
+            else if (src[i] == ']') depth--;
+            else if (src[i] == '.' && depth == 0) lastDot = i;
+        }
+        if (lastDot < 0) return false;
+        var last = src[(lastDot + 1)..];
+        return int.TryParse(last, out var bit) && bit is >= 0 and <= 31 && !last.Contains('[');
+    }
+
+    private static bool HasNonBlankString(JsonElement root, string name) =>
+        root.TryGetProperty(name, out var el) && el.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.String && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(el.GetString());
+
+    private static bool IsNamed(JsonProperty prop, string name) => string.Equals(prop.Name, name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+
+    private static bool IsStringValue(JsonElement el, string value) =>
+        el.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.String && string.Equals(el.GetString()?.Trim(), value, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+
     /// <summary>
     ///     Whether a driver of <paramref name="driverType"/> is known to REFUSE an
     ///     array value written to one of its SCALAR tags, so the node manager may refuse such a write inline

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt.Browser/MqttBrowseSession.cs

@@ -149,6 +149,16 @@ internal sealed class MqttBrowseSession : IRebirthCapableBrowseSession
     /// </summary>
     private static readonly UTF8Encoding Utf8Strict = new(encoderShouldEmitUTF8Identifier: false, throwOnInvalidBytes: true);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Ceiling on the rebirth request's wait, below the AdminUI's 20 s <c>BrowserSessionService.PerCallTimeout</c>
+    ///     (review minor 4): a configured window above it could never take effect there, and a rebirth aimed at an
+    ///     offline edge node must not hold the operator's button for the whole window.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static readonly TimeSpan MaxRebirthWait = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15);
+
+    /// <summary>The quiet spell that ends a rebirth request's wait once its births have started arriving.</summary>
+    private static readonly TimeSpan RebirthQuietInterval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
+
     /// <summary>Bound on the courtesy DISCONNECT issued at dispose — teardown never hangs on a dead broker.</summary>
     private static readonly TimeSpan DisconnectTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5);
 
@@ -174,6 +184,7 @@ internal sealed class MqttBrowseSession : IRebirthCapableBrowseSession
     private readonly ConcurrentQueue<string> _publishedTopics = new();
 
     private int _disposed;
+    private long _birthCount;
     private long _lastUsedTicksUtc = DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks;
     private int _nodeCount;
     private int _oversized;
@@ -195,9 +206,16 @@ internal sealed class MqttBrowseSession : IRebirthCapableBrowseSession
     /// <param name="client">The connected MQTT client; disconnected and disposed by <see cref="DisposeAsync"/>.</param>
     /// <param name="logger">Optional logger; never receives credentials or payload bodies.</param>
     /// <param name="nodeCap">Cap on recorded nodes; defaults to <see cref="DefaultNodeCap"/>.</param>
-    internal MqttBrowseSession(MqttMode mode, IMqttClient? client, ILogger? logger, int nodeCap = DefaultNodeCap)
+    /// <param name="birthWindow">
+    ///     The Sparkplug birth-observation window: how long <see cref="RequestRebirthAsync"/> waits for the
+    ///     births it asked for. <see cref="TimeSpan.Zero"/> (the test default) returns as soon as the NCMDs
+    ///     are published.
+    /// </param>
+    internal MqttBrowseSession(
+        MqttMode mode, IMqttClient? client, ILogger? logger, int nodeCap = DefaultNodeCap, TimeSpan birthWindow = default)
     {
         Mode = mode;
+        BirthWindow = birthWindow;
         _client = client;
         _logger = logger;
         _nodeCap = nodeCap;
@@ -211,6 +229,59 @@ internal sealed class MqttBrowseSession : IRebirthCapableBrowseSession
     /// </summary>
     internal int PublishCountForTest => Volatile.Read(ref _publishCount);
 
+    /// <summary>The Sparkplug birth-observation window this session was opened with (R06:M-4).</summary>
+    internal TimeSpan BirthWindow { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>How long a rebirth request waits for its births: the window, capped at <see cref="MaxRebirthWait"/>.</summary>
+    internal TimeSpan RebirthWait => BirthWindow < MaxRebirthWait ? BirthWindow : MaxRebirthWait;
+
+    /// <summary>How many NBIRTH/DBIRTH messages this session has observed — the settle loop's signal.</summary>
+    internal long BirthCount => Interlocked.Read(ref _birthCount);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Waits until birth traffic has gone quiet for one <paramref name="quiet"/> interval, bounded by
+    ///     <paramref name="window"/> — the <c>UntilStable</c> cadence of the birth-observation window.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="birthCount">Reads the running birth count.</param>
+    /// <param name="baseline">The count before the wait began.</param>
+    /// <param name="awaitFirstBirth">
+    ///     When true, quiet only counts once at least one birth has arrived past <paramref name="baseline"/>
+    ///     — the shape a rebirth request needs, since its answer takes a broker round-trip to arrive.
+    /// </param>
+    /// <param name="quiet">The quiet spell that ends the wait.</param>
+    /// <param name="window">The hard ceiling; non-positive returns at once.</param>
+    /// <param name="cancellationToken">Cancels the wait.</param>
+    /// <returns>A task that completes when the births have settled or the window has elapsed.</returns>
+    internal static async Task SettleBirthsAsync(
+        Func<long> birthCount,
+        long baseline,
+        bool awaitFirstBirth,
+        TimeSpan quiet,
+        TimeSpan window,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (window <= TimeSpan.Zero) return;
+
+        var clock = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.StartNew();
+        var last = baseline;
+        var sawBirth = !awaitFirstBirth;
+        while (clock.Elapsed < window)
+        {
+            var step = window - clock.Elapsed;
+            await Task.Delay(step < quiet ? step : quiet, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+            var now = birthCount();
+            if (now != last)
+            {
+                last = now;
+                sawBirth = true;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (sawBirth) return;
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <summary>The topics this session published, in order — the discriminating view of the above.</summary>
     internal IReadOnlyList<string> PublishedTopicsForTest => [.. _publishedTopics];
 
@@ -380,16 +451,25 @@ internal sealed class MqttBrowseSession : IRebirthCapableBrowseSession
         var mapped = metric.DataType?.ToDriverDataType();
         var sparkplugName = metric.DataType?.ToString() ?? nameof(SparkplugDataType.Unknown);
 
+        var isArray = metric.DataType?.IsSparkplugArray() ?? false;
+
         var descriptor = new StringBuilder(metric.BirthType.ToString()).Append(" · ").Append(sparkplugName);
         if (metric.Alias is { } alias) descriptor.Append(" · alias ").Append(alias);
         if (mapped is null) descriptor.Append(" · unsupported in v1 — not bindable");
+        else if (isArray) descriptor.Append(" · array metrics are not read in v1 — not bindable");
+
+        // Unbindable = the ingestor refuses it: an unmapped type, or ANY array variant (SparkplugIngestor
+        // gates on the array bit and never feeds the tag). Such a leaf states NO address, so the
+        // browse-commit refuses it at commit instead of writing a tag that sits at
+        // BadWaitingForInitialData forever (R06:M-5). Labelling it alone was not enough — it still bound.
+        var bindable = mapped is not null && !isArray;
 
         return new AttributeInfo(
             metric.Name,
             mapped?.ToString() ?? sparkplugName,
-            metric.DataType?.IsSparkplugArray() ?? false,
+            isArray,
             descriptor.ToString(),
-            AddressFields: BuildMetricAddressFields(metric.Name, scope));
+            AddressFields: bindable ? BuildMetricAddressFields(metric.Name, scope) : null);
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -557,6 +637,8 @@ internal sealed class MqttBrowseSession : IRebirthCapableBrowseSession
         if (!SparkplugTopic.TryParse(topic, out var parsed)) return;
         if (parsed.Type is not (SparkplugMessageType.NBIRTH or SparkplugMessageType.DBIRTH)) return;
 
+        Interlocked.Increment(ref _birthCount);
+
         // The bound has to be on the whole message: unlike a plain payload, a birth must be parsed
         // entire to yield its metric list, and the parse runs on the shared dispatcher thread.
         if (payload.Length > MaxBirthPayloadBytes)
@@ -898,6 +980,7 @@ internal sealed class MqttBrowseSession : IRebirthCapableBrowseSession
         ArgumentException.ThrowIfNullOrWhiteSpace(scope);
 
         var targets = ResolveRebirthTargets(scope);
+        var baseline = BirthCount;
 
         foreach (var (groupId, edgeNodeId) in targets)
         {
@@ -908,6 +991,20 @@ internal sealed class MqttBrowseSession : IRebirthCapableBrowseSession
                 .ConfigureAwait(false);
         }
 
+        // The birth-observation window (R06:M-4): wait — bounded — for the births just asked for to arrive
+        // and settle, so the tree the picker re-renders after this call already carries them. A courtesy,
+        // never a failure: the NCMDs are out, so a caller deadline here still reports the publish.
+        try
+        {
+            await SettleBirthsAsync(
+                    () => BirthCount, baseline, awaitFirstBirth: true, RebirthQuietInterval, RebirthWait, cancellationToken)
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+        catch (OperationCanceledException)
+        {
+            // Published; the caller simply stopped waiting for the answer.
+        }
+
         Touch();
         return targets.Count;
     }

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt.Browser/MqttDriverBrowser.cs

@@ -39,6 +39,15 @@ public sealed class MqttDriverBrowser : IDriverBrowser
     /// <summary>Ceiling on the open budget — the picker must never hang on an unreachable broker.</summary>
     internal const int MaxOpenBudgetSeconds = 30;
 
+    /// <summary>Ceiling on the Sparkplug birth-observation window — an authored hour must not park a picker.</summary>
+    internal const int MaxBirthWindowSeconds = 120;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     How long the open waits for a quiet spell in birth traffic before handing the session back. An
+    ///     idle plant (births are never retained) costs exactly this, once.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static readonly TimeSpan BirthQuietInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1);
+
     /// <summary>Marks the transient browse identity in the broker's client-id/session logs.</summary>
     internal const string BrowseClientIdPrefix = "-browse-";
 
@@ -77,7 +86,8 @@ public sealed class MqttDriverBrowser : IDriverBrowser
         openCts.CancelAfter(OpenBudget(opts));
 
         var client = new MqttClientFactory().CreateMqttClient();
-        var session = new MqttBrowseSession(opts.Mode, client, _logger);
+        var birthWindow = opts.Mode == MqttMode.SparkplugB ? BirthWindow(opts) : TimeSpan.Zero;
+        var session = new MqttBrowseSession(opts.Mode, client, _logger, birthWindow: birthWindow);
         try
         {
             // Runs on MQTTnet's dispatcher: record and return, nothing else.
@@ -100,6 +110,29 @@ public sealed class MqttDriverBrowser : IDriverBrowser
                 .Build();
             await client.SubscribeAsync(subscribeOptions, openCts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
+            if (opts.Mode == MqttMode.SparkplugB)
+            {
+                // The birth-observation window (R06:M-4): births already in flight — an edge node mid-rebirth,
+                // a primary-host flap — are collected until the traffic goes quiet, bounded by the window, so
+                // the first RootAsync is not a snapshot taken in the middle of a burst. Passive: nothing is
+                // published to provoke a birth. An idle plant costs one quiet interval.
+                try
+                {
+                    await MqttBrowseSession.SettleBirthsAsync(
+                            () => session.BirthCount,
+                            baseline: session.BirthCount,
+                            awaitFirstBirth: false,
+                            BirthQuietInterval,
+                            birthWindow,
+                            openCts.Token)
+                        .ConfigureAwait(false);
+                }
+                catch (OperationCanceledException) when (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+                {
+                    // The open budget ran out mid-settle: what has been observed is still a usable session.
+                }
+            }
+
             _logger.LogInformation(
                 "AdminUI MQTT browse session opened against {Host}:{Port} in {Mode} mode observing "
                 + "'{Filter}' (read-only).",
@@ -179,12 +212,30 @@ public sealed class MqttDriverBrowser : IDriverBrowser
         options with { CleanSession = true };
 
     /// <summary>
-    ///     Whole-open bound (connect + subscribe), clamped to
-    ///     <see cref="MinOpenBudgetSeconds"/>–<see cref="MaxOpenBudgetSeconds"/> around the config's
-    ///     own connect deadline.
+    ///     Whole-open bound: connect + subscribe, clamped to
+    ///     <see cref="MinOpenBudgetSeconds"/>–<see cref="MaxOpenBudgetSeconds"/> around the config's own
+    ///     connect deadline — plus, in Sparkplug mode, the <see cref="BirthWindow"/> the open may spend
+    ///     collecting births.
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="options">The browse configuration.</param>
-    /// <returns>The clamped open budget.</returns>
-    internal static TimeSpan OpenBudget(MqttDriverOptions options) =>
-        TimeSpan.FromSeconds(Math.Clamp(options.ConnectTimeoutSeconds, MinOpenBudgetSeconds, MaxOpenBudgetSeconds));
+    /// <returns>The open budget.</returns>
+    internal static TimeSpan OpenBudget(MqttDriverOptions options)
+    {
+        var connect = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(
+            Math.Clamp(options.ConnectTimeoutSeconds, MinOpenBudgetSeconds, MaxOpenBudgetSeconds));
+        return options.Mode == MqttMode.SparkplugB ? connect + BirthWindow(options) : connect;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     The authored <c>sparkplug.birthObservationWindowSeconds</c>, clamped to 1–<see cref="MaxBirthWindowSeconds"/>
+    ///     s: how long the browse surface collects NBIRTH/DBIRTH traffic before calling the observed metric set
+    ///     stable (on open, and after an operator rebirth request).
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="options">The browse configuration.</param>
+    /// <returns>The clamped window.</returns>
+    internal static TimeSpan BirthWindow(MqttDriverOptions options) =>
+        TimeSpan.FromSeconds(Math.Clamp(
+            options.Sparkplug?.BirthObservationWindowSeconds ?? new MqttSparkplugOptions().BirthObservationWindowSeconds,
+            1,
+            MaxBirthWindowSeconds));
 }

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt/LastValueCache.cs

@@ -45,6 +45,30 @@ public sealed class LastValueCache
         _values[rawPath] = snapshot;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>How many RawPaths currently hold an entry. Diagnostics and the bounded-growth tests.</summary>
+    internal int Count => _values.Count;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Drops every entry whose RawPath <paramref name="keep"/> rejects — called by each ingest path's
+    ///     <c>Register</c> with "is this still an authored tag", so the cache is bounded by the CURRENT
+    ///     authored set rather than by the union of every RawPath (and every non-authored reference ever
+    ///     subscribed) across the driver's lifetime (R06:M-2).
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="keep">Returns <see langword="true"/> for a RawPath whose entry must survive.</param>
+    /// <returns>How many entries were dropped.</returns>
+    public int RetainOnly(Func<string, bool> keep)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(keep);
+        var dropped = 0;
+        foreach (var rawPath in _values.Keys)
+        {
+            if (!keep(rawPath) && _values.TryRemove(rawPath, out _))
+                dropped++;
+        }
+
+        return dropped;
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     ///     Read the last observed value for <paramref name="rawPath"/>. Never throws: a
     ///     <c>null</c>/empty <paramref name="rawPath"/> or a RawPath never observed both return a

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt/MqttDriver.cs

@@ -104,6 +104,12 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
     /// </summary>
     private const string DiscoveryFolderName = "Mqtt";
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Ceiling on PUBLISHes one write batch keeps in flight (R06:M-8). Bounded so a large batch cannot
+    ///     flood a broker's inflight window; different topics share it, one topic's writes stay sequential.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal const int MaxConcurrentPublishes = 8;
+
     /// <summary>How often the host-connectivity poll samples <see cref="MqttConnection.State"/>.</summary>
     private static readonly TimeSpan HostProbeInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1);
 
@@ -208,6 +214,18 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
     private SparkplugPrimaryHost? _primaryHost;
 
     private DriverHealth _health = new(DriverState.Unknown, null, null);
+
+    /// <summary>UTC ticks of the last successful write PUBLISH; 0 = none. Answer evidence for health.</summary>
+    private long _lastPublishUtcTicks;
+
+    /// <summary>Guards the generation bump against the generation-checked health write.</summary>
+    private readonly object _healthLock = new();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Bumped by every lifecycle operation (initialize inside the gate; shutdown and dispose before
+    ///     waiting for it). The stamp that keeps a superseded operation from publishing state.
+    /// </summary>
+    private long _lifecycleGeneration;
     private HostState _hostState = HostState.Unknown;
     private DateTime _hostStateChangedUtc = DateTime.UtcNow;
     private int _disposed;
@@ -289,6 +307,9 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
     /// </summary>
     internal Func<CancellationToken, Task>? BeforeConnectHookForTests { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>Test seam: observes every <see cref="MqttConnection"/> an initialize builds. Null in production.</summary>
+    internal Action<MqttConnection>? ConnectionCreatedForTests { get; set; }
+
     // ---- IDriver: lifecycle ----
 
     /// <inheritdoc />
@@ -387,6 +408,11 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
         // watchdog's reconnect) is measured against, reporting a driver that was delivering a moment ago
         // as one that has never delivered.
         var lastMessage = GetHealth().LastSuccessfulRead;
+
+        // Taken BEFORE the gate wait: a wedged initialize holding the gate is superseded by this call, so
+        // when it finally completes it disposes the session it built instead of publishing it behind the
+        // ungated teardown below (R06:M-10), and its late health write is refused.
+        var generation = BeginLifecycleOperation();
         if (await _lifecycleGate.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(_options.ConnectTimeoutSeconds), cancellationToken)
                 .ConfigureAwait(false))
         {
@@ -408,8 +434,10 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
             await TeardownAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
         }
 
-        WriteHealth(new DriverHealth(DriverState.Unknown, lastMessage, null));
-        TransitionHost(HostState.Unknown);
+        if (WriteHealthIfCurrent(generation, new DriverHealth(DriverState.Unknown, lastMessage, null)))
+        {
+            TransitionHost(HostState.Unknown);
+        }
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc />
@@ -427,7 +455,7 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
             return stored;
         }
 
-        var lastMessage = connection.LastMessageUtc ?? stored.LastSuccessfulRead;
+        var lastMessage = Latest(connection.LastMessageUtc ?? stored.LastSuccessfulRead, LastPublishUtc);
         return connection.State switch
         {
             MqttConnectionState.Connected => new DriverHealth(DriverState.Healthy, lastMessage, stored.LastError),
@@ -689,9 +717,12 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
     {
         ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(writes);
 
-        var results = new WriteResult[writes.Count];
+        var results = new WriteResult?[writes.Count];
         var connection = _connection;
 
+        // Pass 1 — everything that needs no broker: resolve, encode, refuse. What survives is grouped by
+        // destination topic in REQUEST order.
+        var byTopic = new Dictionary<string, List<(int Index, MqttEncodedWrite Encoded, string Reference)>>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
         for (var i = 0; i < writes.Count; i++)
         {
             var w = writes[i];
@@ -719,22 +750,72 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
                 continue;
             }
 
+            if (!byTopic.TryGetValue(encoded.Topic, out var queue))
+            {
+                byTopic[encoded.Topic] = queue = [];
+            }
+
+            queue.Add((i, encoded, w.FullReference));
+        }
+
+        // Pass 2 — publish (R06:M-8). Different topics go out concurrently, at most MaxConcurrentPublishes
+        // in flight, so a stalled broker costs a batch ~one publish deadline instead of one per request.
+        // Writes to the SAME topic stay strictly sequential in request order: the device applies them in
+        // arrival order, and the last one must win.
+        if (byTopic.Count > 0)
+        {
+            using var slots = new SemaphoreSlim(MaxConcurrentPublishes, MaxConcurrentPublishes);
+            await Task.WhenAll(byTopic.Values.Select(queue => PublishQueueAsync(connection!, queue, slots, results, cancellationToken)))
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+
+        // Every slot is filled — a caller cancellation leaves the unattempted ones BadCommunicationError
+        // rather than throwing, so the batch shape holds.
+        var filled = new WriteResult[writes.Count];
+        for (var i = 0; i < filled.Length; i++)
+        {
+            filled[i] = results[i] ?? new WriteResult(StatusBadCommunicationError);
+        }
+
+        return filled;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Publishes one topic's writes in request order, each under a shared concurrency slot.</summary>
+    private async Task PublishQueueAsync(
+        MqttConnection connection,
+        List<(int Index, MqttEncodedWrite Encoded, string Reference)> queue,
+        SemaphoreSlim slots,
+        WriteResult?[] results,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        foreach (var (index, encoded, reference) in queue)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                await slots.WaitAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            catch (OperationCanceledException)
+            {
+                return;   // caller-cancelled: the remaining slots are filled by the caller
+            }
+
             try
             {
                 await connection
                     .PublishAsync(encoded.Topic, encoded.Payload, encoded.Qos, retain: false, cancellationToken)
                     .ConfigureAwait(false);
-                results[i] = new WriteResult(0u);
+                results[index] = new WriteResult(0u);
+
+                // A PUBACK is the broker answering — evidence the session works, so it feeds
+                // LastSuccessfulRead alongside inbound messages. A completed QoS 0 publish is NOT: it only
+                // means the bytes reached the local socket buffer, and frequent Sparkplug commands would
+                // otherwise keep the watchdog's clock fresh over a half-open session (review minor 2).
+                if (encoded.Qos >= 1) Interlocked.Exchange(ref _lastPublishUtcTicks, DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks);
             }
             catch (OperationCanceledException) when (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
             {
-                // Caller-cancelled: fill the remainder rather than throwing, so the batch shape holds.
-                for (var j = i; j < writes.Count; j++)
-                {
-                    results[j] = new WriteResult(StatusBadCommunicationError);
-                }
-
-                return results;
+                results[index] = new WriteResult(StatusBadCommunicationError);
+                return;
             }
             catch (Exception ex)
             {
@@ -742,13 +823,15 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
                     ex,
                     "MQTT driver '{DriverId}': write to '{Reference}' could not be published on '{Topic}'.",
                     _driverInstanceId,
-                    w.FullReference,
+                    reference,
                     encoded.Topic);
-                results[i] = new WriteResult(StatusBadCommunicationError);
+                results[index] = new WriteResult(StatusBadCommunicationError);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                slots.Release();
             }
         }
-
-        return results;
     }
 
     /// <summary>Maps an encode refusal to the status an OPC UA client sees.</summary>
@@ -911,6 +994,9 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
             return;
         }
 
+        // Supersedes any in-flight lifecycle operation, exactly as ShutdownAsync does.
+        BeginLifecycleOperation();
+
         if (await _lifecycleGate.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(_options.ConnectTimeoutSeconds))
                 .ConfigureAwait(false))
         {
@@ -940,7 +1026,12 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
     /// <summary>The gate-held body of <see cref="InitializeAsync"/>.</summary>
     private async Task InitializeCoreAsync(string driverConfigJson, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
-        WriteHealth(new DriverHealth(DriverState.Initializing, ReadHealth().LastSuccessfulRead, null));
+        // Taken INSIDE the gate (the caller holds it), so a second initialize queued behind this one does
+        // not supersede it; only a ShutdownAsync / DisposeAsync — which take theirs before waiting — can.
+        var generation = BeginLifecycleOperation();
+        WriteHealthIfCurrent(generation, new DriverHealth(DriverState.Initializing, ReadHealth().LastSuccessfulRead, null));
+        MqttConnection? built = null;
+        var published = false;
         try
         {
             // Tear down whatever this driver already holds BEFORE building a new session. Both fields
@@ -965,6 +1056,8 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
             RegisterAuthoredTags(_options);
 
             var connection = new MqttConnection(_options, _driverInstanceId, _logger);
+            built = connection;
+            ConnectionCreatedForTests?.Invoke(connection);
 
             // MUST precede the connect: this wires message delivery AND the reconnect re-subscribe.
             // The handler is passed through unwrapped on purpose — its throw-on-total-failure is what
@@ -992,10 +1085,13 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
             // disposing what we just built, never leaking it.
             if (Volatile.Read(ref _disposed) != 0)
             {
-                await connection.DisposeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
                 throw new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(MqttDriver));
             }
 
+            // The same race against a ShutdownAsync whose bounded gate wait expired: it has already torn
+            // down ungated, so publishing now would leave a live session no later shutdown can see.
+            ThrowIfSuperseded(generation);
+
             // Sparkplug subscribes ONCE, here, rather than on the OPC UA server's first subscribe: the
             // driver must see birth certificates whether or not anything is subscribed yet, because a
             // birth is where every alias and datatype comes from. This also issues the late-join
@@ -1008,28 +1104,47 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
             // MqttConnection's own remarks describe having already fixed once.
             if (_sparkplug is { } sparkplug)
             {
-                try
-                {
-                    await sparkplug.EstablishAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-                }
-                catch
-                {
-                    await connection.DisposeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-                    throw;
-                }
+                await sparkplug.EstablishAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
             }
 
+            ThrowIfSuperseded(generation);
             _connection = connection;
+            published = true;
+
+            if (WriteHealthIfCurrent(generation, new DriverHealth(DriverState.Healthy, connection.LastMessageUtc, null)))
+            {
+                TransitionHost(HostState.Running);
+            }
 
-            WriteHealth(new DriverHealth(DriverState.Healthy, connection.LastMessageUtc, null));
-            TransitionHost(HostState.Running);
             StartHostProbe();
             await StartPrimaryHostAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+            // Re-checked after publishing: a shutdown whose gate wait expired between the check above and
+            // here captured whatever it found and left these fields for us. Intended consequence (review
+            // minor 8): a perfectly healthy init that is just completing when a ShutdownAsync arrives also
+            // releases itself and throws OperationCanceledException — the queued shutdown would tear it down
+            // anyway, and the actor serialises init/shutdown, so only an abandoned init can meet this. We still hold the gate, so no
+            // newer initialize can have published anything — everything in them is ours to release.
+            if (!IsCurrentLifecycle(generation))
+            {
+                await TeardownAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+                ThrowIfSuperseded(generation);
+            }
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
-            WriteHealth(new DriverHealth(DriverState.Faulted, ReadHealth().LastSuccessfulRead, ex.Message));
-            TransitionHost(HostState.Faulted);
+            // R06:M-3: a connection built but never published is disposed here — a refused connect, a
+            // failed Sparkplug establish, a supersede. The published one belongs to TeardownAsync.
+            if (!published && built is not null)
+            {
+                await built.DisposeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+
+            if (WriteHealthIfCurrent(generation, new DriverHealth(DriverState.Faulted, ReadHealth().LastSuccessfulRead, ex.Message)))
+            {
+                TransitionHost(HostState.Faulted);
+            }
+
             throw;
         }
     }
@@ -1380,24 +1495,28 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
     /// <summary>Shared teardown for <see cref="ShutdownAsync"/>, <see cref="DisposeAsync"/> and the session rebuild.</summary>
     private async Task TeardownAsync()
     {
+        // Every field is CAPTURED before anything is disposed. A shutdown that timed out on the gate runs
+        // this ungated; capturing up front means it only ever releases what existed when it started, and
+        // never reaches into fields a later initialize publishes while the slow disposals below run.
+        var primaryHost = Interlocked.Exchange(ref _primaryHost, null);
+        var probe = Interlocked.Exchange(ref _hostProbeCts, null);
+        var connection = Interlocked.Exchange(ref _connection, null);
+
         // Stand the host claim down FIRST, while the broker is still reachable and before the ingest
         // session goes. Its explicit retained OFFLINE is what makes the transition immediate for edge
         // nodes; leaving it to the Will costs them up to 1.5 keep-alive periods of believing a host
         // that has already stopped is still online.
-        var primaryHost = Interlocked.Exchange(ref _primaryHost, null);
         if (primaryHost is not null)
         {
             await primaryHost.DisposeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
         }
 
-        var probe = Interlocked.Exchange(ref _hostProbeCts, null);
         if (probe is not null)
         {
             await probe.CancelAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
             probe.Dispose();
         }
 
-        var connection = Interlocked.Exchange(ref _connection, null);
         if (connection is not null)
         {
             await connection.DisposeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
@@ -1476,9 +1595,66 @@ public sealed class MqttDriver
         OnHostStatusChanged?.Invoke(this, new HostStatusChangedEventArgs(HostName, previous, next));
     }
 
+    /// <summary>The last successful write publish, or null.</summary>
+    private DateTime? LastPublishUtc
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            var ticks = Interlocked.Read(ref _lastPublishUtcTicks);
+            return ticks == 0 ? null : new DateTime(ticks, DateTimeKind.Utc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>The later of two optional instants.</summary>
+    private static DateTime? Latest(DateTime? a, DateTime? b)
+        => a is null ? b : b is null ? a : (a > b ? a : b);
+
     /// <summary>Barrier-protected read of the multi-threaded health field.</summary>
     private DriverHealth ReadHealth() => Volatile.Read(ref _health);
 
-    /// <summary>Barrier-protected publish of a new health snapshot.</summary>
-    private void WriteHealth(DriverHealth value) => Volatile.Write(ref _health, value);
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Starts a lifecycle operation and returns its generation. Every later operation supersedes it:
+    ///     its health / host-state writes are refused and an initialize stops before publishing a session.
+    /// </summary>
+    private long BeginLifecycleOperation()
+    {
+        lock (_healthLock)
+        {
+            return ++_lifecycleGeneration;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Whether <paramref name="generation"/> is still the newest lifecycle operation.</summary>
+    private bool IsCurrentLifecycle(long generation) => Interlocked.Read(ref _lifecycleGeneration) == generation;
+
+    /// <summary>Throws when a newer lifecycle operation has superseded <paramref name="generation"/>.</summary>
+    private void ThrowIfSuperseded(long generation)
+    {
+        if (!IsCurrentLifecycle(generation))
+        {
+            throw new OperationCanceledException(
+                $"MQTT driver '{_driverInstanceId}': this initialize was superseded by a later shutdown/dispose; "
+                + "the session it built has been released.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Publishes a health snapshot only while <paramref name="generation"/> is the newest lifecycle
+    ///     operation — the check and the write are atomic against <see cref="BeginLifecycleOperation"/>, so a
+    ///     superseded initialize or shutdown can never overwrite a newer one's state.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> when the write was applied.</returns>
+    private bool WriteHealthIfCurrent(long generation, DriverHealth value)
+    {
+        lock (_healthLock)
+        {
+            if (_lifecycleGeneration != generation)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            Volatile.Write(ref _health, value);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
 }

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt/MqttSubscriptionManager.cs

@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt;
 ///         accepted by the parser (warned at deploy, see <c>MqttTagDefinitionFactory.Inspect</c>), so
 ///         matching uses MQTTnet's own <see cref="MqttTopicFilterComparer"/> rather than string
 ///         equality — the same comparer a broker applies. Concrete topics stay a single dictionary
-///         lookup; the linear wildcard scan runs only when a wildcard tag actually exists.
+///         lookup; wildcard filters live in a level trie (<c>TopicFilterTrie</c>) whose candidates the comparer
+///         confirms, so a thousand wildcard tags cost a walk over the topic's levels, not a thousand compares.
 ///     </para>
 ///     <para>
 ///         <b>Sparkplug seam.</b> P1 ingests plain topics only. Sparkplug B decodes a
@@ -74,6 +75,13 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
     /// </summary>
     public const int DefaultQos = 1;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Throw-on-invalid UTF-8, shared (R06:M-7): it is stateless and thread-safe, and allocating one per
+    ///     Raw/Scalar delivery was per-message garbage on the dispatcher thread. Same choice
+    ///     <c>MqttBrowseSession</c> makes.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static readonly UTF8Encoding Utf8Strict = new(encoderShouldEmitUTF8Identifier: false, throwOnInvalidBytes: true);
+
     // OPC UA status codes (values verified against Opc.Ua.StatusCodes, not recalled).
     private const uint StatusGood = 0x00000000u;
 
@@ -113,6 +121,14 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
     /// <summary>Topics already SUBSCRIBEd on the live session — the dedupe set and the re-subscribe set.</summary>
     private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, byte> _subscribedTopics = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Topics a subscribe asked for whose SUBSCRIBE failed (refused, or no verdict at all). Retried by
+    ///     every later <see cref="SubscribeAsync"/> and by <see cref="OnReconnectedAsync"/>; moved to
+    ///     <see cref="_subscribedTopics"/> when granted. Without it a failed topic left every retry set and
+    ///     stayed dark behind a Healthy connection until a redeploy.
+    /// </summary>
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, byte> _pendingTopics = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+
     /// <summary>RawPaths whose extraction failure has already been logged loudly once.</summary>
     private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, byte> _warnedRefs = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
 
@@ -212,8 +228,8 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
     ///         The manager does not own the connection's lifetime and never detaches — the driver disposes
     ///         both together. Call once per connection, and <b>before</b> the first
     ///         <see cref="SubscribeAsync"/>: a subscribe issued with no transport attached records its
-    ///         intent (and warns) but sends nothing to a broker, and would only be established if the
-    ///         connection later dropped and recovered.
+    ///         topics as <i>pending</i> (and warns) but sends nothing to a broker; the next subscribe or
+    ///         reconnect on an attached session retries them.
     ///     </para>
     ///     <para>
     ///         <b>Binding to a session forgets the previous session's established filters</b> — the same
@@ -317,6 +333,11 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
         _authored = table;
         _warnedRefs.Clear();
 
+        // Bound the shared last-value cache by the CURRENT authored set (R06:M-2): a dropped tag's value
+        // and every non-authored reference's BadNodeIdUnknown marker would otherwise live forever. A
+        // still-authored tag keeps its value, so a redeploy never blanks what has been observed.
+        Values.RetainOnly(table.ByRawPath.ContainsKey);
+
         // Drop state belonging to tags this deploy removed. Without this, a topic whose last tag was
         // deleted stays in _subscribedTopics and is dutifully re-SUBSCRIBEd on every future reconnect,
         // forever — and its RawPaths keep a handle mapping that can never fire again.
@@ -328,6 +349,14 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
             }
         }
 
+        foreach (var topic in _pendingTopics.Keys)
+        {
+            if (!table.ByFilter.ContainsKey(topic))
+            {
+                _pendingTopics.TryRemove(topic, out _);
+            }
+        }
+
         foreach (var rawPath in _handleByRawPath.Keys)
         {
             if (!table.ByRawPath.ContainsKey(rawPath))
@@ -356,12 +385,13 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
     ///         opening SUBSCRIBE itself; <see cref="OnReconnectedAsync"/> only re-establishes it later.
     ///     </para>
     ///     <para>
-    ///         <b>Never throws, never hangs.</b> A reference that is not an authored tag is recorded as
-    ///         <c>BadNodeIdUnknown</c>; a SUBACK rejection, transport failure or subscribe deadline
-    ///         degrades exactly the affected references to <c>BadCommunicationError</c>. Either way a
-    ///         handle is returned — the OPC UA server's subscribe call must not fail because one topic
-    ///         is ACL-denied. Recovery for a transient failure comes from the reconnect path;
-    ///         a persistent broker-side refusal is visible as a Bad status on the affected nodes.
+    ///         <b>Never hangs; throws only when the broker gave no verdict.</b> A reference that is not an
+    ///         authored tag is recorded as <c>BadNodeIdUnknown</c>. A SUBACK rejection degrades exactly the
+    ///         affected references to <c>BadCommunicationError</c> and still returns a handle — the OPC UA
+    ///         server's subscribe must not fail because one topic is ACL-denied. A transport failure or
+    ///         subscribe deadline degrades the same way and then <b>throws</b>, so the host holds no handle
+    ///         and its reconcile re-subscribes. Every failed topic also joins a pending set that the next
+    ///         subscribe and every reconnect retry.
     ///     </para>
     /// </remarks>
     /// <param name="fullReferences">The RawPath references to subscribe.</param>
@@ -414,12 +444,56 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
 
         // One SUBSCRIBE per distinct topic, and only for topics not already live: re-SUBSCRIBEing an
         // established filter is legal but pointless, and it re-triggers the retained seed.
-        var pending = defs.Where(d => !_subscribedTopics.ContainsKey(d.Topic)).ToList();
-        await EstablishAsync(BuildFilters(pending, _defaultQos), cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        // Topics an EARLIER subscribe failed to establish ride along: a redeploy's bulk re-subscribe is then a
+        // retry of a refusal the broker may since have lifted, instead of a no-op that leaves them dark.
+        var authored = _authored;
+        var pending = defs.Where(d => !_subscribedTopics.ContainsKey(d.Topic))
+            .Concat(PendingDefinitions(authored))
+            .ToList();
+        var outcome = await EstablishAsync(BuildFilters(pending, _defaultQos), cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
+        if (outcome.TransportFailure is { } failure)
+        {
+            // The refs are already Bad and pending either way. But a cancel of the CALLER's token (a pipeline
+            // timeout, host shutdown) is a cancellation, not a broker fault: surfacing it as
+            // InvalidOperationException made the resilience breaker count it as a failure (review minor 3).
+            var callerCancelled = cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested;
+            // No verdict at all (transport throw / SUBSCRIBE deadline): THROW, so the caller holds no handle
+            // and DriverInstanceActor's health-tick reconcile re-subscribes. Returning a handle here was the
+            // silent-death case — the actor thought the subscription live and never retried. The refs already
+            // carry BadCommunicationError (raised under this handle above), so the throw costs no visibility.
+            _refsByHandle.TryRemove(handle, out _);
+            foreach (var def in defs)
+            {
+                _handleByRawPath.TryRemove(new KeyValuePair<string, ISubscriptionHandle>(def.Name, handle));
+            }
+
+            if (callerCancelled)
+            {
+                throw new OperationCanceledException(
+                    $"MQTT driver '{_driverId}': SUBSCRIBE for {pending.Count} tag(s) was cancelled by the caller; "
+                    + "the topics stay pending and will be retried.",
+                    failure,
+                    cancellationToken);
+            }
+
+            throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                $"MQTT driver '{_driverId}': SUBSCRIBE for {pending.Count} tag(s) got no broker verdict "
+                + $"({failure.GetType().Name}); the subscription will be retried.",
+                failure);
+        }
+
+        // A SUBACK refusal (an ACL denial, say) does NOT throw: the broker answered, the refused topics are
+        // Bad + pending, and failing the whole subscribe would take every other topic in it dark too.
         return handle;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>The authored definitions behind every still-authored pending topic.</summary>
+    private IEnumerable<MqttTagDefinition> PendingDefinitions(AuthoredTable authored)
+        => _pendingTopics.Keys
+            .Select(topic => authored.ByFilter.TryGetValue(topic, out var defs) ? defs : [])
+            .SelectMany(defs => defs);
+
     /// <summary>
     ///     Stops attributing notifications to <paramref name="handle"/>. References another live
     ///     subscription also covers keep publishing.
@@ -498,8 +572,13 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
             .SelectMany(defs => defs)
             .ToList();
 
-        var filters = BuildFilters(live, _defaultQos);
-        if (filters.Count == 0)
+        // Pending topics (a failed earlier SUBSCRIBE) are retried here too — a reconnect re-subscribing
+        // only the granted set is how a failed topic stayed dark forever. They do NOT count toward the
+        // total-failure verdict below: re-refusing a topic that was never live loses nothing, and throwing
+        // for it would turn one ACL-denied topic into a reconnect loop for the whole driver.
+        var pendingDefs = PendingDefinitions(authored).ToList();
+        var filters = BuildFilters(live.Concat(pendingDefs), _defaultQos);
+        if (live.Count == 0 && pendingDefs.Count == 0)
         {
             // Silence here is how the wildcard defect hid: no exception, no log, no SUBSCRIBE. Live
             // topics resolving to zero filters re-establishes nothing, which is the total-failure case
@@ -519,13 +598,17 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
             return;
         }
 
-        var granted = await EstablishAsync(filters, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-        if (granted == 0)
+        var outcome = await EstablishAsync(filters, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        var liveTopics = live.Select(d => d.Topic).Distinct(StringComparer.Ordinal).ToList();
+        var liveLost = outcome.TransportFailure is not null
+                       || (subscribed.Count > 0 && (liveTopics.Count == 0 || !liveTopics.Any(outcome.Granted.Contains)));
+        if (liveLost)
         {
             throw new InvalidOperationException(
                 $"MQTT driver '{_driverId}': no subscription could be re-established after reconnect "
                 + $"({filters.Count} filter(s) requested); tearing the session down rather than serving a "
-                + "connection that receives nothing.");
+                + "connection that receives nothing.",
+                outcome.TransportFailure);
         }
     }
 
@@ -582,13 +665,14 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
             }
 
             // A published topic name may not itself contain a wildcard, so a wildcard-authored
-            // definition can never also be an exact-index hit: no tag is delivered twice.
-            foreach (var def in authored.Wildcards)
+            // definition can never also be an exact-index hit: no tag is delivered twice. The trie walks
+            // the topic's levels (R06:M-6 — this used to be one comparer call per wildcard tag, per
+            // message, on the shared dispatcher thread) and every candidate it yields is confirmed by
+            // MQTTnet's own comparer inside the visitor, so the semantics are the broker's.
+            if (authored.WildcardTrie.Count > 0)
             {
-                if (MqttTopicFilterComparer.Compare(topic, def.Topic) == MqttTopicFilterCompareResult.IsMatch)
-                {
-                    Deliver(def, payload, retained, now, oversized, ref json);
-                }
+                var visitor = new WildcardDelivery(this, topic, payload, retained, now, oversized, ref json);
+                authored.WildcardTrie.Match(topic, ref visitor);
             }
         }
         finally
@@ -633,35 +717,35 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="filters">The filters to establish; an empty list is a no-op.</param>
     /// <param name="cancellationToken">Cancellation for the round-trip.</param>
-    /// <returns>How many filters the broker granted.</returns>
-    private async Task<int> EstablishAsync(
+    /// <returns>The granted topics, plus the transport failure when the broker gave no verdict at all.</returns>
+    private async Task<EstablishOutcome> EstablishAsync(
         IReadOnlyList<MqttTopicSubscription> filters,
         CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         if (filters.Count == 0)
         {
-            return 0;
+            return EstablishOutcome.Nothing;
         }
 
         var transport = _transport;
         if (transport is null)
         {
-            // No transport: the intent is recorded so the reconnect path establishes it, but NOTHING
-            // reaches a broker now. Loud, because outside tests this means the composition order is
-            // wrong — AttachTo must run before the OPC UA server's first subscribe, or these topics
-            // stay unestablished until the connection happens to drop and recover.
+            // No transport: NOTHING reaches a broker, so nothing is recorded as subscribed — recording it
+            // was a silent "subscribed, receives nothing" if the AttachTo-before-subscribe ordering ever
+            // changed. The topics wait in the pending set, which the next subscribe and every reconnect
+            // retry. Loud, because outside tests this means the composition order is wrong.
             foreach (var filter in filters)
             {
-                _subscribedTopics[filter.Topic] = 0;
+                _pendingTopics[filter.Topic] = 0;
             }
 
             _logger?.LogWarning(
-                "MQTT driver '{DriverId}': {FilterCount} subscription(s) recorded with no connection attached; "
-                + "nothing was sent to a broker. Call AttachTo before subscribing.",
+                "MQTT driver '{DriverId}': {FilterCount} subscription(s) requested with no connection attached; "
+                + "nothing was sent to a broker and they stay pending. Call AttachTo before subscribing.",
                 _driverId,
                 filters.Count);
 
-            return filters.Count;
+            return EstablishOutcome.Nothing;
         }
 
         IReadOnlyList<MqttSubscribeOutcome> outcomes;
@@ -681,16 +765,17 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
                 DegradeTopic(filter.Topic, ex.GetType().Name);
             }
 
-            return 0;
+            return new EstablishOutcome(new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal), ex);
         }
 
-        var granted = 0;
+        var granted = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
         foreach (var outcome in outcomes)
         {
             if (outcome.Granted)
             {
                 _subscribedTopics[outcome.Topic] = 0;
-                granted++;
+                _pendingTopics.TryRemove(outcome.Topic, out _);
+                granted.Add(outcome.Topic);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -703,7 +788,16 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
             }
         }
 
-        return granted;
+        return new EstablishOutcome(granted, null);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>One SUBSCRIBE round-trip's verdict.</summary>
+    /// <param name="Granted">The filters the broker granted.</param>
+    /// <param name="TransportFailure">Set when the call produced no verdict at all (throw / deadline).</param>
+    private sealed record EstablishOutcome(IReadOnlySet<string> Granted, Exception? TransportFailure)
+    {
+        public static readonly EstablishOutcome Nothing =
+            new(new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal), null);
     }
 
     /// <summary>Marks every authored reference on <paramref name="topic"/> as unreachable.</summary>
@@ -722,6 +816,7 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
 
         if (!_authored.ByFilter.TryGetValue(topic, out var defs))
         {
+            _pendingTopics.TryRemove(topic, out _);
             _logger?.LogWarning(
                 "MQTT driver '{DriverId}': cannot degrade tags for unestablished filter '{Topic}' ({Reason}) — "
                 + "no authored tag resolves to it.",
@@ -731,6 +826,9 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
             return;
         }
 
+        // Still authored, so it must be retried — see _pendingTopics.
+        _pendingTopics[topic] = 0;
+
         var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
         var snapshot = new DataValueSnapshot(null, StatusBadCommunicationError, null, now);
         foreach (var def in defs)
@@ -1371,8 +1469,7 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
     {
         try
         {
-            text = new UTF8Encoding(encoderShouldEmitUTF8Identifier: false, throwOnInvalidBytes: true)
-                .GetString(payload);
+            text = Utf8Strict.GetString(payload);
             return true;
         }
         catch (DecoderFallbackException)
@@ -1400,6 +1497,47 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
         return $"mqtt:{_mode}:{id}:[{named}{overflow}]";
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Delivers each wildcard-trie candidate whose filter the MQTTnet comparer confirms. A <c>ref struct</c>
+    ///     so the payload span and the fan-out's shared JSON parse ride along without a closure or a list.
+    /// </summary>
+    private ref struct WildcardDelivery : ITopicFilterVisitor<MqttTagDefinition>
+    {
+        private readonly MqttSubscriptionManager _manager;
+        private readonly string _topic;
+        private readonly ReadOnlySpan<byte> _payload;
+        private readonly bool _retained;
+        private readonly DateTime _now;
+        private readonly bool _oversized;
+        private ref PayloadJson _json;
+
+        public WildcardDelivery(
+            MqttSubscriptionManager manager,
+            string topic,
+            ReadOnlySpan<byte> payload,
+            bool retained,
+            DateTime now,
+            bool oversized,
+            ref PayloadJson json)
+        {
+            _manager = manager;
+            _topic = topic;
+            _payload = payload;
+            _retained = retained;
+            _now = now;
+            _oversized = oversized;
+            _json = ref json;
+        }
+
+        public void Visit(MqttTagDefinition def)
+        {
+            if (MqttTopicFilterComparer.Compare(_topic, def.Topic) == MqttTopicFilterCompareResult.IsMatch)
+            {
+                _manager.Deliver(def, _payload, _retained, _now, _oversized, ref _json);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <summary>Opaque subscription identity; the diagnostic id names the mode and its topics.</summary>
     /// <param name="DiagnosticId">The human-readable identity surfaced for diagnostics.</param>
     private sealed record MqttSubscriptionHandle(string DiagnosticId) : ISubscriptionHandle;
@@ -1411,7 +1549,8 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
     /// <remarks>
     ///     <b>Two topic indexes, and the difference is load-bearing.</b> Delivery matches an
     ///     <i>incoming published topic</i>, which never carries a wildcard, so it uses
-    ///     <see cref="ByExactTopic"/> (concrete only) plus a comparer scan of <see cref="Wildcards"/>.
+    ///     <see cref="ByExactTopic"/> (concrete only) plus a <see cref="WildcardTrie"/> walk whose candidates the
+    ///     comparer confirms.
     ///     Every path that instead reconstructs state from a <i>subscribed filter string</i> —
     ///     reconnect re-subscribe and per-topic degradation — must use <see cref="ByFilter"/>, which is
     ///     keyed by the tag's authored topic <b>including wildcard patterns</b>, because that is what
@@ -1425,12 +1564,12 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
     ///     included. Keyed the same way <c>_subscribedTopics</c> and SUBACK outcomes are.
     /// </param>
     /// <param name="ByExactTopic">Concrete topic → its definitions; the delivery fast path.</param>
-    /// <param name="Wildcards">Definitions whose authored topic carries an MQTT wildcard.</param>
+    /// <param name="WildcardTrie">Definitions whose authored topic carries an MQTT wildcard, by filter level.</param>
     private sealed record AuthoredTable(
         FrozenDictionary<string, MqttTagDefinition> ByRawPath,
         FrozenDictionary<string, MqttTagDefinition[]> ByFilter,
         FrozenDictionary<string, MqttTagDefinition[]> ByExactTopic,
-        MqttTagDefinition[] Wildcards)
+        TopicFilterTrie<MqttTagDefinition> WildcardTrie)
     {
         public static readonly AuthoredTable Empty =
             Build(new Dictionary<string, MqttTagDefinition>(StringComparer.Ordinal));
@@ -1480,7 +1619,7 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManager
                 byRawPath.ToFrozenDictionary(StringComparer.Ordinal),
                 byFilter.ToFrozenDictionary(kv => kv.Key, kv => kv.Value.ToArray(), StringComparer.Ordinal),
                 concrete.ToFrozenDictionary(kv => kv.Key, kv => kv.Value.ToArray(), StringComparer.Ordinal),
-                [.. wildcards]);
+                TopicFilterTrie<MqttTagDefinition>.Build(wildcards.Select(d => (d.Topic, d))));
         }
     }
 }

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt/Sparkplug/SparkplugIngestor.cs

@@ -416,6 +416,11 @@ public sealed class SparkplugIngestor
         _authored = table;
         _warned.Clear();
 
+        // Bound the shared last-value cache by the CURRENT authored set (R06:M-2): a dropped tag's value
+        // and every non-authored reference's BadNodeIdUnknown marker would otherwise live forever. A
+        // still-authored tag keeps its value, so a redeploy never blanks what has been observed.
+        Values.RetainOnly(table.ByRawPath.ContainsKey);
+
         // Drop state belonging to edge nodes this deploy removed. Without this a tracker (and its
         // rebirth debounce slot) for a node nobody reads survives every future redeploy.
         foreach (var key in _trackers.Keys)

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt/TopicFilterTrie.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+using System.Collections.Frozen;
+
+namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt;
+
+/// <summary>Receives each candidate a <see cref="TopicFilterTrie{T}"/> match produces.</summary>
+/// <typeparam name="T">The value type stored against each filter.</typeparam>
+internal interface ITopicFilterVisitor<in T>
+{
+    /// <summary>Called once per value whose filter may match the topic.</summary>
+    /// <param name="value">The candidate.</param>
+    void Visit(T value);
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+///     An immutable trie over MQTT topic FILTERS (<c>+</c> / <c>#</c> wildcards), so matching one published
+///     topic costs a walk over its levels instead of a comparer call per wildcard-authored tag (R06:M-6:
+///     the linear scan ran on MQTTnet's shared dispatcher thread for every inbound message).
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+///     <para>
+///         <b>A candidate generator, not the authority.</b> The trie implements the plain MQTT 3.1.1 §4.7
+///         level rules — <c>+</c> is exactly one level (an empty one included), <c>#</c> is the parent level
+///         and everything under it — and deliberately nothing subtler (the <c>$</c>-topic exclusion, shared
+///         subscriptions). It can therefore only ever return a SUPERSET of the true matches, and every
+///         caller confirms each candidate with MQTTnet's own <c>MqttTopicFilterComparer</c>, the comparer a
+///         broker applies. Semantics stay byte-identical to the scan it replaces; only the work changes.
+///         A differential test pins both halves against that comparer.
+///     </para>
+///     <para>
+///         <b>Allocation-free per match.</b> Levels are walked as spans and looked up through the
+///         dictionary's span alternate lookup; candidates are pushed to a caller-supplied visitor (a
+///         <c>ref struct</c> in production) rather than collected into a list.
+///     </para>
+/// </remarks>
+/// <typeparam name="T">The value type stored against each filter.</typeparam>
+internal sealed class TopicFilterTrie<T>
+{
+    private readonly Node _root;
+
+    private TopicFilterTrie(Node root, int count)
+    {
+        _root = root;
+        Count = count;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>An empty trie.</summary>
+    public static TopicFilterTrie<T> Empty { get; } = Build([]);
+
+    /// <summary>How many values were inserted.</summary>
+    public int Count { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>Builds a trie from <c>(filter, value)</c> pairs.</summary>
+    /// <param name="entries">The filters and their values.</param>
+    /// <returns>The immutable trie.</returns>
+    public static TopicFilterTrie<T> Build(IEnumerable<(string Filter, T Value)> entries)
+    {
+        var root = new Builder();
+        var count = 0;
+        foreach (var (filter, value) in entries)
+        {
+            var node = root;
+            var levels = filter.Split('/');
+            var terminated = false;
+            for (var i = 0; i < levels.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var level = levels[i];
+                if (level == "#")
+                {
+                    // '#' must be the last level; anything after it is a malformed filter the comparer
+                    // will refuse anyway, so treating '#' as terminal here can only over-generate.
+                    node.Hash.Add(value);
+                    terminated = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                node = level == "+"
+                    ? node.Plus ??= new Builder()
+                    : node.Children.TryGetValue(level, out var child) ? child : node.Children[level] = new Builder();
+            }
+
+            if (!terminated) node.Exact.Add(value);
+            count++;
+        }
+
+        return new TopicFilterTrie<T>(root.Freeze(), count);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Pushes every value whose filter may match <paramref name="topic"/> to <paramref name="visitor"/>.</summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="TVisitor">The visitor; a <c>ref struct</c> is allowed.</typeparam>
+    /// <param name="topic">A concrete published topic (never a filter).</param>
+    /// <param name="visitor">Receives each candidate — a superset of the true matches; confirm each one.</param>
+    public void Match<TVisitor>(string topic, ref TVisitor visitor)
+        where TVisitor : ITopicFilterVisitor<T>, allows ref struct
+    {
+        if (Count == 0 || topic is null) return;
+        Walk(_root, topic.AsSpan(), exhausted: false, ref visitor);
+    }
+
+    private static void Walk<TVisitor>(Node node, ReadOnlySpan<char> rest, bool exhausted, ref TVisitor visitor)
+        where TVisitor : ITopicFilterVisitor<T>, allows ref struct
+    {
+        // '#' here covers this level's parent-match AND every deeper level.
+        foreach (var value in node.Hash) visitor.Visit(value);
+
+        if (exhausted)
+        {
+            foreach (var value in node.Exact) visitor.Visit(value);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var slash = rest.IndexOf('/');
+        var level = slash < 0 ? rest : rest[..slash];
+        var next = slash < 0 ? ReadOnlySpan<char>.Empty : rest[(slash + 1)..];
+        var nextExhausted = slash < 0;
+
+        if (node.Children.Count > 0
+            && node.Children.GetAlternateLookup<ReadOnlySpan<char>>().TryGetValue(level, out var child))
+        {
+            Walk(child, next, nextExhausted, ref visitor);
+        }
+
+        if (node.Plus is { } plus) Walk(plus, next, nextExhausted, ref visitor);
+    }
+
+    private sealed class Node(FrozenDictionary<string, Node> children, Node? plus, T[] exact, T[] hash)
+    {
+        public FrozenDictionary<string, Node> Children { get; } = children;
+
+        public Node? Plus { get; } = plus;
+
+        public T[] Exact { get; } = exact;
+
+        public T[] Hash { get; } = hash;
+    }
+
+    private sealed class Builder
+    {
+        public Dictionary<string, Builder> Children { get; } = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+
+        public Builder? Plus { get; set; }
+
+        public List<T> Exact { get; } = [];
+
+        public List<T> Hash { get; } = [];
+
+        public Node Freeze() => new(
+            Children.ToFrozenDictionary(kv => kv.Key, kv => kv.Value.Freeze(), StringComparer.Ordinal),
+            Plus?.Freeze(),
+            [.. Exact],
+            [.. Hash]);
+    }
+}

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Browser/SqlBrowseSession.cs

@@ -48,6 +48,12 @@ internal sealed class SqlBrowseSession : IBrowseSession
     /// <summary>Column alias carrying the SQL type family name.</summary>
     private const string DataTypeColumn = "DATA_TYPE";
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Column alias carrying <c>YES</c>/<c>NO</c> nullability. Every shipped dialect projects it (Oracle
+    ///     normalises its <c>Y</c>/<c>N</c>); it used to be read by nothing (R06:S-5).
+    /// </summary>
+    private const string IsNullableColumn = "IS_NULLABLE";
+
     /// <summary>The <c>TABLE_TYPE</c> value marking a view rather than a base table.</summary>
     private const string ViewTableType = "VIEW";
 
@@ -158,7 +164,7 @@ internal sealed class SqlBrowseSession : IBrowseSession
             reference.Schema, reference.Table!, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
         // Computed from the columns ALREADY READ for this call — the catalog is not queried a second time.
-        var timestampColumn = PreferredTimestampColumn(columns);
+        var timestampColumn = PreferredTimestampColumn([.. columns.Select(c => (c.Name, c.DataType))]);
 
         // Ordinal: a column NodeId is only ever minted from this same catalog output, so its case is the
         // catalog's own. A case-insensitive match would pick the wrong column on a case-sensitive collation
@@ -191,7 +197,18 @@ internal sealed class SqlBrowseSession : IBrowseSession
                     Name: column.Name,
                     DriverDataType: _dialect.MapColumnType(column.DataType).ToString(),
                     IsArray: false,
-                    SecurityClass: ReadOnlySecurityClass,
+                    // ⚠ SecurityClass is (ab)used as the picker's descriptor line ("{type} · {SecurityClass}"),
+                    // exactly as the MQTT browser does. Every consumer today is display-only; a future one that
+                    // parses it as SecurityClassification must not read the Sql value (review m-6 — a dedicated
+                    // descriptor field on AttributeInfo is the Commons follow-up). Display only. Nullability is
+                    // what tells an operator a cell can come back NULL, which publishes Uncertain (or Bad under
+                    // nullIsBad), before they commit the tag.
+                    SecurityClass: column.IsNullable switch
+                    {
+                        true => ReadOnlySecurityClass + " · nullable",
+                        false => ReadOnlySecurityClass + " · NOT NULL",
+                        null => ReadOnlySecurityClass,
+                    },
                     IsAlarm: false,
                     AddressFields: addressFields),
             ];
@@ -356,7 +373,7 @@ internal sealed class SqlBrowseSession : IBrowseSession
     ///     than an error: the catalog answering "no rows" is indistinguishable from a genuinely column-less
     ///     relation, and neither is a reason to fail an operator's click.
     /// </summary>
-    private Task<List<(string Name, string DataType)>> ReadColumnsAsync(
+    private Task<List<(string Name, string DataType, bool? IsNullable)>> ReadColumnsAsync(
         string schema, string table, CancellationToken ct) =>
         QueryAsync(
             _dialect.ListColumnsSql,
@@ -367,9 +384,30 @@ internal sealed class SqlBrowseSession : IBrowseSession
             },
             static reader => (
                 Name: ReadString(reader, ColumnNameColumn),
-                DataType: ReadOptionalString(reader, DataTypeColumn) ?? string.Empty),
+                DataType: ReadOptionalString(reader, DataTypeColumn) ?? string.Empty,
+                IsNullable: ReadNullability(reader)),
             ct);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Reads <c>IS_NULLABLE</c> as a tri-state: <see langword="null"/> when a (custom) dialect does not
+    ///     project it or the value is neither <c>YES</c> nor <c>NO</c> — "unknown" is said by omission, never
+    ///     guessed.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static bool? ReadNullability(DbDataReader reader)
+    {
+        for (var i = 0; i < reader.FieldCount; i++)
+        {
+            if (!string.Equals(reader.GetName(i), IsNullableColumn, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) continue;
+            if (reader.IsDBNull(i)) return null;
+            var text = reader.GetValue(i)?.ToString()?.Trim();
+            if (string.Equals(text, "YES", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return true;
+            if (string.Equals(text, "NO", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return false;
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     ///     Runs one catalog query under the gate and projects every row. The disposed check happens
     ///     <em>inside</em> the gate wait so a dispose racing an in-flight call cannot be missed.

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Dialect/ISqlDialect.cs

@@ -177,6 +177,31 @@ public interface ISqlDialect
     /// </summary>
     string SingleRowLimitSuffix { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     The <see cref="SingleRowLimitPrefix"/> position's fragment for an <paramref name="rows"/>-row limit —
+    ///     T-SQL's <c>"TOP (n) "</c>; empty for a dialect that limits at the end. Same trailing-space rule.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    ///     Added for the key-value / where-pair row cap (R06:S-1): those plans used to carry no limit, so an
+    ///     ambiguous selector against a history table materialised every matching row on every poll. The
+    ///     planner asks for <c>N + 1</c> rows — one more than the plan can use — so ambiguity stays observable
+    ///     (the reader sees the extra row and publishes a configuration error) without unbounded reads.
+    /// </remarks>
+    /// <param name="rows">The row limit; at least 1.</param>
+    /// <returns>The fragment, possibly empty.</returns>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException"><paramref name="rows"/> is below 1.</exception>
+    string RowLimitPrefix(int rows);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     The <see cref="SingleRowLimitSuffix"/> position's fragment for an <paramref name="rows"/>-row limit —
+    ///     <c>" LIMIT n"</c> / <c>" FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY"</c>; empty for a dialect that limits after
+    ///     <c>SELECT</c>. Same leading-space rule. See <see cref="RowLimitPrefix"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="rows">The row limit; at least 1.</param>
+    /// <returns>The fragment, possibly empty.</returns>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException"><paramref name="rows"/> is below 1.</exception>
+    string RowLimitSuffix(int rows);
+
     /// <summary>Catalog query listing schemas — the browser's <c>RootAsync</c> level. Takes no parameters.</summary>
     string ListSchemasSql { get; }
 

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Dialect/OracleDialect.cs

@@ -124,6 +124,21 @@ public sealed class OracleDialect : ISqlDialect
     // statement shape, which this seam deliberately leaves with the planner.
     public string SingleRowLimitSuffix => " FETCH FIRST 1 ROWS ONLY";
 
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public string RowLimitPrefix(int rows)
+    {
+        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(rows, 1);
+        return string.Empty;
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    // The same 12c+ row-limiting clause as SingleRowLimitSuffix; valid after a WHERE with no ORDER BY.
+    public string RowLimitSuffix(int rows)
+    {
+        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(rows, 1);
+        return " FETCH FIRST " + rows.ToString(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) + " ROWS ONLY";
+    }
+
     /// <inheritdoc />
     // Schemas visible to the connecting principal, from ALL_USERS (Oracle equates a schema with a
     // user), aliased to the TABLE_SCHEMA column name the catalog readers project by.

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Dialect/PostgresDialect.cs

@@ -86,6 +86,20 @@ public sealed class PostgresDialect : ISqlDialect
     /// <inheritdoc />
     public string SingleRowLimitSuffix => " LIMIT 1";
 
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public string RowLimitPrefix(int rows)
+    {
+        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(rows, 1);
+        return string.Empty;
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public string RowLimitSuffix(int rows)
+    {
+        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(rows, 1);
+        return " LIMIT " + rows.ToString(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+    }
+
     // The schemas holding relations this connection can actually see, system schemas excluded.
     //
     // Sourced from information_schema.tables, not information_schema.schemata - a deliberate

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Dialect/SqlServerDialect.cs

@@ -87,6 +87,22 @@ public sealed class SqlServerDialect : ISqlDialect
     /// <inheritdoc />
     public string SingleRowLimitSuffix => string.Empty;
 
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    // Parenthesised: TOP (n) is the documented modern form, and TOP n without parentheses is the
+    // backwards-compatibility spelling.
+    public string RowLimitPrefix(int rows)
+    {
+        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(rows, 1);
+        return "TOP (" + rows.ToString(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) + ") ";
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public string RowLimitSuffix(int rows)
+    {
+        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(rows, 1);
+        return string.Empty;
+    }
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public string ListSchemasSql =>
         "SELECT DISTINCT TABLE_SCHEMA FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES ORDER BY TABLE_SCHEMA";

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql/SqlDriver.cs

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql;
 ///     manufacture an exception to force backoff.</para>
 /// </summary>
 public sealed class SqlDriver
-    : IDriver, ITagDiscovery, IReadable, ISubscribable, IHostConnectivityProbe, ISkippedTagReporter, IAsyncDisposable
+    : IDriver, ITagDiscovery, IReadable, IBatchSubscribable, IHostConnectivityProbe, ISkippedTagReporter, IAsyncDisposable
 {
     /// <summary>Authored tags this driver could not build into its poll table.</summary>
     private readonly SkippedTagLedger _skippedTags = new();
@@ -156,6 +156,16 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
 
     private DriverHealth _health = new(DriverState.Unknown, null, null);
 
+    /// <summary>Guards the lifecycle-generation bump against the generation-checked lifecycle health write.</summary>
+    private readonly object _healthLock = new();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Bumped by every <see cref="InitializeAsync"/> and <see cref="ShutdownAsync"/>. A lifecycle write from
+    ///     a superseded call, and a poll that STARTED under an older generation (a stale poll outliving the
+    ///     engine's 5 s teardown wait, R06:S-9), can no longer overwrite the newer state.
+    /// </summary>
+    private long _lifecycleGeneration;
+
     /// <summary>
     ///     The exception instance <see cref="ReadAsync"/> has already turned into a health verdict, held only
     ///     until <see cref="HandlePollError"/> — which the poll engine calls with that same object — has
@@ -173,6 +183,9 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
     /// <summary>Occurs when a subscribed tag's value or quality changes.</summary>
     public event EventHandler<DataChangeEventArgs>? OnDataChange;
 
+    /// <summary>Occurs once per poll cycle that produced at least one change, carrying every change of that cycle.</summary>
+    public event EventHandler<DataChangeBatchEventArgs>? OnDataChangeBatch;
+
     /// <summary>Occurs when the database endpoint transitions between reachable and unreachable.</summary>
     public event EventHandler<HostStatusChangedEventArgs>? OnHostStatusChanged;
 
@@ -230,6 +243,9 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
                 OnDataChange?.Invoke(this, new DataChangeEventArgs(handle, tagRef, snapshot)),
             onError: HandlePollError,
             backoffCap: PollBackoffCap,
+            // R02:P1 — one batch per poll burst, so DriverInstanceActor forwards one message per cycle instead
+            // of one per tag (it subscribes exactly one of the two events).
+            onBatch: (handle, items) => OnDataChangeBatch?.Invoke(this, new DataChangeBatchEventArgs(handle, items)),
             // The engine owns no Meter (Core.Abstractions takes no metrics dependency), so this
             // closure IS the production consumer of its overrun signal.
             onOverrun: _ => OtOpcUaTelemetry.PollOverruns.Add(1,
@@ -261,6 +277,10 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
         _factory = _explicitFactory ?? dialect.Factory;
         _connectionString = connectionString;
         Endpoint = DescribeEndpoint(connectionString);
+
+        // The reader being replaced owns a SemaphoreSlim (R06:S-3). Disposing it is safe even with a stale
+        // poll still inside it: the gate goes only when the last in-flight group releases it.
+        var previous = _reader;
         _reader = new SqlPollReader(
             _factory,
             connectionString,
@@ -271,6 +291,7 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
             nullIsBad: options.NullIsBad,
             resolve: rawPath => _resolver.TryResolve(rawPath, out var definition) ? definition : null,
             logger: _logger);
+        previous?.Dispose();
     }
 
     /// <summary>True when the supplied DriverConfig JSON carries a real body. The bootstrapper always passes
@@ -347,20 +368,39 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
     // identifier.
     public async Task InitializeAsync(string driverConfigJson, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
-        WriteHealth(new DriverHealth(DriverState.Initializing, null, null));
+        var generation = BeginLifecycle();
+        // LastSuccessfulRead is PRESERVED across the lifecycle states — it is the watchdog's evidence clock.
+        WriteHealthIfCurrent(generation, new DriverHealth(DriverState.Initializing, ReadHealth().LastSuccessfulRead, null));
 
         // adopt a changed config BEFORE the tag table is built, so the table and the connection it
         // will be polled over come from the same revision. ApplyBinding takes the options, dialect and
         // connection string as one unit; adopting options alone would poll a NEW tag set through the OLD
         // database, which is why this driver was excluded from the first pass. A null rebinder (direct
         // construction) or an empty/placeholder document keeps the constructor-supplied trio.
-        if (_rebind is not null && HasConfigBody(driverConfigJson))
+        try
         {
-            var binding = _rebind(driverConfigJson);
-            ApplyBinding(binding.Options, binding.Dialect, binding.ConnectionString);
-        }
+            if (_rebind is not null && HasConfigBody(driverConfigJson))
+            {
+                var binding = _rebind(driverConfigJson);
+                ApplyBinding(binding.Options, binding.Dialect, binding.ConnectionString);
+            }
 
-        BuildTagTable();
+            BuildTagTable();
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            // Review m-4: an unresolvable connectionStringRef or a malformed config threw here AFTER Initializing
+            // was written, and no poll may end Initializing — so the driver latched it with no LastError. Fault
+            // it like the liveness stage does: exception TYPE only on the operator surface (the factory's own
+            // messages are already sanitized, but this method cannot rely on that), full exception to the log.
+            var message =
+                $"Sql driver '{_driverInstanceId}' could not adopt its configuration: {ex.GetType().Name}. " +
+                "Check the connectionStringRef and the driver config JSON.";
+            _logger.LogError(ex, "Sql driver {DriverInstanceId} configuration could not be adopted.", _driverInstanceId);
+            if (WriteHealthIfCurrent(generation, new DriverHealth(DriverState.Faulted, ReadHealth().LastSuccessfulRead, message)))
+                TransitionHostTo(HostState.Stopped);
+            throw;
+        }
 
         try
         {
@@ -369,7 +409,7 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
         catch (OperationCanceledException) when (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
         {
             // The caller tore the initialization down; not a database verdict.
-            WriteHealth(new DriverHealth(DriverState.Unknown, null, null));
+            WriteHealthIfCurrent(generation, new DriverHealth(DriverState.Unknown, ReadHealth().LastSuccessfulRead, null));
             throw;
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
@@ -385,8 +425,8 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
                 $"Check the database is reachable and the connection string is valid.";
             _logger.LogError(ex, "Sql driver {DriverInstanceId} liveness check against {Endpoint} failed.",
                 _driverInstanceId, Endpoint);
-            WriteHealth(new DriverHealth(DriverState.Faulted, null, message));
-            TransitionHostTo(HostState.Stopped);
+            if (WriteHealthIfCurrent(generation, new DriverHealth(DriverState.Faulted, ReadHealth().LastSuccessfulRead, message)))
+                TransitionHostTo(HostState.Stopped);
             throw new InvalidOperationException(message, ex);
         }
 
@@ -399,7 +439,7 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
         }
         catch (OperationCanceledException) when (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
         {
-            WriteHealth(new DriverHealth(DriverState.Unknown, null, null));
+            WriteHealthIfCurrent(generation, new DriverHealth(DriverState.Unknown, ReadHealth().LastSuccessfulRead, null));
             throw;
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
@@ -415,13 +455,13 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
             _logger.LogError(ex,
                 "Sql driver {DriverInstanceId} catalog validation against {Endpoint} failed.",
                 _driverInstanceId, Endpoint);
-            WriteHealth(new DriverHealth(DriverState.Faulted, null, message));
-            TransitionHostTo(HostState.Stopped);
+            if (WriteHealthIfCurrent(generation, new DriverHealth(DriverState.Faulted, ReadHealth().LastSuccessfulRead, message)))
+                TransitionHostTo(HostState.Stopped);
             throw new InvalidOperationException(message, ex);
         }
 
-        WriteHealth(new DriverHealth(DriverState.Healthy, DateTime.UtcNow, null));
-        TransitionHostTo(HostState.Running);
+        if (WriteHealthIfCurrent(generation, new DriverHealth(DriverState.Healthy, DateTime.UtcNow, null)))
+            TransitionHostTo(HostState.Running);
         _logger.LogInformation(
             "Sql driver {DriverInstanceId} initialized against {Endpoint} with {TagCount} authored tag(s).",
             _driverInstanceId, Endpoint, Tags.Count);
@@ -437,9 +477,10 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
     /// <inheritdoc />
     public async Task ShutdownAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
+        var generation = BeginLifecycle();
         var lastRead = ReadHealth().LastSuccessfulRead;
         await TeardownAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-        WriteHealth(new DriverHealth(DriverState.Unknown, lastRead, null));
+        WriteHealthIfCurrent(generation, new DriverHealth(DriverState.Unknown, lastRead, null));
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc />
@@ -512,11 +553,37 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
         // unreachable" and degrade a perfectly healthy driver.
         ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(fullReferences);
 
+        // The generation this read started under: if a Shutdown/Initialize lands while it is in flight, its
+        // verdict describes a superseded configuration and must not touch the newer health (R06:S-9).
+        var generation = Interlocked.Read(ref _lifecycleGeneration);
+        return await ReadThroughAsync(_reader, fullReferences, generation, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <see cref="ReadAsync"/>'s body against a specific reader — the one the caller captured. Internal so a
+    ///     test can drive the "reader replaced between capture and use" race deterministically.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal async Task<IReadOnlyList<DataValueSnapshot>> ReadThroughAsync(
+        SqlPollReader reader, IReadOnlyList<string> fullReferences, long generation, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
         try
         {
-            var snapshots = await _reader.ReadAsync(fullReferences, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            ObservePollOutcome(snapshots);
-            return snapshots;
+            var result = await reader.ReadDetailedAsync(fullReferences, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            ObservePollOutcome(result.Snapshots, result.AnsweredRefusalGroups, generation);
+            return result.Snapshots;
+        }
+        catch (SqlPollReaderDisposedException ex) when (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            // A rebind swapped the reader under this poll (review m-1: a redeploy re-initialises without
+            // teardown, so the engine keeps polling). Retry ONCE on the current reader; if there is no newer
+            // one (the driver itself was disposed), hand the engine an exception it is told not to classify —
+            // it used to Degrade the driver as "poll failed: OperationCanceledException".
+            var current = Volatile.Read(ref _reader);
+            if (!ReferenceEquals(current, reader))
+                return await ReadThroughAsync(current, fullReferences, generation, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+            Volatile.Write(ref _classifiedByRead, ex);
+            throw;
         }
         catch (OperationCanceledException)
         {
@@ -530,8 +597,12 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
                 _driverInstanceId, Endpoint);
             // Type name only — never ex.Message (see InitializeAsync for why); the full exception is already
             // on the log sink via the LogWarning exception parameter above.
-            Degrade($"Sql driver '{_driverInstanceId}' could not reach {Endpoint}: {ex.GetType().Name}.");
-            TransitionHostTo(HostState.Stopped);
+            if (IsCurrentLifecycle(generation))
+            {
+                Degrade($"Sql driver '{_driverInstanceId}' could not reach {Endpoint}: {ex.GetType().Name}.");
+                TransitionHostTo(HostState.Stopped);
+            }
+
             // Mark THIS exception object as already classified before it goes back to the poll engine, which
             // routes it to HandlePollError next. The mark is what makes the deferral there exact — see that
             // method for why inferring it from the exception's type was not.
@@ -603,9 +674,21 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
     ///     cadence rather than backed off from.</para>
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="snapshots">The snapshots the reader returned for one poll.</param>
-    internal void ObservePollOutcome(IReadOnlyList<DataValueSnapshot> snapshots)
+    /// <param name="answeredRefusals">
+    ///     Groups the database answered but the driver refused (an over-cap result set, R06:S-1). Their
+    ///     members carry <see cref="SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError"/>, which alone is not answer evidence
+    ///     (the planner mints it before any I/O), so the count is what makes them count as the database
+    ///     answering.
+    /// </param>
+    /// <param name="generation">
+    ///     The lifecycle generation the poll started under; a superseded one is ignored outright. Null (tests)
+    ///     means "current".
+    /// </param>
+    internal void ObservePollOutcome(
+        IReadOnlyList<DataValueSnapshot> snapshots, int answeredRefusals = 0, long? generation = null)
     {
         if (snapshots.Count == 0) return;
+        if (generation is { } started && !IsCurrentLifecycle(started)) return;
 
         var good = 0;
         var unreachable = 0;
@@ -620,6 +703,8 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
             if (IsAnswerEvidence(snapshot.StatusCode)) answered++;
         }
 
+        answered += answeredRefusals;
+
         if (unreachable > 0)
         {
             Degrade(
@@ -655,17 +740,12 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
 
         if (answered == 0) return;   // authoring-class Bad only — not a statement about the database.
 
-        if (good == 0)
-        {
-            // The database answered, just not with a value: an absent row, a NULL cell, a cell that would
-            // not coerce. Those are data/authoring facts, so the health STATE is deliberately left exactly
-            // as it was — but they are still proof the transport works, and the evidence clock the
-            // comms-loss watchdog reads must say so.
-            TouchLastSuccessfulRead();
-            TransitionHostTo(HostState.Running);
-            return;
-        }
 
+        // Good values, OR a database that answered with refusals only — an absent row, a NULL cell, an
+        // uncoercible cell, an over-cap result set. A refusal is the database answering: it advances the
+        // evidence clock AND restores Healthy after a comms fault, exactly as a Good read does. Leaving the
+        // state as it was latched a recovered database Degraded behind every poll that read only refusals.
+        //
         // Route through the Faulted guard, not a raw WriteHealth: a poll still in flight when a concurrent
         // ReinitializeAsync has recorded Faulted (the engine's ~5 s teardown wait is shorter than the 15 s
         // default operationTimeout, so a stale poll can still complete afterwards) must not flip Faulted back
@@ -792,7 +872,11 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="project">Builds the snapshot to publish from the current one.</param>
     private void UpdateHealthUnlessFaulted(Func<DriverHealth, DriverHealth> project)
-        => UpdateHealth(current => current.State == DriverState.Faulted ? null : project(current));
+        // Initializing too: only the initialize's own final write may end it — a poll landing mid-init
+        // (a re-init without shutdown keeps the engine running) used to flip Initializing → Healthy.
+        => UpdateHealth(current => current.State is DriverState.Faulted or DriverState.Initializing
+            ? null
+            : project(current));
 
     /// <summary>
     ///     The one read-modify-write of the health field, as a compare-and-swap retry loop.
@@ -823,13 +907,31 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
     /// <summary>Barrier-protected read of the multi-threaded health field.</summary>
     private DriverHealth ReadHealth() => Volatile.Read(ref _health);
 
+    /// <summary>Starts a lifecycle operation and returns its generation; every later one supersedes it.</summary>
+    private long BeginLifecycle()
+    {
+        lock (_healthLock) return ++_lifecycleGeneration;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Whether <paramref name="generation"/> is still the newest lifecycle operation.</summary>
+    private bool IsCurrentLifecycle(long generation) => Interlocked.Read(ref _lifecycleGeneration) == generation;
+
+    /// <summary>The current lifecycle generation. Test observation of the S-9 guard.</summary>
+    internal long LifecycleGenerationForTests => Interlocked.Read(ref _lifecycleGeneration);
+
     /// <summary>
-    ///     Unconditional publish of a new health snapshot, for the lifecycle transitions that are
-    ///     last-writer-wins by definition (Initialize / Shutdown). Everything driven by a poll goes through
-    ///     <see cref="UpdateHealth"/> instead, because it has to read the current snapshot first.
+    ///     A lifecycle write that applies only while <paramref name="generation"/> is current — atomic against
+    ///     <see cref="BeginLifecycle"/>, so a superseded initialize/shutdown never overwrites a newer one.
     /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="value">The health snapshot to publish.</param>
-    private void WriteHealth(DriverHealth value) => Volatile.Write(ref _health, value);
+    private bool WriteHealthIfCurrent(long generation, DriverHealth value)
+    {
+        lock (_healthLock)
+        {
+            if (_lifecycleGeneration != generation) return false;
+            Volatile.Write(ref _health, value);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
 
     /// <summary>Records a host-state change and raises <see cref="OnHostStatusChanged"/> — on transitions only.</summary>
     private void TransitionHostTo(HostState newState)
@@ -867,10 +969,15 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
                     table[entry.RawPath] = definition;
                 else
                 {
-                    blobSkips.Add(new SkippedTag(entry.RawPath, "TagConfig did not map to a definition"));
+                    // The reason is the DEPLOY GATE's own explanation (R06:S-4) — SqlTagDefinitionFactory.Inspect
+                    // asks this same parser and then says why — so /hosts names e.g. the deferred Query model
+                    // instead of a generic "did not map" for a tag the gate already warned about.
+                    var reason = SqlTagDefinitionFactory.Inspect(entry.TagConfig).FirstOrDefault()
+                                 ?? "TagConfig did not map to a definition";
+                    blobSkips.Add(new SkippedTag(entry.RawPath, reason));
                     _logger.LogWarning(
-                        "Sql tag config did not map to a definition; skipping. Driver={DriverInstanceId} RawPath={RawPath}",
-                        _driverInstanceId, entry.RawPath);
+                        "Sql tag config did not map to a definition; skipping. Driver={DriverInstanceId} RawPath={RawPath} Reason={Reason}",
+                        _driverInstanceId, entry.RawPath, reason);
                 }
             }
             catch (Exception ex)
@@ -1150,7 +1257,20 @@ public sealed class SqlDriver
     ///     <c>await using</c> does not leak the poll loops.
     /// </summary>
     /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous operation.</returns>
-    public async ValueTask DisposeAsync() => await TeardownAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+    public async ValueTask DisposeAsync()
+    {
+        await TeardownAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        // Only on the FINAL dispose: a Shutdown → Initialize cycle on the same instance keeps polling
+        // through this reader when the init does not rebind (no rebinder / placeholder config).
+        _reader.Dispose();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Re-runs <see cref="ApplyBinding"/> on the current binding — a real reader swap, for the m-1 race test.</summary>
+    internal void RebindForTests() => ApplyBinding(_options, _dialect, _connectionString);
+
+    /// <summary>The live poll reader. Test observation of the S-3 lifecycle only.</summary>
+    internal SqlPollReader ReaderForTests => _reader;
 
     /// <summary>
     ///     Shared teardown: stops every polled subscription and drops the authored table. Idempotent — safe

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql/SqlDriverFactoryExtensions.cs

@@ -194,8 +194,14 @@ public static class SqlDriverFactoryExtensions
         }
         catch (JsonException ex)
         {
+            // The parser's message AND the exception carrying it are withheld (R06:S-8), matching
+            // SqlDriverProbe and SqlDriverBrowser: System.Text.Json quotes the offending token, and a pasted
+            // connection-string literal is exactly the malformed text that lands here. This message becomes
+            // InitializeFailed -> health LastError -> /hosts. Line/byte position carry no content, so they stay.
             throw new InvalidOperationException(
-                $"Sql driver config for '{driverInstanceId}' is not valid JSON: {ex.Message}", ex);
+                $"Sql driver config for '{driverInstanceId}' is not valid JSON (line "
+                + $"{(ex.LineNumber is { } line ? line + 1 : (object)"?")}, byte {ex.BytePositionInLine?.ToString(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) ?? "?"}). The parser's message is withheld because the malformed text may "
+                + "carry a connection string.");
         }
     }
 

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql/SqlGroupPlanner.cs

@@ -230,15 +230,23 @@ public static class SqlGroupPlanner
             values.Add(keyValue);
         }
 
+        // Row cap (R06:S-1): one row per distinct key is all this plan can use. It reads up to TWICE that, so a
+        // handful of stray duplicates stays inside the cap and is attributed PER KEY by the reader (only the
+        // duplicated key's tags go BadConfigurationError) — and asks for one row more than that, so only a
+        // gross excess (a history/events table, unattributable by construction because the rest is unread)
+        // fails the whole group. Memory stays O(keys) either way.
+        var rowCap = values.Count * 2;
         var sql = new StringBuilder("SELECT ")
+            .Append(dialect.RowLimitPrefix(rowCap + 1))
             .Append(QuoteList(selected, dialect))
             .Append(" FROM ").Append(QuoteQualifiedName(first.Table, dialect))
             .Append(" WHERE ").Append(dialect.QuoteIdentifier(keyColumn))
             .Append(" IN (").AppendJoin(", ", markers).Append(')')
+            .Append(dialect.RowLimitSuffix(rowCap + 1))
             .ToString();
 
         return new SqlQueryPlan(
-            SqlTagModel.KeyValue, groupKey, sql, markers, bindNames, values, members, selected);
+            SqlTagModel.KeyValue, groupKey, sql, markers, bindNames, values, members, selected, rowCap);
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -270,14 +278,18 @@ public static class SqlGroupPlanner
         // A where-pair wins over topByTimestamp; the parser already guarantees exactly one is populated.
         if (!Blank(first.RowSelectorColumn) && first.RowSelectorValue is not null)
         {
+            // Capped at TWO rows (R06:S-1): the selector must identify one row, and the second is the proof it
+            // does not. A TOP 1 alone would hide that ambiguity (see SqlPollReader.SelectWideRow); no cap at all
+            // materialised every matching row of an events table on every poll.
             var marker = dialect.ParameterMarker(RowSelectorBaseName);
             var sql = string.Concat(
-                "SELECT ", columns, " FROM ", table,
-                " WHERE ", dialect.QuoteIdentifier(first.RowSelectorColumn!), " = ", marker);
+                "SELECT ", dialect.RowLimitPrefix(2), columns, " FROM ", table,
+                " WHERE ", dialect.QuoteIdentifier(first.RowSelectorColumn!), " = ", marker,
+                dialect.RowLimitSuffix(2));
             return new SqlQueryPlan(
                 SqlTagModel.WideRow, groupKey, sql,
                 [marker], [dialect.ParameterBindName(RowSelectorBaseName)],
-                [first.RowSelectorValue], members, selected);
+                [first.RowSelectorValue], members, selected, RowCap: 1);
         }
 
         if (!Blank(first.RowSelectorTopByTimestamp))

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql/SqlPollReader.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Data.Common;
 using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Globalization;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql;
 ///     no subscription state and no connection between polls, so the driver shell can wrap it in
 ///     <see cref="PollGroupEngine"/> and own those concerns.</para>
 /// </summary>
-public sealed class SqlPollReader
+public sealed class SqlPollReader : IDisposable
 {
     /// <summary>Minimum spacing between "your source violates the query contract" warnings, per reader.</summary>
     private static readonly TimeSpan ContractWarningInterval = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1);
@@ -52,13 +54,41 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
 
     /// <summary>
     ///     Caps concurrently executing group queries — and therefore concurrently held connections
-    ///     (design §8.4). Never disposed: a <see cref="SemaphoreSlim"/> only needs disposal once its
-    ///     <c>AvailableWaitHandle</c> has been touched, and not disposing it also removes the hazard of a
-    ///     timed-out-but-still-running group releasing into a disposed semaphore.
+    ///     (design §8.4). Disposed by <see cref="Dispose"/> only once every group that ever acquired it has
+    ///     released it (<see cref="_refs"/>), so a timed-out-but-still-running group can never release into a
+    ///     disposed semaphore (R06:S-3 — it used to be never disposed, one per reinitialize).
     /// </summary>
     private readonly SemaphoreSlim _gate;
 
-    private long _lastContractWarningTicks;
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Owner reference (1) plus one per in-flight group. <see cref="Dispose"/> drops the owner's; whoever
+    ///     takes it to zero disposes <see cref="_gate"/>. Zero is terminal — no group can start after it.
+    /// </summary>
+    private int _refs = 1;
+
+    private int _disposed;
+
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Per-key last-warned instant for the per-poll warnings (R06:S-6): a frozen group's BadTimeout and a
+    ///     failing group's query error used to log every poll, per group, indefinitely — 20 groups at 1 s was
+    ///     20 lines a second carrying SQL text. Keyed by the plan's SQL text, so bounded by the plan count.
+    /// </summary>
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, long> _lastWarnedTicks = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+
+    /// <summary>Tags whose uncoercible cell has been warned about — once per tag per reader (the refusal rule).</summary>
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, byte> _coerceWarned = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     The resolved definitions, slot map and plans for each reference list a caller polls (R06:S-7). A
+    ///     poll loop passes the SAME list instance every cycle, so it is planned once instead of every poll.
+    ///     Weakly keyed: an unsubscribed list (and its entry) is collected with it. Invalidation is structural —
+    ///     each entry remembers the definition INSTANCES it was built from, and any reference resolving to a
+    ///     different instance (a catalog-gate swap) rebuilds it.
+    /// </summary>
+    private readonly ConditionalWeakTable<IReadOnlyList<string>, PollShape> _shapes = new();
+
+    private int _plansBuilt;
 
     /// <summary>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SqlPollReader"/> class.</summary>
     /// <param name="factory">
@@ -154,26 +184,87 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
     /// <exception cref="DbException">The database could not be reached (opening a connection failed).</exception>
     public async Task<IReadOnlyList<DataValueSnapshot>> ReadAsync(
         IReadOnlyList<string> fullReferences, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        => (await ReadDetailedAsync(fullReferences, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false)).Snapshots;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <see cref="ReadAsync"/> plus what the snapshots alone cannot say: how many groups the database
+    ///     ANSWERED with more rows than the plan can use (R06:S-1). Those groups publish
+    ///     <see cref="SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError"/> — the same code an un-plannable definition gets
+    ///     before any I/O — so the driver needs this count to treat them as the answer evidence they are.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="fullReferences">The RawPaths to read.</param>
+    /// <param name="cancellationToken">The caller's token; see <see cref="ReadAsync"/>.</param>
+    /// <returns>The snapshots and the answered-refusal count.</returns>
+    public async Task<SqlPollResult> ReadDetailedAsync(
+        IReadOnlyList<string> fullReferences, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(fullReferences);
 
         var results = new DataValueSnapshot[fullReferences.Count];
-        if (results.Length == 0) return results;
+        if (results.Length == 0) return new SqlPollResult(results, 0);
 
         var readAt = DateTime.UtcNow;
+        var shape = GetShape(fullReferences);
 
-        // Resolve first. A miss is this tag's own problem (BadNodeIdUnknown) and must not reach the planner,
-        // whose members are the sole thing the slice-back walks.
+        // A miss is this tag's own problem (BadNodeIdUnknown) and never reaches the planner, whose members
+        // are the sole thing the slice-back walks.
+        for (var i = 0; i < shape.Resolved.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (shape.Resolved[i] is null)
+                results[i] = new DataValueSnapshot(null, SqlStatusCodes.BadNodeIdUnknown, null, readAt);
+        }
+
+        var answeredRefusals = shape.Definitions.Count > 0
+            ? await ReadGroupsAsync(shape, results, readAt, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false)
+            : 0;
+
+        // Fail-safe. Nothing above should leave a hole, but "N in, N out" is a contract the caller indexes
+        // blind — a null here would be a NullReferenceException in the publish fan-out, far from its cause.
+        for (var i = 0; i < results.Length; i++)
+            results[i] ??= new DataValueSnapshot(null, SqlStatusCodes.BadInternalError, null, readAt);
+
+        return new SqlPollResult(results, answeredRefusals);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>How many times a reference list has been (re)planned. Test observation of the S-7 cache.</summary>
+    internal int PlansBuiltForTests => Volatile.Read(ref _plansBuilt);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Returns the cached shape for <paramref name="fullReferences"/>, rebuilding it when any reference now
+    ///     resolves to a different definition instance than the one it was built from.
+    /// </summary>
+    private PollShape GetShape(IReadOnlyList<string> fullReferences)
+    {
+        if (_shapes.TryGetValue(fullReferences, out var cached) && cached.Resolved.Length == fullReferences.Count)
+        {
+            var current = true;
+            for (var i = 0; i < fullReferences.Count && current; i++)
+            {
+                var definition = fullReferences[i] is { } reference ? _resolve(reference) : null;
+                current = ReferenceEquals(definition, cached.Resolved[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (current) return cached;
+        }
+
+        var shape = BuildShape(fullReferences);
+        _shapes.AddOrUpdate(fullReferences, shape);
+        return shape;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Resolves, slots and plans one reference list.</summary>
+    private PollShape BuildShape(IReadOnlyList<string> fullReferences)
+    {
+        Interlocked.Increment(ref _plansBuilt);
+
+        var resolved = new SqlTagDefinition?[fullReferences.Count];
         var definitions = new List<SqlTagDefinition>(fullReferences.Count);
         var slots = new Dictionary<SqlTagDefinition, List<int>>();
         for (var i = 0; i < fullReferences.Count; i++)
         {
             var definition = fullReferences[i] is { } reference ? _resolve(reference) : null;
-            if (definition is null)
-            {
-                results[i] = new DataValueSnapshot(null, SqlStatusCodes.BadNodeIdUnknown, null, readAt);
-                continue;
-            }
+            resolved[i] = definition;
+            if (definition is null) continue;
 
             definitions.Add(definition);
             if (!slots.TryGetValue(definition, out var positions))
@@ -181,45 +272,54 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
             positions.Add(i);
         }
 
-        if (definitions.Count > 0)
-            await ReadGroupsAsync(definitions, slots, results, readAt, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        if (definitions.Count == 0) return new PollShape(resolved, definitions, slots, [], PlanningFailed: false);
 
-        // Fail-safe. Nothing above should leave a hole, but "N in, N out" is a contract the caller indexes
-        // blind — a null here would be a NullReferenceException in the publish fan-out, far from its cause.
-        for (var i = 0; i < results.Length; i++)
-            results[i] ??= new DataValueSnapshot(null, SqlStatusCodes.BadInternalError, null, readAt);
-
-        return results;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>Plans the resolved definitions, runs every group concurrently, and slices the results back.</summary>
-    private async Task ReadGroupsAsync(
-        List<SqlTagDefinition> definitions,
-        Dictionary<SqlTagDefinition, List<int>> slots,
-        DataValueSnapshot[] results,
-        DateTime readAt,
-        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-    {
-        IReadOnlyList<SqlQueryPlan> plans;
         try
         {
-            plans = SqlGroupPlanner.Plan(definitions, _dialect);
+            return new PollShape(resolved, definitions, slots, SqlGroupPlanner.Plan(definitions, _dialect), PlanningFailed: false);
         }
         catch (Exception ex) when (ex is ArgumentException or NotSupportedException)
         {
             // A definition with a broken invariant — SqlEquipmentTagParser rejects all of these up front, so
             // reaching here means a definition was built past the parser. It is an authoring fault, not a
             // database fault: Bad-code the planned tags rather than throwing and triggering connection backoff.
+            // Logged once per (re)plan, which the cache makes once per shape rather than once per poll.
             _logger.LogError(ex, "Sql poll planning failed for {Count} tag(s); publishing BadConfigurationError.",
                 definitions.Count);
-            foreach (var definition in definitions)
+            return new PollShape(resolved, definitions, slots, [], PlanningFailed: true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>One reference list's resolved definitions, slot map and plans — immutable once built.</summary>
+    private sealed record PollShape(
+        SqlTagDefinition?[] Resolved,
+        List<SqlTagDefinition> Definitions,
+        Dictionary<SqlTagDefinition, List<int>> Slots,
+        IReadOnlyList<SqlQueryPlan> Plans,
+        bool PlanningFailed);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Runs every planned group concurrently and slices the results back. Returns how many groups came
+    ///     back with an answered refusal (over the row cap, or a duplicated key).
+    /// </summary>
+    private async Task<int> ReadGroupsAsync(
+        PollShape shape,
+        DataValueSnapshot[] results,
+        DateTime readAt,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var slots = shape.Slots;
+        var plans = shape.Plans;
+        if (shape.PlanningFailed)
+        {
+            foreach (var definition in shape.Definitions)
             {
                 if (!slots.TryGetValue(definition, out var positions)) continue;
                 var snapshot = new DataValueSnapshot(null, SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError, null, readAt);
                 foreach (var position in positions) results[position] = snapshot;
             }
 
-            return;
+            return 0;
         }
 
         // Groups run concurrently; _gate — not the task count — is what bounds open connections. Each group
@@ -233,8 +333,18 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
         // leaves a sibling group running against a connection nobody is watching.
         var outcomes = await Task.WhenAll(groups).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
+        // Surfaced AFTER WhenAll, as one typed exception: a group throwing it would turn WhenAll into a plain
+        // TaskCanceledException and the caller could no longer tell "superseded reader" from a caller cancel.
+        if (outcomes.Any(o => ReferenceEquals(o, GroupResult.ReaderDisposed))) throw new SqlPollReaderDisposedException();
+
+        var answeredRefusals = 0;
         for (var g = 0; g < plans.Count; g++)
-            Slice(plans[g], outcomes[g], slots, results, readAt);
+        {
+            var refusedSome = Slice(plans[g], outcomes[g], slots, results, readAt);
+            if (refusedSome || ReferenceEquals(outcomes[g], GroupResult.RowCapExceeded)) answeredRefusals++;
+        }
+
+        return answeredRefusals;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -273,6 +383,22 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
     ///     inside the deadline, so a poll behind a wedged group still returns on time — as BadTimeout.</para>
     /// </summary>
     private async Task<GroupResult> RunGroupAsync(SqlQueryPlan plan, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        // A reader replaced by a reinitialize (and disposed) can still be holding a stale poll: it runs no
+        // new group. Cancellation is the honest answer — the poll that asked has been superseded.
+        if (!TryAddRef()) return GroupResult.ReaderDisposed;
+
+        try
+        {
+            return await RunGroupCoreAsync(plan, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            ReleaseRef();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task<GroupResult> RunGroupCoreAsync(SqlQueryPlan plan, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         var clock = Stopwatch.StartNew();
 
@@ -288,6 +414,9 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
             if (budget <= TimeSpan.Zero) return GroupResult.TimedOut;
             deadline.CancelAfter(budget);
 
+            // The work holds its OWN reference: it can outlive this method (a timed-out group is abandoned
+            // still running) and its finally releases the slot into _gate, which must therefore still exist.
+            AddRefForWork();
             work = Task.Run(
                 async () =>
                 {
@@ -299,6 +428,7 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
                     {
                         _gate.Release();
                         deadline.Dispose();
+                        ReleaseRef();
                     }
                 },
                 CancellationToken.None);
@@ -334,6 +464,41 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Releases the concurrency gate once no group still holds it. Idempotent; safe while groups are in
+    ///     flight (the last one out disposes it). A disposed reader starts no new group.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref _disposed, 1) == 0) ReleaseRef();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>True once <see cref="_gate"/> has actually been disposed. Test observation only.</summary>
+    internal bool GateDisposedForTests => Volatile.Read(ref _refs) == 0;
+
+    /// <summary>Takes a reference unless the reader is already fully released.</summary>
+    private bool TryAddRef()
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            // A disposed reader starts no new group even while older ones are still in flight (review m-2):
+            // the gate would survive until they finish, but a replaced reader must not take new work.
+            if (Volatile.Read(ref _disposed) != 0) return false;
+            var current = Volatile.Read(ref _refs);
+            if (current == 0) return false;
+            if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _refs, current + 1, current) == current) return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>A further reference for work started under an already-held one (so never from zero).</summary>
+    private void AddRefForWork() => Interlocked.Increment(ref _refs);
+
+    /// <summary>Drops a reference; the one that reaches zero disposes the gate.</summary>
+    private void ReleaseRef()
+    {
+        if (Interlocked.Decrement(ref _refs) == 0) _gate.Dispose();
+    }
+
     /// <summary>How much of this group's <c>operationTimeout</c> budget is left; never negative.</summary>
     private TimeSpan Remaining(Stopwatch clock)
     {
@@ -346,11 +511,14 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
     {
         // The table is named for the same reason the contract warnings name it: under a partial outage this
         // line repeats every poll, and "which source is frozen" is the only question the operator has.
-        _logger.LogWarning(
-            "Sql poll group ({Model}, '{Table}', {Members} tag(s)) exceeded the {Timeout} ms operation " +
-            "timeout; publishing BadTimeout.",
-            plan.Model, plan.Members[0].Table, plan.Members.Count,
-            (int)_operationTimeout.TotalMilliseconds);
+        if (ShouldWarn("timeout:" + plan.SqlText))
+        {
+            _logger.LogWarning(
+                "Sql poll group ({Model}, '{Table}', {Members} tag(s)) exceeded the {Timeout} ms operation " +
+                "timeout; publishing BadTimeout. Repeats for this group are suppressed for {Interval} s.",
+                plan.Model, plan.Members[0].Table, plan.Members.Count,
+                (int)_operationTimeout.TotalMilliseconds, (int)ContractWarningInterval.TotalSeconds);
+        }
 
         AbandonedTask.Detach(work);
         return GroupResult.TimedOut;
@@ -412,9 +580,13 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
             {
                 // The connection opened, so the server is up — this query is what failed (an identifier that
                 // is not in the catalog, a lock, a permission). That is this group's problem alone.
-                _logger.LogWarning(
-                    ex, "Sql poll group ({Model}, {Members} tag(s)) failed: {Sql}",
-                    plan.Model, plan.Members.Count, plan.SqlText);
+                if (ShouldWarn("failed:" + plan.SqlText))
+                {
+                    _logger.LogWarning(
+                        ex, "Sql poll group ({Model}, {Members} tag(s)) failed: {Sql}. Repeats for this group are " +
+                        "suppressed for {Interval} s.",
+                        plan.Model, plan.Members.Count, plan.SqlText, (int)ContractWarningInterval.TotalSeconds);
+                }
                 return GroupResult.Failed;
             }
         }
@@ -442,8 +614,11 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
             columnIndex[selected[c]] = c;
         }
 
+        // The client-side half of the row cap (R06:S-1): the statement already asks for RowCap + 1 rows, but a
+        // provider that cannot spell a limit must not turn that into an unbounded read either.
+        var limit = plan.RowCap is { } cap ? cap + 1 : int.MaxValue;
         var rows = new List<object?[]>();
-        while (await reader.ReadAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false))
+        while (rows.Count < limit && await reader.ReadAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false))
         {
             var row = new object?[selected.Count];
             for (var c = 0; c < selected.Count; c++)
@@ -451,6 +626,27 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
             rows.Add(row);
         }
 
+        if (plan.RowCap is { } rowCap && rows.Count > rowCap)
+        {
+            // Per plan, not reader-wide: with two ambiguous groups the reader-wide limiter could name only the
+            // first table forever, and with health still Healthy this line is the operator's only pointer.
+            if (ShouldWarn("rowcap:" + plan.SqlText))
+            {
+                var first = plan.Members[0];
+                var selector = plan.Model == SqlTagModel.KeyValue
+                    ? string.Concat(first.KeyColumn, " IN (", (rowCap / 2).ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture), " key(s))")
+                    : string.Concat(first.RowSelectorColumn, " = ", first.RowSelectorValue);
+                _logger.LogWarning(
+                    "Sql poll source '{Table}' returned more rows than the {Model} selector '{Selector}' can attribute " +
+                    "(at most {Cap}) in one poll, so the selector is ambiguous — a history/events table, or a " +
+                    "where column that is not unique. Its {Members} tag(s) publish BadConfigurationError and " +
+                    "nothing past row {Limit} is read. Point the tag at a current-values table or a latest-row view.",
+                    first.Table, plan.Model, selector, rowCap, plan.Members.Count, rowCap + 1);
+            }
+
+            return GroupResult.RowCapExceeded;
+        }
+
         return GroupResult.Ok(rows, columnIndex, typeNames);
     }
 
@@ -470,8 +666,11 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
         }
     }
 
-    /// <summary>Maps one group's outcome onto every slot its members occupy in the caller's list.</summary>
-    private void Slice(
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Maps one group's outcome onto every slot its members occupy in the caller's list. Returns whether any
+    ///     member was refused on an ANSWERED result (a duplicated key) — answer evidence the driver must count.
+    /// </summary>
+    private bool Slice(
         SqlQueryPlan plan,
         GroupResult outcome,
         Dictionary<SqlTagDefinition, List<int>> slots,
@@ -481,9 +680,11 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
         // KeyValue indexes rows by the key column; WideRow's members all read the one selected row, so the
         // where-column is not even in the result set (design §5.3). Both selections happen ONCE per group —
         // they are group-wide facts, and doing them per member would report a contract violation N times.
+        HashSet<string>? duplicatedKeys = null;
         var byKey = outcome.Succeeded && plan.Model == SqlTagModel.KeyValue
-            ? IndexByKey(plan, outcome)
+            ? IndexByKey(plan, outcome, out duplicatedKeys)
             : null;
+        var refusedSome = false;
         var wideRow = outcome.Succeeded && plan.Model == SqlTagModel.WideRow
             ? SelectWideRow(plan, outcome)
             : null;
@@ -493,26 +694,45 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
             // Members may repeat (two tags on one keyValue, or the same ref twice) — every occurrence is fed.
             if (!slots.TryGetValue(member, out var positions)) continue;
 
-            var snapshot = outcome.Succeeded
-                ? MapMember(plan, member, outcome, byKey, wideRow, readAt)
-                : new DataValueSnapshot(null, outcome.FailureStatus, null, readAt);
+            DataValueSnapshot snapshot;
+            if (!outcome.Succeeded)
+            {
+                snapshot = new DataValueSnapshot(null, outcome.FailureStatus, null, readAt);
+            }
+            else if (duplicatedKeys is not null && member.KeyValue is { } key && duplicatedKeys.Contains(key))
+            {
+                // More than one row for THIS tag's key: its selector is ambiguous — the same rule a where-pair
+                // follows — so it is a configuration error for this key's tags only. Every other key in the
+                // group is unaffected, whatever else is present or absent (R06:S-1 review I-1: it used to be
+                // last-row-wins Good, or the whole group Bad, depending on an unrelated key's absence).
+                snapshot = new DataValueSnapshot(null, SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError, null, readAt);
+                refusedSome = true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                snapshot = MapMember(plan, member, outcome, byKey, wideRow, readAt);
+            }
 
             foreach (var position in positions) results[position] = snapshot;
         }
+
+        return refusedSome;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    ///     Builds the key → row index a key-value plan slices through. Later rows win, so a source that
-    ///     breaks the one-row-per-key contract (design §3.6) still yields a deterministic value; the
-    ///     violation is reported through a rate-limited warning rather than silently.
+    ///     Builds the key → row index a key-value plan slices through, and the set of keys that came back more
+    ///     than once — a source breaking the one-row-per-key contract (design §3.6). Those keys' tags publish
+    ///     <see cref="SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError"/>; the violation is also reported through a
+    ///     per-plan rate-limited warning.
     /// </summary>
-    private Dictionary<string, object?[]> IndexByKey(SqlQueryPlan plan, GroupResult outcome)
+    private Dictionary<string, object?[]> IndexByKey(
+        SqlQueryPlan plan, GroupResult outcome, out HashSet<string>? duplicatedKeys)
     {
+        duplicatedKeys = null;
         var index = new Dictionary<string, object?[]>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
         if (plan.KeyColumn is null || !outcome.ColumnIndex.TryGetValue(plan.KeyColumn, out var keyAt))
             return index;
 
-        var duplicated = 0;
         foreach (var row in outcome.Rows)
         {
             // A NULL key cell indexes nothing: Convert.ToString would fold it to "", which would then be
@@ -523,20 +743,16 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
             // (an INTEGER station id, say) — the provider coerces on the way in, so match on the way out.
             var key = Convert.ToString(keyCell, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
             if (key is null) continue;
-            if (!index.TryAdd(key, row))
-            {
-                index[key] = row;
-                duplicated++;
-            }
+            if (!index.TryAdd(key, row)) (duplicatedKeys ??= new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal)).Add(key);
         }
 
-        if (duplicated > 0 && ShouldWarnAboutContract())
+        if (duplicatedKeys is not null && ShouldWarn("dupkey:" + plan.SqlText))
         {
             _logger.LogWarning(
-                "Sql poll source '{Table}' returned more than one row for {Count} key(s) in one poll; the " +
-                "last row wins. The key-value model requires one row per key — point the tag at a " +
-                "current-values table or an operator-authored latest-per-key view.",
-                plan.Members[0].Table, duplicated);
+                "Sql poll source '{Table}' returned more than one row for {Count} key(s) in one poll (e.g. " +
+                "'{Example}'); those keys' tags publish BadConfigurationError. The key-value model requires one " +
+                "row per key — point the tag at a current-values table or an operator-authored latest-per-key view.",
+                plan.Members[0].Table, duplicatedKeys.Count, duplicatedKeys.First());
         }
 
         return index;
@@ -549,15 +765,14 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
     ///     emits no <c>ORDER BY</c>, so across polls the "last" row is whatever the server returned last,
     ///     i.e. storage order. That is why more than one row is a reported contract violation and not merely
     ///     a tie to break — the model's premise (design §5.3) is that the selector identifies one row.</para>
-    ///     <para><b>Why the where-pair form is deliberately NOT given the dialect's single-row limit.</b> A
-    ///     <c>TOP 1</c> with no <c>ORDER BY</c> is not deterministic either — it returns whichever row the
-    ///     plan happens to produce first, so it would trade one arbitrary row for a differently arbitrary
-    ///     one. Worse, it would destroy the only evidence this method has that the selector is ambiguous
-    ///     (<c>Rows.Count &gt; 1</c>), converting a loud misconfiguration into a permanently silent one —
-    ///     precisely the failure mode this class's summary calls its top risk. The <c>topByTimestamp</c>
-    ///     form keeps its row limit because there the <c>ORDER BY</c> at least fixes <em>which</em> rows can
-    ///     be first. The accepted cost is that an ambiguous selector materialises every matching row for one
-    ///     poll; the warning is what gets it fixed.</para>
+    ///     <para><b>Why the where-pair form is capped at TWO rows, not one (R06:S-1).</b> A <c>TOP 1</c> with no
+    ///     <c>ORDER BY</c> is not deterministic — it returns whichever row the plan produces first — and it would
+    ///     destroy the only evidence that the selector is ambiguous, converting a loud misconfiguration into a
+    ///     permanently silent one. No limit at all materialised every matching row of an events table on every
+    ///     poll. Two rows keeps the evidence and bounds the read: a second row makes the group publish
+    ///     <c>BadConfigurationError</c> in <c>MaterialiseAsync</c>, so a where-pair group never reaches this
+    ///     method with more than one row. The multi-row warning below is now reached only by a plan with no
+    ///     cap.</para>
     ///     <para><b>⚠ The <c>topByTimestamp</c> answer is only defined when the ordering column is unique</b>
     ///     <c>ORDER BY ts DESC</c> plus a one-row limit over a column with ties returns an
     ///     arbitrary row among the tied ones, and — unlike the where-pair form — this method can never
@@ -572,7 +787,7 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
     private object?[]? SelectWideRow(SqlQueryPlan plan, GroupResult outcome)
     {
         if (outcome.Rows.Count == 0) return null;
-        if (outcome.Rows.Count > 1 && ShouldWarnAboutContract())
+        if (outcome.Rows.Count > 1 && ShouldWarn("multirow:" + plan.SqlText))
         {
             var first = plan.Members[0];
             var selector = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(first.RowSelectorColumn)
@@ -642,9 +857,14 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
         var target = member.DeclaredType ?? _dialect.MapColumnType(outcome.TypeNames[valueAt]);
         if (!TryCoerce(cell, target, out var value))
         {
-            _logger.LogWarning(
-                "Sql tag '{Tag}' could not coerce a {Actual} cell to its {Declared} type.",
-                member.Name, cell.GetType().Name, target);
+            // A per-tag refusal: warned ONCE per tag (per reader), never per poll (R06:S-6).
+            if (_coerceWarned.TryAdd(member.Name, 0))
+            {
+                _logger.LogWarning(
+                    "Sql tag '{Tag}' could not coerce a {Actual} cell to its {Declared} type; it publishes " +
+                    "BadTypeMismatch (warned once per tag).",
+                    member.Name, cell.GetType().Name, target);
+            }
             return new DataValueSnapshot(null, SqlStatusCodes.BadTypeMismatch, sourceTimestamp, readAt);
         }
 
@@ -711,13 +931,21 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
             Convert.ToDateTime(cell, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture), DateTimeKind.Utc),
     };
 
-    /// <summary>Rate-limits the source-contract warning so a misconfigured table cannot flood the log.</summary>
-    private bool ShouldWarnAboutContract()
+    /// <summary>Rate-limits one per-poll warning by key; true at most once per <see cref="ContractWarningInterval"/>.</summary>
+    private bool ShouldWarn(string key)
     {
         var now = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
-        var last = Interlocked.Read(ref _lastContractWarningTicks);
-        if (last != 0 && Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(last, now) < ContractWarningInterval) return false;
-        return Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _lastContractWarningTicks, now, last) == last;
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (!_lastWarnedTicks.TryGetValue(key, out var last))
+            {
+                if (_lastWarnedTicks.TryAdd(key, now)) return true;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(last, now) < ContractWarningInterval) return false;
+            if (_lastWarnedTicks.TryUpdate(key, now, last)) return true;
+        }
     }
 
     /// <summary>One group's outcome: either a materialised result set, or the status its members inherit.</summary>
@@ -747,6 +975,17 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
         public static GroupResult Failed { get; } =
             new(SqlStatusCodes.BadCommunicationError, NoRows, NoColumns, []);
 
+        /// <summary>The reader was disposed before this group could start; surfaced as a typed exception.</summary>
+        public static GroupResult ReaderDisposed { get; } =
+            new(SqlStatusCodes.BadInternalError, NoRows, NoColumns, []);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     The database answered with more rows than the plan can use — an ambiguous selector (R06:S-1).
+        ///     A configuration fact, not a database fault; the driver counts it as answer evidence.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static GroupResult RowCapExceeded { get; } =
+            new(SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError, NoRows, NoColumns, []);
+
         /// <summary>The status every member inherits when <see cref="Succeeded"/> is false.</summary>
         public uint FailureStatus { get; }
 
@@ -775,6 +1014,21 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReader
     }
 }
 
+/// <summary>
+///     A poll reached a <see cref="SqlPollReader"/> after it was disposed — a rebind replaced it, or the driver
+///     was disposed. Not a database verdict: the driver retries on the current reader, and never degrades for it.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class SqlPollReaderDisposedException()
+    : OperationCanceledException("The Sql poll reader was disposed (replaced by a rebind, or the driver was disposed).");
+
+/// <summary>One poll's snapshots plus the answer evidence they cannot carry themselves.</summary>
+/// <param name="Snapshots">One snapshot per requested reference, at the same index.</param>
+/// <param name="AnsweredRefusalGroups">
+///     Groups the database ANSWERED but whose result the reader refused in whole or part — an over-cap result
+///     set, or a duplicated key. Those members carry <see cref="SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError"/>.
+/// </param>
+public sealed record SqlPollResult(IReadOnlyList<DataValueSnapshot> Snapshots, int AnsweredRefusalGroups);
+
 /// <summary>
 ///     The OPC UA status codes the Sql driver publishes, and the quality-class predicates its tests read
 ///     them back with.

src/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql/SqlQueryPlan.cs

@@ -55,6 +55,15 @@ namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql;
 ///     The bare (unquoted) column names in <see cref="SqlText"/>'s SELECT list, in order and distinct — the
 ///     reader's map from result-set ordinal to source column.
 /// </param>
+/// <param name="RowCap">
+///     The most rows the reader will attribute before refusing the whole group — twice the distinct key count
+///     (key-value: headroom so stray duplicates are attributed per key) or 1 (a where-pair wide row: one
+///     selector, so any second row is the group's ambiguity); <see langword="null"/> when the statement
+///     already limits itself (topByTimestamp). <see cref="SqlText"/> asks for <c>RowCap + 1</c>, and the
+///     reader stops there: receiving the extra row means a history/events table or a non-unique where column,
+///     and the group publishes <c>BadConfigurationError</c> instead of materialising every matching row on
+///     every poll (R06:S-1).
+/// </param>
 public sealed record SqlQueryPlan(
     SqlTagModel Model,
     object GroupKey,
@@ -63,7 +72,8 @@ public sealed record SqlQueryPlan(
     IReadOnlyList<string> ParameterBindNames,
     IReadOnlyList<object?> Parameters,
     IReadOnlyList<SqlTagDefinition> Members,
-    IReadOnlyList<string> SelectedColumns)
+    IReadOnlyList<string> SelectedColumns,
+    int? RowCap = null)
 {
     // A plan is documented as safe to cache and reuse across polls, so it must not stay aliased to the
     // planner's mutable working lists — an IReadOnlyList<T> holding a List<T> is downcastable, and a

tests/Core/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Core.Abstractions.Tests/DriverArrayWriteSupportTests.cs

@@ -138,11 +138,117 @@ public sealed class DriverArrayWriteSupportTests
     public void OpcUaClient_forwards_every_array() =>
         DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.OpcUaClient, "UInt16", "{\"nodeId\":\"ns=2;s=x\"}").ShouldBeTrue();
 
+    // ---- AbCip / AbLegacy / TwinCAT (review 07 U10 / U9: their array encoders landed in #737 / #738 / #739) ----
+
+    /// <summary>AbCip: the atomic element types <c>AbCipArrayCodec</c> encodes. BOOL (bit-packed DWORDs), STRING and
+    /// structure arrays stay read-only, as do a safety tag, an undeclared length and a node type no element converts
+    /// from.</summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("{\"tagPath\":\"Arr\",\"dataType\":\"DInt\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int32", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"tagPath\":\"Arr\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int32", true)]                                    // dataType ⇒ DInt
+    [InlineData("{\"tagPath\":\"Arr\",\"dataType\":\"int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", true)]               // case-insensitive, like the factory
+    [InlineData("{\"tagPath\":\"Arr\",\"dataType\":\"LReal\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Double", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"tagPath\":\"Arr\",\"dataType\":\"Dt\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int32", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"tagPath\":\"Arr\",\"dataType\":\"Bool\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Boolean", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"tagPath\":\"Arr\",\"dataType\":\"String\"" + Arr2 + "}", "String", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"tagPath\":\"Arr\",\"dataType\":\"Structure\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int32", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"tagPath\":\"Arr\",\"dataType\":\"DInnt\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int32", false)]           // typo ⇒ the factory refuses the tag
+    [InlineData("{\"tagPath\":\"Arr\",\"dataType\":\"DInt\",\"safetyTag\":true" + Arr2 + "}", "Int32", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"tagPath\":\"Arr\",\"dataType\":\"DInt\",\"isArray\":true}", "Int32", false)]      // no length ⇒ scalar
+    [InlineData("{\"dataType\":\"DInt\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int32", false)]                                 // no tagPath ⇒ not an AbCip tag
+    [InlineData("{\"tagPath\":\"Arr\",\"dataType\":\"DInt\"" + Arr2 + "}", "DateTime", false)]        // DateTime elements never convert
+    [InlineData("{\"tagPath\":\"Arr\",\"dataType\":\"DInt\"" + Arr2 + "}", "String", false)]          // text converts only when numeric
+    public void AbCip_rows_follow_the_element_type(string tagConfig, string dataType, bool expected) =>
+        DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.AbCip, dataType, tagConfig).ShouldBe(expected);
+
+    /// <summary>AbLegacy: Int / AnalogInt / Long / Float on a plain address of the MATCHING data file. Every shape the
+    /// write path refuses stays read-only.</summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"N7:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"N7:0\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", true)]                                   // dataType ⇒ Int
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\" n7:10 \",\"dataType\":\"analogint\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", true)]    // trimmed, case-insensitive
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"B3:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"A9:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"L9:0\",\"dataType\":\"Long\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int32", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"F8:0\",\"dataType\":\"Float\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Float", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"N7:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\",\"isArray\":true,\"arrayLength\":256}", "Int16", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"N7:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\",\"isArray\":true,\"arrayLength\":257}", "Int16", false)] // the driver clamps to 256
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"B3:0\",\"dataType\":\"Bit\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Boolean", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"ST9:0\",\"dataType\":\"String\"" + Arr2 + "}", "String", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"T4:0\",\"dataType\":\"TimerElement\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"N7:0/3\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"T4:0.ACC\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"N7:[N7:0]\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"F8:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", false)]            // type / file mismatch
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"N7:0\",\"dataType\":\"Long\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int32", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"S:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", false)]             // libplctag refuses a translated name
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"O:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"N7:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\",\"isArray\":true}", "Int16", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"N7:0\",\"dataType\":\"Innt\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"N7:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Boolean", false)]         // bool elements are refused
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"N7:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "String", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"address\":\"N7:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "DateTime", false)]
+    public void AbLegacy_rows_follow_the_element_type_and_data_file(string tagConfig, string dataType, bool expected) =>
+        DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.AbLegacy, dataType, tagConfig).ShouldBe(expected);
+
+    /// <summary>The native transport refuses every PLC-5 write before the wire, so a native PLC-5 device keeps its
+    /// arrays read-only, wherever the transport and the family are configured. libplctag PLC-5 is the control.</summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("{\"transport\":\"Native\",\"devices\":[{\"hostAddress\":\"ab://h/1,0\",\"plcFamily\":\"Plc5\"}]}", "{}", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"Transport\":\"native\"}", "{\"PlcFamily\":\"plc5\"}", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"transport\":\"Native\"}", "{\"plcFamily\":\"Slc500\"}", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"transport\":\"Libplctag\"}", "{\"plcFamily\":\"Plc5\"}", true)]
+    [InlineData("{}", "{\"plcFamily\":\"Plc5\"}", true)]                                                   // absent ⇒ libplctag
+    public void AbLegacy_native_PLC5_stays_read_only(string driverConfig, string deviceConfig, bool expected) =>
+        DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.AbLegacy, "Int16",
+            "{\"address\":\"N7:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", driverConfig, deviceConfig).ShouldBe(expected);
+
+    /// <summary>TwinCAT: every element type <c>TwinCATArrayCodec</c> encodes (the factory refuses Structure tags). A
+    /// BOOL bit-in-word path writes a scalar bit and is refused for an array value.</summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int32", true)]                            // dataType ⇒ DInt
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\",\"dataType\":\"Bool\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Boolean", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\",\"dataType\":\"String\"" + Arr2 + "}", "String", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\",\"dataType\":\"WString\"" + Arr2 + "}", "String", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\",\"dataType\":\"Time\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Double", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\",\"dataType\":\"DateTime\"" + Arr2 + "}", "DateTime", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Grid[0,0]\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\",\"dataType\":\"Structure\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int32", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Word.3\",\"dataType\":\"Bool\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Boolean", false)] // bit-in-word
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\",\"dataType\":\"Int\",\"isArray\":true}", "Int16", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "Int16", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "DateTime", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\",\"dataType\":\"Time\"" + Arr2 + "}", "DateTime", false)]  // a duration, not a date
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}", "String", false)]
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\",\"dataType\":\"WString\"" + Arr2 + "}", "DateTime", true)]
+    [InlineData("{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\",\"dataType\":\"String\"" + Arr2 + "}", "DateTime", false)] // culture-dependent text vs strict Windows-1252
+    public void TwinCAT_rows_follow_the_element_type(string tagConfig, string dataType, bool expected) =>
+        DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.TwinCAT, dataType, tagConfig).ShouldBe(expected);
+
+    /// <summary>ScadaBridge writes CLR <c>int[]</c> / <c>List&lt;int&gt;</c> to Int16 nodes, and an unknown DataType
+    /// name (served as BaseDataType) hands the driver whatever the client sent. The element CONVERTS in all three
+    /// encoders, so neither case may make the row read-only.</summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(DriverTypeNames.AbCip, "{\"tagPath\":\"Arr\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}")]
+    [InlineData(DriverTypeNames.AbLegacy, "{\"address\":\"N7:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}")]
+    [InlineData(DriverTypeNames.TwinCAT, "{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Arr\",\"dataType\":\"Int\"" + Arr2 + "}")]
+    public void Converting_drivers_do_not_key_on_an_exact_node_type(string driverType, string tagConfig)
+    {
+        foreach (var dataType in new[] { "Int16", "Int32", "Int64", "UInt16", "Double", "Float32", "Reference" })
+            DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(driverType, dataType, tagConfig).ShouldBeTrue($"{driverType} {dataType}");
+        DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(driverType, null, tagConfig).ShouldBeTrue($"{driverType} <null>");
+    }
+
     /// <summary>Every driver type NOT in the table — and an unknown or absent one — stays read-only.</summary>
     [Fact]
     public void Every_other_driver_type_is_not_array_writable()
     {
-        var listed = new[] { DriverTypeNames.Modbus, DriverTypeNames.S7, DriverTypeNames.OpcUaClient, DriverTypeNames.Galaxy };
+        var listed = new[]
+        {
+            DriverTypeNames.Modbus, DriverTypeNames.S7, DriverTypeNames.OpcUaClient, DriverTypeNames.Galaxy,
+            DriverTypeNames.AbCip, DriverTypeNames.AbLegacy, DriverTypeNames.TwinCAT,
+        };
         var others = DriverTypeNames.All.Except(listed).ToList();
         others.ShouldNotBeEmpty();
         // A blob every listed driver would accept, so only the driver type can make the answer false.

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.AbCip.Tests/AbCipArrayWriteSupportParityTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+using Shouldly;
+using Xunit;
+using ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.AbCip.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+///     Pins <see cref="DriverArrayWriteSupport"/>'s AbCip row against the REAL write path (#737, review 07 U10), the
+///     same way the Modbus, S7 and Galaxy parity tests do: the server advertises an array node writable exactly when
+///     <see cref="AbCipDriver.WriteAsync"/> encodes a whole-array value for it (through the production
+///     <see cref="AbCipArrayCodec"/>, which the fake runtime's <c>EncodeArray</c> calls), so a driver change that adds
+///     or drops an array element type fails here until the table follows.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+///     The value written is the CLR array the server hands the driver for the node's <c>DataType</c>: the node manager
+///     converts a numeric client array (ScadaBridge's <c>int[]</c>) to the node's element type first, and the codec
+///     then converts each element to the controller's type. The fake controller holds exactly
+///     <c>width × count</c> bytes, so only the element type and the value can make the write fail.
+/// </remarks>
+[Trait("Category", "Unit")]
+public sealed class AbCipArrayWriteSupportParityTests
+{
+    private const string Device = "ab://10.0.0.5/1,0";
+
+    private static Array ClrArray(string dataType, int n) => dataType switch
+    {
+        "Boolean" => Enumerable.Repeat(true, n).ToArray(),
+        "SByte" => Enumerable.Repeat((sbyte)1, n).ToArray(),
+        "Byte" => Enumerable.Repeat((byte)1, n).ToArray(),
+        "Int16" => Enumerable.Repeat((short)1, n).ToArray(),
+        "UInt16" => Enumerable.Repeat((ushort)1, n).ToArray(),
+        "Int32" => Enumerable.Repeat(1, n).ToArray(),
+        "UInt32" => Enumerable.Repeat(1u, n).ToArray(),
+        "Int64" => Enumerable.Repeat(1L, n).ToArray(),
+        "UInt64" => Enumerable.Repeat(1UL, n).ToArray(),
+        "Float" => Enumerable.Repeat(1f, n).ToArray(),
+        "Double" => Enumerable.Repeat(1d, n).ToArray(),
+        // Non-numeric text: a String node over a numeric element converts only when the text happens to be a
+        // number, which is not a write the server can promise — the table keeps it read-only.
+        "String" => Enumerable.Repeat("a", n).ToArray(),
+        "DateTime" => Enumerable.Repeat(DateTime.UtcNow, n).ToArray(),
+        _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(dataType)),
+    };
+
+    private static readonly string[] NodeTypes =
+        ["Boolean", "SByte", "Byte", "Int16", "UInt16", "Int32", "UInt32", "Int64", "UInt64", "Float", "Double", "String", "DateTime"];
+
+    private static async Task<bool> DriverEncodesAsync(string tagConfig, AbCipDataType elementType, string nodeType, int count)
+    {
+        // The controller holds exactly what an encodable element array of this length occupies.
+        var size = (AbCipArrayCodec.ElementWidth(elementType) ?? 1) * count;
+        var factory = new FakeAbCipTagFactory { Customise = p => new FakeAbCipTag(p) { Size = size } };
+        using var drv = new AbCipDriver(new AbCipDriverOptions
+        {
+            Devices = [new AbCipDeviceOptions(Device)],
+            RawTags = [new RawTagEntry("Arr", tagConfig, WriteIdempotent: false, DeviceName: Device)],
+            Probe = new AbCipProbeOptions { Enabled = false },
+        }, "abcip-parity", factory);
+        await drv.InitializeAsync("{}", CancellationToken.None);
+
+        var r = await drv.WriteAsync([new WriteRequest("Arr", ClrArray(nodeType, count))], CancellationToken.None);
+
+        return r[0].StatusCode == AbCipStatusMapper.Good
+               && factory.Tags.TryGetValue("Arr", out var tag)
+               && tag.EncodedArrayCount == count && tag.WriteCount == 1;
+    }
+
+    public static TheoryData<AbCipDataType, string> TypeMatrix()
+    {
+        var data = new TheoryData<AbCipDataType, string>();
+        foreach (var t in Enum.GetValues<AbCipDataType>())
+            foreach (var n in NodeTypes)
+                data.Add(t, n);
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Every element type × every node DataType: the table answers exactly what the write path does.</summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [MemberData(nameof(TypeMatrix))]
+    public async Task Table_agrees_with_the_write_path_for_every_element_and_node_type(AbCipDataType dataType, string nodeType)
+    {
+        var json = $$"""{"tagPath":"Arr","dataType":"{{dataType}}","isArray":true,"arrayLength":3}""";
+
+        var driver = await DriverEncodesAsync(json, dataType, nodeType, 3);
+
+        DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.AbCip, nodeType, json).ShouldBe(driver, $"{dataType} on a {nodeType} node");
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Shapes beyond the element type, both directions: a safety tag (never writable), an undeclared length (a
+    ///     scalar to the factory, whose scalar encoder cannot take an array), a 1-element array, an element-offset path,
+    ///     and their positive controls.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("""{"tagPath":"Arr","dataType":"DInt","isArray":true,"arrayLength":3}""", 3)]
+    [InlineData("""{"tagPath":"Arr","dataType":"DInt","isArray":true,"arrayLength":1}""", 1)]
+    [InlineData("""{"tagPath":"Arr","isArray":true,"arrayLength":3}""", 3)]                          // dataType ⇒ DInt
+    [InlineData("""{"tagPath":"Arr","dataType":"DInt","safetyTag":true,"isArray":true,"arrayLength":3}""", 3)]
+    [InlineData("""{"tagPath":"Arr","dataType":"DInt","isArray":true}""", 3)]
+    [InlineData("""{"tagPath":"Arr","dataType":"DInt","isArray":true,"arrayLength":0}""", 3)]
+    [InlineData("""{"tagPath":"Arr","dataType":"DInt","isArray":false,"arrayLength":3}""", 3)]
+    public async Task Table_agrees_with_the_write_path_for_each_shape(string tagConfig, int nodeLength)
+    {
+        var driver = await DriverEncodesAsync(tagConfig, AbCipDataType.DInt, "Int32", nodeLength);
+
+        DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.AbCip, "Int32", tagConfig).ShouldBe(driver, tagConfig);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>The ScadaBridge wire shape reaches the codec: a CLR <c>int[]</c> (and <c>List&lt;int&gt;</c>) to an
+    /// INT array on an Int16 node the table advertises writable encodes. Positive control for the conversion rule.</summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task A_ScadaBridge_int_list_to_an_INT_array_encodes()
+    {
+        const string json = """{"tagPath":"Arr","dataType":"Int","isArray":true,"arrayLength":3}""";
+        DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.AbCip, "Int16", json).ShouldBeTrue();
+
+        foreach (object value in new object[] { new[] { 1, -2, 300 }, new List<int> { 1, -2, 300 } })
+        {
+            var factory = new FakeAbCipTagFactory { Customise = p => new FakeAbCipTag(p) { Size = 6 } };
+            using var drv = new AbCipDriver(new AbCipDriverOptions
+            {
+                Devices = [new AbCipDeviceOptions(Device)],
+                RawTags = [new RawTagEntry("Arr", json, WriteIdempotent: false, DeviceName: Device)],
+                Probe = new AbCipProbeOptions { Enabled = false },
+            }, "abcip-parity-sb", factory);
+            await drv.InitializeAsync("{}", CancellationToken.None);
+
+            (await drv.WriteAsync([new WriteRequest("Arr", value)], CancellationToken.None))[0].StatusCode
+                .ShouldBe(AbCipStatusMapper.Good);
+            factory.Tags["Arr"].EncodedArrayBytes.ShouldBe(Convert.FromHexString("0100FEFF2C01"));
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.AbLegacy.Tests/AbLegacyArrayWriteSupportParityTests.cs

@@ -1,24 +1,48 @@
 using Shouldly;
 using Xunit;
 using ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Core.Abstractions;
+using ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.AbLegacy.PlcFamilies;
 
 namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.AbLegacy.Tests;
 
 /// <summary>
-///     Pins <see cref="DriverArrayWriteSupport"/>'s AbLegacy row against the REAL array encoder
-///     (<see cref="AbLegacyArrayWriteEncoder"/>), the same way the Modbus and S7 parity tests do: for every element
-///     type the server must advertise an array node writable exactly when the driver encodes it.
+///     Pins <see cref="DriverArrayWriteSupport"/>'s AbLegacy row against the REAL write path, the same way the Modbus,
+///     S7 and Galaxy parity tests do: the server must advertise an array node writable exactly when
+///     <see cref="AbLegacyDriver.WriteAsync"/> encodes a whole-array value for it, so a driver change that adds or drops
+///     an array shape fails here until the table follows.
 /// </summary>
 /// <remarks>
-///     ⚠️ SKIPPED until follow-up F1 lands: the driver gained an array encoder in this lane (review 07 U10), but
-///     <see cref="DriverArrayWriteSupport"/> (Core.Abstractions, not owned by the AbLegacy lane) still lists AbLegacy as
-///     scalar-only, so every AbLegacy array node stays read-only and the encoder is unreachable from OPC UA. When F1
-///     adds the row, delete the Skip; this test then holds the table and the encoder together.
+///     The driver is driven end to end — <c>FromTagConfig</c>, the transport's own <c>WriteRefusal</c>, the data-file
+///     width check, the element conversion — against a fake runtime that records <c>EncodeArray</c>. The value written
+///     is the CLR array the server hands the driver for the node's <c>DataType</c> (the node manager converts a numeric
+///     client array to the node's element type first), sized to the node's declared length.
 /// </remarks>
 [Trait("Category", "Unit")]
 public sealed class AbLegacyArrayWriteSupportParityTests
 {
-    public static TheoryData<AbLegacyDataType> AllTypes() => new(Enum.GetValues<AbLegacyDataType>());
+    private const string Host = "ab://10.0.0.5/1,0";
+
+    // Tag.DataType name → the CLR array the server delivers for a 1-D write of that type.
+    private static Array ClrArray(string dataType, int n) => dataType switch
+    {
+        "Boolean" => Enumerable.Repeat(true, n).ToArray(),
+        "SByte" => Enumerable.Repeat((sbyte)1, n).ToArray(),
+        "Byte" => Enumerable.Repeat((byte)1, n).ToArray(),
+        "Int16" => Enumerable.Repeat((short)1, n).ToArray(),
+        "UInt16" => Enumerable.Repeat((ushort)1, n).ToArray(),
+        "Int32" => Enumerable.Repeat(1, n).ToArray(),
+        "UInt32" => Enumerable.Repeat(1u, n).ToArray(),
+        "Int64" => Enumerable.Repeat(1L, n).ToArray(),
+        "UInt64" => Enumerable.Repeat(1UL, n).ToArray(),
+        "Float" => Enumerable.Repeat(1f, n).ToArray(),
+        "Double" => Enumerable.Repeat(1d, n).ToArray(),
+        "String" => Enumerable.Repeat("a", n).ToArray(),
+        "DateTime" => Enumerable.Repeat(DateTime.UtcNow, n).ToArray(),
+        _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(dataType)),
+    };
+
+    private static readonly string[] NodeTypes =
+        ["Boolean", "SByte", "Byte", "Int16", "UInt16", "Int32", "UInt32", "Int64", "UInt64", "Float", "Double", "String", "DateTime"];
 
     private static string AddressFor(AbLegacyDataType t) => t switch
     {
@@ -32,24 +56,131 @@ public sealed class AbLegacyArrayWriteSupportParityTests
         _ => "N7:0",
     };
 
-    [Theory(Skip = "F1: DriverArrayWriteSupport has no AbLegacy row yet (Core.Abstractions is outside this lane)")]
-    [MemberData(nameof(AllTypes))]
-    public void Table_agrees_with_the_array_encoder(AbLegacyDataType dataType)
+    private sealed class RecordingTag(AbLegacyTagCreateParams p) : FakeAbLegacyTag(p)
+    {
+        public Array? Encoded { get; private set; }
+
+        public override void EncodeArray(AbLegacyDataType type, Array values) => Encoded = values;
+    }
+
+    // The fake runtime, but the PRODUCTION transport's pre-wire write refusal (libplctag: translated names; native:
+    // PLC-5 and status-bit sub-elements).
+    private sealed class ParityFactory(IAbLegacyTagFactory transport) : IAbLegacyTagFactory
+    {
+        public List<RecordingTag> Created { get; } = [];
+
+        public IAbLegacyTagRuntime Create(AbLegacyTagCreateParams p)
+        {
+            var tag = new RecordingTag(p);
+            lock (Created) Created.Add(tag);
+            return tag;
+        }
+
+        public string? WriteRefusal(AbLegacyTagCreateParams p) => transport.WriteRefusal(p);
+    }
+
+    // Whether the driver encodes a whole-array write of the node's declared length for this tag.
+    private static async Task<bool> DriverEncodesAsync(
+        string tagConfig, string nodeType, int nodeLength, AbLegacyPlcFamily family, bool native)
+    {
+        var factory = new ParityFactory(native ? new NativeAbLegacyTagFactory() : new LibplctagLegacyTagFactory());
+        using var drv = new AbLegacyDriver(new AbLegacyDriverOptions
+        {
+            Devices = [new AbLegacyDeviceOptions(Host, family)],
+            RawTags = [new RawTagEntry("Arr", tagConfig, WriteIdempotent: false, DeviceName: Host)],
+            Probe = new AbLegacyProbeOptions { Enabled = false },
+        }, "drv-parity", factory);
+        await drv.InitializeAsync("{}", CancellationToken.None);
+
+        var r = await drv.WriteAsync([new WriteRequest("Arr", ClrArray(nodeType, nodeLength))], CancellationToken.None);
+
+        bool encoded;
+        lock (factory.Created) encoded = factory.Created.Any(t => t.Encoded is { } a && a.Length == nodeLength && t.WriteCount == 1);
+        return r[0].StatusCode == AbLegacyStatusMapper.Good && encoded;
+    }
+
+    public static TheoryData<AbLegacyDataType, string> TypeMatrix()
+    {
+        var data = new TheoryData<AbLegacyDataType, string>();
+        foreach (var t in Enum.GetValues<AbLegacyDataType>())
+            foreach (var n in NodeTypes)
+                data.Add(t, n);
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Every element type × every node DataType, on the matching data file: the table answers exactly what
+    /// the write path does.</summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [MemberData(nameof(TypeMatrix))]
+    public async Task Table_agrees_with_the_write_path_for_every_element_and_node_type(AbLegacyDataType dataType, string nodeType)
     {
         var json = $$"""{"address":"{{AddressFor(dataType)}}","dataType":"{{dataType}}","isArray":true,"arrayLength":2}""";
-        var encoderAccepts = AbLegacyTagDefinitionFactory.FromTagConfig(json, "p", out _)
-            && AbLegacyArrayWriteEncoder.TryConvert(dataType, new object[] { 1, 1 }, 2, out _) == AbLegacyStatusMapper.Good;
 
-        DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.AbLegacy, "Int16", json).ShouldBe(encoderAccepts, dataType.ToString());
+        var driver = await DriverEncodesAsync(json, nodeType, 2, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, native: false);
+
+        DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.AbLegacy, nodeType, json).ShouldBe(driver, $"{dataType} on a {nodeType} node");
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Shapes beyond the element type, both directions: the <c>/bit</c>, <c>.sub</c>, type-versus-file-width and
+    ///     over-long cases the write path refuses, a native PLC-5 device (refused before the wire), and their positive
+    ///     controls. Each row carries the address, element type, length, family and transport.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("N7:0", "Int", 4, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]
+    [InlineData("N7:0", "Int", 4, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, true)]
+    [InlineData("N7:0", "Int", 4, AbLegacyPlcFamily.MicroLogix, true)]
+    [InlineData("N7:0", "Int", 4, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Plc5, false)]   // libplctag writes PLC-5
+    [InlineData("N7:0", "Int", 4, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Plc5, true)]    // native refuses every PLC-5 write
+    [InlineData("B3:0", "Int", 4, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]
+    [InlineData("A9:0", "AnalogInt", 4, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]
+    [InlineData("N7:10", "AnalogInt", 4, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]
+    [InlineData("L9:0", "Long", 4, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]
+    [InlineData("F8:0", "Float", 4, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, true)]
+    [InlineData("N7:0", "Int", 256, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]
+    [InlineData("N7:0", "Int", 300, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)] // clamped to 256 by the factory: a 300-element write is refused
+    [InlineData("N7:0/3", "Int", 2, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]
+    [InlineData("N7:0/3", "Bit", 2, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]
+    [InlineData("T4:0.ACC", "Int", 2, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]
+    [InlineData("F8:0", "Int", 2, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]
+    [InlineData("N7:0", "Long", 2, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]
+    [InlineData("L9:0", "Int", 2, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]
+    [InlineData("N7:0", "Float", 2, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]
+    [InlineData("S:0", "Int", 2, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]    // libplctag refuses a translated name
+    [InlineData("O:0", "Int", 2, AbLegacyPlcFamily.Slc500, false)]
+    public async Task Table_agrees_with_the_write_path_for_each_shape(
+        string address, string dataType, int length, AbLegacyPlcFamily family, bool native)
+    {
+        var json = $$"""{"address":"{{address}}","dataType":"{{dataType}}","isArray":true,"arrayLength":{{length}}}""";
+        var driverConfig = native ? """{"transport":"Native"}""" : "{}";
+        var deviceConfig = $$"""{"hostAddress":"{{Host}}","plcFamily":"{{family}}"}""";
+
+        var driver = await DriverEncodesAsync(json, "Int16", length, family, native);
+
+        DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.AbLegacy, "Int16", json, driverConfig, deviceConfig)
+            .ShouldBe(driver, $"{address} {dataType}[{length}] {family} native={native}");
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Shapes the table keeps read-only although the write path may encode them — the deliberately conservative
+    ///     direction, pinned so it is a decision and not drift: an INDIRECT address (its element moves with the index
+    ///     word, and the index read is not atomic with the write), and the file-number-less <c>S:</c> / <c>I:</c> /
+    ///     <c>O:</c> files on the native transport (libplctag refuses them; the table does not read the transport
+    ///     closely enough to widen output-image and status-file writes on native alone).
+    /// </summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("""{"address":"N7:[N7:0]","dataType":"Int","isArray":true,"arrayLength":2}""", "{}")]
+    [InlineData("""{"address":"S:0","dataType":"Int","isArray":true,"arrayLength":2}""", """{"transport":"Native"}""")]
+    [InlineData("""{"address":"O:0","dataType":"Int","isArray":true,"arrayLength":2}""", """{"transport":"Native"}""")]
+    public void Table_keeps_the_conservative_shapes_read_only(string tagConfig, string driverConfig) =>
+        DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.AbLegacy, "Int16", tagConfig, driverConfig).ShouldBeFalse();
+
     /// <summary>
     ///     The shapes the WRITE PATH refuses although their element type alone looks writable (review 07 r0 M6): a
     ///     <c>/bit</c> or <c>.sub</c> address, an indirect address, a type that does not match its data file (I3), and
-    ///     a native PLC-5 device. The F1 row must answer false for every one — keyed on <c>dataType</c> alone it would
-    ///     advertise them writable. Skipped with the parity theory until F1 lands.
+    ///     a native PLC-5 device. Keyed on <c>dataType</c> alone the row would advertise them writable.
     /// </summary>
-    [Theory(Skip = "F1: DriverArrayWriteSupport has no AbLegacy row yet (Core.Abstractions is outside this lane)")]
+    [Theory]
     [InlineData("""{"address":"N7:0/3","dataType":"Int","isArray":true,"arrayLength":2}""", "{}")]
     [InlineData("""{"address":"T4:0.ACC","dataType":"Int","isArray":true,"arrayLength":2}""", "{}")]
     [InlineData("""{"address":"N7:[N7:0]","dataType":"Int","isArray":true,"arrayLength":2}""", "{}")]
@@ -60,7 +191,7 @@ public sealed class AbLegacyArrayWriteSupportParityTests
     public void Table_refuses_the_shapes_the_write_path_refuses(string tagConfig, string driverConfig) =>
         DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.AbLegacy, "Int16", tagConfig, driverConfig).ShouldBeFalse();
 
-    /// <summary>What the encoder accepts today — the row F1 must add (Int, AnalogInt, Long, Float on a matching file).</summary>
+    /// <summary>What the encoder accepts: Int, AnalogInt, Long, Float (on a matching file).</summary>
     [Theory]
     [InlineData(AbLegacyDataType.Int, true)]
     [InlineData(AbLegacyDataType.AnalogInt, true)]

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt.Tests/MiniBroker.cs

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt.Tests;
 
 /// <summary>
 ///     The smallest broker that can complete an MQTT 3.1.1 handshake: accept TCP, answer CONNECT with
-///     a CONNACK, answer PINGREQ with PINGRESP, and nothing else. That is enough for MQTTnet to report
+///     a CONNACK, answer PINGREQ with PINGRESP, SUBSCRIBE with a SUBACK (unless told not to), and record
+///     PUBLISHes (PUBACKing QoS 1 only when told to). It never forwards a PUBLISH to a subscriber. That is enough for MQTTnet to report
 ///     a real connection — which is what makes a real drop (<see cref="DropAll"/>) drive a real
 ///     <c>DisconnectedAsync</c> and a real reconnect, rather than a test seam standing in for one.
 /// </summary>
@@ -59,6 +60,144 @@ internal sealed class MiniBroker : IDisposable
     /// </summary>
     public byte ConnAckReturnCode { get; set; } = ReturnCodeAccepted;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     When true (the default) a SUBSCRIBE is answered with a SUBACK granting each filter's requested
+    ///     QoS. False is a broker that accepts SUBSCRIBE and never answers — the subscribe-deadline shape.
+    /// </summary>
+    public bool AnswerSubscribe { get; set; } = true;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Builds the SUBACK for one SUBSCRIBE packet read whole into <paramref name="buffer"/>, or null when
+    ///     the packet is not parseable from one read (the fake handles one packet per read, like CONNECT).
+    /// </summary>
+    private static byte[]? TryBuildSubAck(byte[] buffer, int read)
+    {
+        // Fixed header: type byte, then the variable-length "remaining length".
+        var at = 1;
+        var remaining = 0;
+        var multiplier = 1;
+        byte digit;
+        do
+        {
+            if (at >= read) return null;
+            digit = buffer[at++];
+            remaining += (digit & 0x7F) * multiplier;
+            multiplier *= 128;
+        }
+        while ((digit & 0x80) != 0);
+
+        var end = at + remaining;
+        if (end > read || remaining < 2) return null;
+
+        var packetIdHigh = buffer[at];
+        var packetIdLow = buffer[at + 1];
+        at += 2;
+
+        var grants = new List<byte>();
+        while (at + 2 <= end)
+        {
+            var length = (buffer[at] << 8) | buffer[at + 1];
+            at += 2 + length;
+            if (at >= end) return null;
+            grants.Add((byte)(buffer[at] & 0x03));
+            at++;
+        }
+
+        var ack = new List<byte> { 0x90, (byte)(2 + grants.Count), packetIdHigh, packetIdLow };
+        ack.AddRange(grants);
+        return [.. ack];
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     When true, a QoS 1 PUBLISH is answered with a PUBACK. False (the default) is a broker that takes
+    ///     the PUBLISH and never acknowledges it — the stalled-broker shape a write deadline exists for.
+    /// </summary>
+    public bool AckPublish { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Every PUBLISH received, in arrival order, as <c>(topic, payload)</c>.</summary>
+    public System.Collections.Concurrent.ConcurrentQueue<(string Topic, byte[] Payload)> Published { get; } = new();
+
+    /// <summary>Handles one complete packet; returns false when the connection must close.</summary>
+    private async Task<bool> HandlePacketAsync(NetworkStream stream, byte[] packet)
+    {
+        var packetType = packet[0] & 0xF0;
+        if (packetType == 0x10)
+        {
+            await stream.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x20, 0x02, 0x00, ConnAckReturnCode }, _cts.Token);
+
+            // A real broker closes the socket straight after refusing, which is what drives
+            // MQTTnet's DisconnectedAsync. Mirroring it keeps the fake honest.
+            return ConnAckReturnCode == ReturnCodeAccepted;
+        }
+
+        if (packetType == 0xC0)
+        {
+            await stream.WriteAsync(PingResp, _cts.Token);
+        }
+        else if (packetType == 0x80 && AnswerSubscribe && TryBuildSubAck(packet, packet.Length) is { } subAck)
+        {
+            await stream.WriteAsync(subAck, _cts.Token);
+        }
+        else if (packetType == 0x30)
+        {
+            var qos = (packet[0] >> 1) & 0x03;
+            var at = HeaderLength(packet);
+            var topicLength = (packet[at] << 8) | packet[at + 1];
+            var topic = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(packet, at + 2, topicLength);
+            at += 2 + topicLength;
+            byte idHigh = 0, idLow = 0;
+            if (qos > 0)
+            {
+                idHigh = packet[at];
+                idLow = packet[at + 1];
+                at += 2;
+            }
+
+            Published.Enqueue((topic, packet[at..]));
+            if (qos == 1 && AckPublish)
+            {
+                await stream.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x40, 0x02, idHigh, idLow }, _cts.Token);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Length of a packet's fixed header (type byte + variable-length remaining length).</summary>
+    private static int HeaderLength(byte[] packet)
+    {
+        var at = 1;
+        while ((packet[at] & 0x80) != 0) at++;
+        return at + 1;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Removes one complete packet from the front of <paramref name="pending"/>, if one is there.</summary>
+    private static bool TryTakePacket(List<byte> pending, out byte[] packet)
+    {
+        packet = [];
+        if (pending.Count < 2) return false;
+
+        var at = 1;
+        var remaining = 0;
+        var multiplier = 1;
+        byte digit;
+        do
+        {
+            if (at >= pending.Count) return false;
+            digit = pending[at++];
+            remaining += (digit & 0x7F) * multiplier;
+            multiplier *= 128;
+        }
+        while ((digit & 0x80) != 0);
+
+        var total = at + remaining;
+        if (pending.Count < total) return false;
+
+        packet = pending.GetRange(0, total).ToArray();
+        pending.RemoveRange(0, total);
+        return true;
+    }
+
     /// <summary>Total TCP connections accepted since construction — counts reconnect attempts.</summary>
     public int AcceptedCount => Volatile.Read(ref _acceptedCount);
 
@@ -130,7 +269,8 @@ internal sealed class MiniBroker : IDisposable
 
     private async Task ServeAsync(TcpClient client)
     {
-        var buffer = new byte[1024];
+        var buffer = new byte[4096];
+        var pending = new List<byte>();
         try
         {
             var stream = client.GetStream();
@@ -147,21 +287,22 @@ internal sealed class MiniBroker : IDisposable
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                var packetType = buffer[0] & 0xF0;
-                if (packetType == 0x10)
+                // Frame properly: several packets can share one TCP read (concurrent publishes do), and
+                // one packet can span two.
+                pending.AddRange(buffer.AsSpan(0, read).ToArray());
+                var close = false;
+                while (TryTakePacket(pending, out var packet))
                 {
-                    await stream.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x20, 0x02, 0x00, ConnAckReturnCode }, _cts.Token);
-
-                    // A real broker closes the socket straight after refusing, which is what drives
-                    // MQTTnet's DisconnectedAsync. Mirroring it keeps the fake honest.
-                    if (ConnAckReturnCode != ReturnCodeAccepted)
+                    if (!await HandlePacketAsync(stream, packet))
                     {
+                        close = true;
                         break;
                     }
                 }
-                else if (packetType == 0xC0)
+
+                if (close)
                 {
-                    await stream.WriteAsync(PingResp, _cts.Token);
+                    break;
                 }
             }
         }

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt.Tests/MqttBirthObservationWindowTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+using Shouldly;
+using Xunit;
+using ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt.Browser;
+using SparkplugDataType = Org.Eclipse.Tahu.Protobuf.DataType;
+
+namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+///     <b>R06:M-4.</b> <c>sparkplug.birthObservationWindowSeconds</c> was authored, range-checked and
+///     persisted by the AdminUI and consumed by nothing. It now bounds how long the Sparkplug browse surface
+///     collects NBIRTH/DBIRTH traffic before calling the observed set stable: the open budget grows by it,
+///     the open lingers while births are still arriving, and an operator rebirth request waits (bounded) for
+///     the births it asked for, so the tree the picker re-renders already carries them.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class MqttBirthObservationWindowTests
+{
+    private static MqttDriverOptions Sparkplug(int windowSeconds, int connectTimeoutSeconds = 10) => new()
+    {
+        Mode = MqttMode.SparkplugB,
+        ConnectTimeoutSeconds = connectTimeoutSeconds,
+        Sparkplug = new MqttSparkplugOptions { GroupId = "Plant1", BirthObservationWindowSeconds = windowSeconds },
+    };
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void OpenBudget_Sparkplug_AddsTheBirthObservationWindow()
+    {
+        MqttDriverBrowser.OpenBudget(Sparkplug(windowSeconds: 15)).ShouldBe(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10 + 15));
+        MqttDriverBrowser.OpenBudget(Sparkplug(windowSeconds: 40)).ShouldBe(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10 + 40));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void OpenBudget_Plain_IgnoresTheSparkplugWindow()
+    {
+        var plain = Sparkplug(windowSeconds: 40) with { Mode = MqttMode.Plain };
+        MqttDriverBrowser.OpenBudget(plain).ShouldBe(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10));
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(0, 1)]
+    [InlineData(-5, 1)]
+    [InlineData(15, 15)]
+    [InlineData(100_000, 120)]
+    public void BirthWindow_IsClamped(int configured, int expectedSeconds)
+        => MqttDriverBrowser.BirthWindow(Sparkplug(configured)).ShouldBe(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(expectedSeconds));
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Review minor 4: the rebirth wait is capped below the AdminUI's 20 s per-call timeout, so a long
+    ///     configured window cannot hold the button past it (and a short one still governs).
+    /// </summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(120, 15)]
+    [InlineData(15, 15)]
+    [InlineData(5, 5)]
+    public async Task RebirthWait_IsTheWindowCappedAt15Seconds(int windowSeconds, int expectedSeconds)
+    {
+        await using var s = new MqttBrowseSession(
+            MqttMode.SparkplugB, client: null, logger: null, birthWindow: TimeSpan.FromSeconds(windowSeconds));
+        s.RebirthWait.ShouldBe(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(expectedSeconds));
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>An idle plant costs one quiet interval, not the whole window.</summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Settle_WithNoBirths_ReturnsAfterOneQuietInterval()
+    {
+        var reads = 0;
+        await MqttBrowseSession.SettleBirthsAsync(
+                () => { reads++; return 0; },
+                baseline: 0,
+                awaitFirstBirth: false,
+                quiet: TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(20),
+                window: TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5),
+                TestContext.Current.CancellationToken)
+            .WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        reads.ShouldBe(1);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     While births keep arriving the settle keeps collecting; it returns on the first quiet interval
+    ///     after the last one. Counted in reads, not wall-clock, so it cannot flake.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Settle_KeepsCollectingWhileBirthsArrive_ThenReturnsOnQuiet()
+    {
+        var reads = 0;
+        long births = 0;
+        await MqttBrowseSession.SettleBirthsAsync(
+                () =>
+                {
+                    reads++;
+                    if (reads <= 5) births++;   // five intervals with fresh births, then silence
+                    return births;
+                },
+                baseline: 0,
+                awaitFirstBirth: false,
+                quiet: TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(20),
+                window: TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5),
+                TestContext.Current.CancellationToken)
+            .WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        reads.ShouldBe(6);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>The window is a hard ceiling: a birth flood that never goes quiet still ends.</summary>
+    [Trait("Category", "SlowUnit")]
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Settle_NeverQuiet_EndsAtTheWindow()
+    {
+        long births = 0;
+        await MqttBrowseSession.SettleBirthsAsync(
+                () => ++births,
+                baseline: 0,
+                awaitFirstBirth: false,
+                quiet: TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(20),
+                window: TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
+                TestContext.Current.CancellationToken)
+            .WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        births.ShouldBeGreaterThan(1);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     A rebirth request waits for the birth it asked for. The fixed version cannot complete
+    ///     synchronously (it awaits the settle), the unfixed one completes before the call returns — so the
+    ///     <c>IsCompleted</c> check is deterministic, not a timing race. The birth then releases it.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task RequestRebirth_WaitsForTheRequestedBirths_ThenReturns()
+    {
+        await using var s = new MqttBrowseSession(
+            MqttMode.SparkplugB, client: null, logger: null, birthWindow: TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5));
+
+        var request = s.RequestRebirthAsync("Plant1/EdgeA", TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        request.IsCompleted.ShouldBeFalse("the request must wait for the births it asked for");
+
+        s.ObserveBirthForTest("Plant1", "EdgeA", null, "Uptime", SparkplugDataType.Int64);
+
+        (await request.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken)).ShouldBe(1);
+        s.PublishCountForTest.ShouldBe(1);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     The wait is a courtesy, never a failure: the NCMD was already published, so a caller deadline
+    ///     during the settle returns the published count instead of reporting an error for a request that
+    ///     succeeded.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task RequestRebirth_CallerCancelsDuringTheSettle_StillReportsThePublish()
+    {
+        await using var s = new MqttBrowseSession(
+            MqttMode.SparkplugB, client: null, logger: null, birthWindow: TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5));
+        using var cts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        var request = s.RequestRebirthAsync("Plant1/EdgeA", cts.Token);
+        request.IsCompleted.ShouldBeFalse();
+        await cts.CancelAsync();
+
+        (await request.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken)).ShouldBe(1);
+    }
+}

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt.Tests/MqttBrowseSessionTests.cs

@@ -779,6 +779,13 @@ public sealed class MqttBrowseSessionTests
             "Plant1/EdgeA::Profile", TestContext.Current.CancellationToken)).ShouldHaveSingleItem();
         a.DriverDataType.ShouldBe(nameof(Core.Abstractions.DriverDataType.Int32));   // element type
         a.IsArray.ShouldBeTrue();
+
+        // R06:M-5: the ingestor refuses array metrics ("not supported in v1"), so the browser must not
+        // offer one as bindable — no stated address means the browse-commit refuses it in words, instead
+        // of committing a tag that sits at BadWaitingForInitialData forever. The scalar control is
+        // SparkplugAttributes_StateTheBindingTuple_SoTheCommitNeverParsesTheNodeId.
+        a.AddressFields.ShouldBeNull();
+        a.SecurityClass.ShouldContain("not bindable");
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -796,6 +803,7 @@ public sealed class MqttBrowseSessionTests
         Enum.TryParse<Core.Abstractions.DriverDataType>(a.DriverDataType, ignoreCase: true, out _)
             .ShouldBeFalse();                       // not a guessed type — unmappable, and visibly so
         a.SecurityClass.ShouldContain("unsupported");
+        a.AddressFields.ShouldBeNull();             // R06:M-5 — labelled AND unbindable, not just labelled
     }
 
     [Fact]

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt.Tests/MqttDriverSessionLifecycleTests.cs

@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt.Tests;
 ///     (<see cref="MqttDriver.ShutdownAsync"/> / <see cref="MqttDriver.DisposeAsync"/>).
 /// </summary>
 /// <remarks>
-///     Plain mode deliberately: it is the only mode whose initialize needs no SUBSCRIBE, and
-///     <see cref="MiniBroker"/> answers CONNECT and PINGREQ and nothing else — so a Sparkplug driver
-///     would park on its group SUBSCRIBE until the deadline and prove nothing about connections.
+///     Plain mode deliberately: it is the only mode whose initialize needs no SUBSCRIBE.
+///     <see cref="MiniBroker"/> answers CONNECT, SUBSCRIBE (unless told not to) and PINGREQ, and never
+///     PUBLISHes, so ingest is driven through <c>Subscriptions.HandleMessage</c>.
 /// </remarks>
 [Trait("Category", "Unit")]
 public sealed class MqttDriverSessionLifecycleTests
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ public sealed class MqttDriverSessionLifecycleTests
     ///     </para>
     ///     <para>
     ///         Ingest is fed through <c>Subscriptions.HandleMessage</c>, the method MQTTnet's dispatcher
-    ///         calls, because <see cref="MiniBroker"/> answers CONNECT and PINGREQ and nothing else: it
+    ///         calls, because <see cref="MiniBroker"/> answers CONNECT, SUBSCRIBE and PINGREQ only: it
     ///         can drop a session (which is what this test needs from it) but cannot PUBLISH.
     ///     </para>
     /// </remarks>
@@ -174,6 +174,266 @@ public sealed class MqttDriverSessionLifecycleTests
         recovered.Value.ShouldBe(21.5);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:M-1, end to end.</b> A SUBSCRIBE the broker never answers used to come back from
+    ///     <see cref="MqttDriver.SubscribeAsync"/> as a live handle while the topic left every retry set, so
+    ///     <c>DriverInstanceActor</c> never re-subscribed and the tag stayed dark behind a Healthy connection.
+    ///     It must throw (the actor's reconcile then retries), and the retry against a broker that answers
+    ///     must establish and deliver — the positive control.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Trait("Category", "SlowUnit")]
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ASubscribeTheBrokerNeverAnswers_Throws_AndTheRetryEstablishes()
+    {
+        const string rawPath = "Plant/Mqtt/dev1/Temp";
+        const string topic = "factory/oven/temp";
+
+        using var broker = new MiniBroker { AnswerSubscribe = false };
+        var options = BrokerOptions(broker.Port) with
+        {
+            RawTags =
+            [
+                new RawTagEntry(
+                    rawPath,
+                    $$"""{"topic":"{{topic}}","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}""",
+                    WriteIdempotent: false),
+            ],
+        };
+        await using var driver = new MqttDriver(options, "d", null);
+        await driver.InitializeAsync(Json(options), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        await Should.ThrowAsync<InvalidOperationException>(() =>
+            driver.SubscribeAsync([rawPath], TimeSpan.Zero, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Healthy, "the connection itself is fine — that was the trap");
+
+        broker.AnswerSubscribe = true;
+        var handle = await driver.SubscribeAsync([rawPath], TimeSpan.Zero, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        var raised = new List<DataChangeEventArgs>();
+        driver.OnDataChange += (_, e) => { lock (raised) raised.Add(e); };
+        driver.Subscriptions.HandleMessage(topic, "7"u8.ToArray(), retained: false);
+        lock (raised)
+        {
+            raised.ShouldHaveSingleItem().SubscriptionHandle.ShouldBe(handle);
+            raised[0].Snapshot.StatusCode.ShouldBe(0u);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:M-3.</b> A refused initial connect used to rethrow without disposing the
+    ///     <see cref="MqttConnection"/> (and its <c>IMqttClient</c>) it had just built. Control: a
+    ///     successful initialize leaves its connection live, so the seam is not reporting "disposed" for
+    ///     everything.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task InitializeAsync_RefusedConnect_DisposesTheConnectionItBuilt()
+    {
+        using var broker = new MiniBroker { ConnAckReturnCode = MiniBroker.ReturnCodeNotAuthorized };
+        var options = BrokerOptions(broker.Port);
+        await using var driver = new MqttDriver(options, "d", null);
+        var built = new List<MqttConnection>();
+        driver.ConnectionCreatedForTests = c => built.Add(c);
+
+        await Should.ThrowAsync<Exception>(() => driver.InitializeAsync(Json(options), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+
+        built.ShouldHaveSingleItem().State.ShouldBe(MqttConnectionState.Disposed);
+
+        broker.ConnAckReturnCode = MiniBroker.ReturnCodeAccepted;
+        await driver.InitializeAsync(Json(options), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        built.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        built[1].State.ShouldBe(MqttConnectionState.Connected);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:M-10 + the lifecycle-generation rule.</b> A shutdown that times out on the lifecycle gate
+    ///     tears down ungated; the wedged initialize that held the gate must then NOT publish its freshly
+    ///     connected session behind that teardown, and its late health write must not overwrite the
+    ///     shutdown's. The positive controls: the wedged init really did reach the broker (AcceptedCount),
+    ///     and a later initialize connects and reports Healthy.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Trait("Category", "SlowUnit")]
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task AWedgedInit_CompletingAfterATimedOutShutdown_PublishesNothing()
+    {
+        using var broker = new MiniBroker();
+        var options = BrokerOptions(broker.Port) with { ConnectTimeoutSeconds = 1 };
+        await using var driver = new MqttDriver(options, "d", null);
+
+        var entered = new TaskCompletionSource(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+        var release = new TaskCompletionSource(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+        driver.BeforeConnectHookForTests = async _ =>
+        {
+            entered.TrySetResult();
+            await release.Task;
+        };
+
+        var initialize = Task.Run(() => driver.InitializeAsync(Json(options), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+        await entered.Task.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        // Times out on the gate (1 s) and tears down ungated.
+        await driver.ShutdownAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Unknown);
+
+        driver.BeforeConnectHookForTests = null;
+        release.SetResult();
+        await Should.ThrowAsync<OperationCanceledException>(() => initialize);
+
+        broker.AcceptedCount.ShouldBe(1, "the wedged initialize did connect — the control for the absence below");
+        await WaitForAsync(() => broker.LiveConnections == 0, "the superseded session to be torn down");
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Unknown, "a superseded init must not overwrite newer health");
+        driver.GetHostStatuses().ShouldHaveSingleItem().State.ShouldBe(HostState.Unknown);
+
+        await driver.InitializeAsync(Json(options), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        await WaitForAsync(() => broker.LiveConnections == 1, "the fresh session");
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Healthy);
+    }
+
+    private static RawTagEntry WritableTag(string rawPath, string writeTopic) => new(
+        rawPath,
+        $$"""{"topic":"{{writeTopic}}/state","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64","writeTopic":"{{writeTopic}}"}""",
+        WriteIdempotent: false);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:M-8.</b> A write batch used to publish strictly serially, one awaited QoS 1 round-trip per
+    ///     request — against a stalled broker, N writes × the publish deadline. Different topics now publish
+    ///     concurrently: all four PUBLISHes reach a broker that never PUBACKs well inside ONE 30 s deadline
+    ///     (serial code would have sent exactly one). Cancelling the batch then fills every slot, so the
+    ///     batch shape holds.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task AWriteBatch_PublishesDifferentTopicsConcurrently()
+    {
+        using var broker = new MiniBroker();   // never PUBACKs
+        var options = BrokerOptions(broker.Port) with
+        {
+            ConnectTimeoutSeconds = 30,
+            RawTags = [.. Enumerable.Range(0, 4).Select(i => WritableTag($"Plant/Mqtt/dev1/Sp{i}", $"cmd/sp{i}"))],
+        };
+        await using var driver = new MqttDriver(options, "d", null);
+        await driver.InitializeAsync(Json(options), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        using var cts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        var write = driver.WriteAsync(
+            [.. Enumerable.Range(0, 4).Select(i => new WriteRequest($"Plant/Mqtt/dev1/Sp{i}", (double)i))],
+            cts.Token);
+
+        await WaitForAsync(() => broker.Published.Count == 4, "all four PUBLISHes to be in flight at once");
+        write.IsCompleted.ShouldBeFalse("no PUBACK has arrived, so nothing can have completed");
+
+        await cts.CancelAsync();
+        var results = await write.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        results.Count.ShouldBe(4);
+        results.ShouldAllBe(r => r.StatusCode == 0x80050000u);   // BadCommunicationError, every slot filled
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Writes to the SAME topic in one batch stay in request order — last write wins at the device —
+    ///     while the batch as a whole is concurrent. The broker PUBACKs here, so every slot is Good — and
+    ///     those acks advance <c>LastSuccessfulRead</c> (writes feed health).
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task AWriteBatch_KeepsSameTopicWritesInRequestOrder()
+    {
+        using var broker = new MiniBroker { AckPublish = true };
+        var options = BrokerOptions(broker.Port) with
+        {
+            RawTags = [WritableTag("Plant/Mqtt/dev1/Sp", "cmd/sp"), WritableTag("Plant/Mqtt/dev1/Other", "cmd/other")],
+        };
+        await using var driver = new MqttDriver(options, "d", null);
+        await driver.InitializeAsync(Json(options), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        driver.GetHealth().LastSuccessfulRead.ShouldBeNull("nothing has answered yet");
+
+        var results = await driver.WriteAsync(
+            [
+                new WriteRequest("Plant/Mqtt/dev1/Sp", 1.0),
+                new WriteRequest("Plant/Mqtt/dev1/Other", 9.0),
+                new WriteRequest("Plant/Mqtt/dev1/Sp", 2.0),
+                new WriteRequest("Plant/Mqtt/dev1/Sp", 3.0),
+            ],
+            TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        results.ShouldAllBe(r => r.StatusCode == 0u);
+        broker.Published.Where(p => p.Topic == "cmd/sp")
+            .Select(p => System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(p.Payload))
+            .ShouldBe(["1", "2", "3"]);
+
+        // A PUBACK is the broker answering, so writes feed the evidence clock the comms-loss watchdog reads.
+        driver.GetHealth().LastSuccessfulRead.ShouldNotBeNull();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Review minor 6: the bound itself. Ten topics against a broker that never PUBACKs: exactly
+    ///     <see cref="MqttDriver.MaxConcurrentPublishes"/> PUBLISHes go out and the count then holds — a
+    ///     regression to unbounded concurrency sends all ten. The stability check re-reads the count across
+    ///     several condition polls rather than sleeping once.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task AWriteBatch_NeverHasMoreThanTheBoundInFlight()
+    {
+        using var broker = new MiniBroker();   // never PUBACKs
+        var options = BrokerOptions(broker.Port) with
+        {
+            ConnectTimeoutSeconds = 30,
+            RawTags = [.. Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Select(i => WritableTag($"Plant/Mqtt/dev1/Sp{i}", $"cmd/sp{i}"))],
+        };
+        await using var driver = new MqttDriver(options, "d", null);
+        await driver.InitializeAsync(Json(options), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        using var cts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        var write = driver.WriteAsync(
+            [.. Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Select(i => new WriteRequest($"Plant/Mqtt/dev1/Sp{i}", (double)i))],
+            cts.Token);
+
+        await WaitForAsync(() => broker.Published.Count >= MqttDriver.MaxConcurrentPublishes, "the bound to fill");
+        for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+        {
+            await Task.Delay(50, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+            broker.Published.Count.ShouldBe(MqttDriver.MaxConcurrentPublishes, "a slot freed with no PUBACK received");
+        }
+
+        await cts.CancelAsync();
+        var results = await write.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        results.Count.ShouldBe(10);
+        results.ShouldAllBe(r => r.StatusCode == 0x80050000u);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Review minor 2: a QoS 0 publish (a Sparkplug command) completing only means the bytes reached the
+    ///     local socket buffer; the broker has not answered, so it must not advance <c>LastSuccessfulRead</c>.
+    ///     The positive control is <see cref="AWriteBatch_KeepsSameTopicWritesInRequestOrder"/>, where a QoS 1
+    ///     PUBACK does advance it.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ASparkplugQos0Command_DoesNotAdvanceLastSuccessfulRead()
+    {
+        using var broker = new MiniBroker();
+        var options = BrokerOptions(broker.Port) with
+        {
+            Mode = MqttMode.SparkplugB,
+            Sparkplug = new MqttSparkplugOptions { GroupId = "G", RequestRebirthOnGap = false },
+            RawTags =
+            [
+                new RawTagEntry(
+                    "Plant/Mqtt/spb/Setpoint",
+                    """{"groupId":"G","edgeNodeId":"E","metricName":"Setpoint","dataType":"Float64"}""",
+                    WriteIdempotent: false),
+            ],
+        };
+        await using var driver = new MqttDriver(options, "d", null);
+        await driver.InitializeAsync(Json(options), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        var before = driver.GetHealth().LastSuccessfulRead;
+        var publishedBefore = broker.Published.Count;
+
+        var results = await driver.WriteAsync(
+            [new WriteRequest("Plant/Mqtt/spb/Setpoint", 4.5)], TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        results.ShouldHaveSingleItem().StatusCode.ShouldBe(0u);
+        await WaitForAsync(
+            () => broker.Published.Skip(publishedBefore).Any(p => p.Topic == "spBv1.0/G/NCMD/E"),
+            "the NCMD to reach the broker — the control that the write really went out");
+        driver.GetHealth().LastSuccessfulRead.ShouldBe(before);
+    }
+
     private static async Task WaitForAsync(Func<bool> condition, string what)
     {
         var deadline = DateTime.UtcNow + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt.Tests/MqttSubscriptionManagerTests.cs

@@ -538,17 +538,224 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManagerTests
         mgr.Values.Read(OvenTempPath).StatusCode.ShouldBe(BadCommunicationError);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     A SUBSCRIBE that never got a verdict (transport throw / deadline) degrades its refs AND throws,
+    ///     so <c>DriverInstanceActor</c> holds no handle and its health-tick reconcile re-subscribes. It
+    ///     used to return a live-looking handle with the topic dropped from every retry set — dark behind a
+    ///     Healthy connection until a redeploy.
+    /// </summary>
     [Fact]
-    public async Task SubscribeAsync_TransportThrows_DegradesRefsToBad_DoesNotThrow()
+    public async Task SubscribeAsync_TransportThrows_DegradesRefsToBad_AndThrows()
     {
         var transport = new FakeTransport { Throw = new InvalidOperationException("broker gone") };
         var mgr = NewManager(transport);
         mgr.Register([Tag(OvenTempPath, $$"""{"topic":"{{OvenTopic}}","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}""")]);
+        var raised = new List<DataChangeEventArgs>();
+        mgr.OnDataChange += (_, e) => raised.Add(e);
 
-        await Should.NotThrowAsync(() =>
+        await Should.ThrowAsync<InvalidOperationException>(() =>
             mgr.SubscribeAsync([OvenTempPath], TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
 
         mgr.Values.Read(OvenTempPath).StatusCode.ShouldBe(BadCommunicationError);
+        // The Bad verdict still reached the subscriber before the throw.
+        raised.ShouldContain(e => e.FullReference == OvenTempPath && e.Snapshot.StatusCode == BadCommunicationError);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Review minor 3: a cancel of the CALLER's token (a pipeline timeout, host shutdown) is a cancellation,
+    ///     not a broker fault — it must surface as OperationCanceledException, or the resilience breaker counts
+    ///     it as a failure. The refs are still Bad and pending, so the next reconnect retries them (the positive
+    ///     control). The uncancelled no-verdict case throws InvalidOperationException
+    ///     (<see cref="SubscribeAsync_TransportThrows_DegradesRefsToBad_AndThrows"/>).
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task SubscribeAsync_CallerCancelled_ThrowsOperationCanceled_AndTheTopicStaysPending()
+    {
+        var transport = new FakeTransport { Throw = new OperationCanceledException() };
+        var mgr = NewManager(transport);
+        mgr.Register([Tag(OvenTempPath, $$"""{"topic":"{{OvenTopic}}","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}""")]);
+        using var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
+        await cts.CancelAsync();
+
+        var ex = await Should.ThrowAsync<OperationCanceledException>(() =>
+            mgr.SubscribeAsync([OvenTempPath], TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), cts.Token));
+        ex.ShouldNotBeOfType<InvalidOperationException>();
+        mgr.Values.Read(OvenTempPath).StatusCode.ShouldBe(BadCommunicationError);
+
+        transport.Throw = null;
+        await mgr.OnReconnectedAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        transport.Calls.Last().Select(f => f.Topic).ShouldBe([OvenTopic]);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     The reconcile path: once the actor re-subscribes after the throw, the topic IS re-SUBSCRIBEd and
+    ///     delivery resumes on the new handle — the positive control for the throw above.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task SubscribeAsync_AfterATransportThrow_TheRetrySubscribesAndDelivers()
+    {
+        var transport = new FakeTransport { Throw = new InvalidOperationException("broker gone") };
+        var mgr = NewManager(transport);
+        mgr.Register([Tag(OvenTempPath, $$"""{"topic":"{{OvenTopic}}","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}""")]);
+        await Should.ThrowAsync<Exception>(() =>
+            mgr.SubscribeAsync([OvenTempPath], TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+
+        transport.Throw = null;
+        var handle = await mgr.SubscribeAsync([OvenTempPath], TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        var raised = new List<DataChangeEventArgs>();
+        mgr.OnDataChange += (_, e) => raised.Add(e);
+        mgr.HandleMessage(OvenTopic, "21.5"u8.ToArray(), retained: false);
+
+        transport.Calls.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        transport.Calls[1].Select(f => f.Topic).ShouldBe([OvenTopic]);
+        raised.ShouldHaveSingleItem().SubscriptionHandle.ShouldBe(handle);
+        raised[0].Snapshot.Value.ShouldBe(21.5);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     A topic whose first SUBSCRIBE was refused stays in a pending set the reconnect re-subscribe
+    ///     covers. The reconnect used to re-SUBSCRIBE only the granted set, so it was never retried.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task OnReconnectedAsync_RetriesATopicWhoseFirstSubscribeWasRefused()
+    {
+        var transport = new FakeTransport { Reject = _ => true };
+        var mgr = NewManager(transport);
+        mgr.Register([Tag(OvenTempPath, $$"""{"topic":"{{OvenTopic}}","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}""")]);
+        var handle = await mgr.SubscribeAsync([OvenTempPath], TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        transport.Reject = _ => false;
+        await mgr.OnReconnectedAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        transport.Calls.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        transport.Calls[1].Select(f => f.Topic).ShouldBe([OvenTopic]);
+
+        var raised = new List<DataChangeEventArgs>();
+        mgr.OnDataChange += (_, e) => raised.Add(e);
+        mgr.HandleMessage(OvenTopic, "3"u8.ToArray(), retained: false);
+        raised.ShouldHaveSingleItem().SubscriptionHandle.ShouldBe(handle);
+        raised[0].Snapshot.StatusCode.ShouldBe(Good);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     A persistently ACL-denied topic must not turn every reconnect into a teardown loop: a pending
+    ///     topic refused again is not "re-established nothing" — nothing that was live was lost. Both a
+    ///     mixed set (the granted topic still re-subscribes) and a pending-only set are covered.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task OnReconnectedAsync_PendingTopicsRefusedAgain_DoesNotThrow()
+    {
+        var transport = new FakeTransport { Reject = t => t == "f/oven/press" };
+        var mgr = NewManager(transport);
+        mgr.Register(
+        [
+            Tag(OvenTempPath, $$"""{"topic":"{{OvenTopic}}","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}"""),
+            Tag(OvenPressPath, """{"topic":"f/oven/press","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}"""),
+        ]);
+        await mgr.SubscribeAsync([OvenTempPath, OvenPressPath], TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        await Should.NotThrowAsync(() => mgr.OnReconnectedAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+        transport.Calls[1].Select(f => f.Topic).OrderBy(t => t, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+            .ShouldBe(["f/oven/press", OvenTopic]);
+
+        var lone = new FakeTransport { Reject = _ => true };
+        var mgr2 = NewManager(lone);
+        mgr2.Register([Tag(OvenPressPath, """{"topic":"f/oven/press","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}""")]);
+        await mgr2.SubscribeAsync([OvenPressPath], TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        await Should.NotThrowAsync(() => mgr2.OnReconnectedAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+        lone.Calls.Count.ShouldBe(2);   // it WAS retried
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     A later subscribe on the same session (a redeploy's bulk re-subscribe) also retries the pending
+    ///     set, so a broker ACL fixed while connected recovers without waiting for a reconnect.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task SubscribeAsync_RetriesPendingTopicsFromAnEarlierRefusal()
+    {
+        var transport = new FakeTransport { Reject = t => t == "f/oven/press" };
+        var mgr = NewManager(transport);
+        mgr.Register(
+        [
+            Tag(OvenTempPath, $$"""{"topic":"{{OvenTopic}}","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}"""),
+            Tag(OvenPressPath, """{"topic":"f/oven/press","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}"""),
+        ]);
+        await mgr.SubscribeAsync([OvenPressPath], TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        transport.Reject = _ => false;
+        await mgr.SubscribeAsync([OvenTempPath], TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        transport.Calls[1].Select(f => f.Topic).OrderBy(t => t, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+            .ShouldBe(["f/oven/press", OvenTopic]);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:M-2.</b> Register prunes the cache to the authored set — an unauthored reference's
+    ///     BadNodeIdUnknown marker and a dropped tag's value go. Control: a still-authored tag keeps its
+    ///     value across the re-register (a redeploy must not blank observed values).
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Register_PrunesCacheEntriesForReferencesNoLongerAuthored()
+    {
+        var mgr = NewManager(new FakeTransport());
+        mgr.Register(
+        [
+            Tag(OvenTempPath, $$"""{"topic":"{{OvenTopic}}","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}"""),
+            Tag(OvenPressPath, """{"topic":"f/oven/press","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}"""),
+        ]);
+        await mgr.SubscribeAsync([OvenTempPath, OvenPressPath, "Plant/Mqtt/broker1/Nope"], TimeSpan.Zero, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        mgr.HandleMessage(OvenTopic, "1"u8.ToArray(), retained: false);
+        mgr.HandleMessage("f/oven/press", "2"u8.ToArray(), retained: false);
+        mgr.Values.Read("Plant/Mqtt/broker1/Nope").StatusCode.ShouldBe(BadNodeIdUnknown);
+
+        mgr.Register([Tag(OvenTempPath, $$"""{"topic":"{{OvenTopic}}","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}""")]);
+
+        mgr.Values.Read(OvenTempPath).Value.ShouldBe(1.0);
+        mgr.Values.Read(OvenPressPath).StatusCode.ShouldBe(0x80320000u);
+        mgr.Values.Read("Plant/Mqtt/broker1/Nope").StatusCode.ShouldBe(0x80320000u);
+        mgr.Values.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:M-11.</b> A subscribe issued before any transport is attached reaches no broker, so it must
+    ///     not be recorded as established. It used to be — "subscribed, receives nothing" — and the first
+    ///     reconnect then had nothing to re-establish. Now it stays pending, and the first reconnect on the
+    ///     attached session attempts it: the Bad verdict from the unconnected session is the proof.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task SubscribeAsync_WithNoTransport_StaysPending_AndTheFirstReconnectAttemptsIt()
+    {
+        var mgr = NewManager(transport: null);
+        mgr.Register([Tag(OvenTempPath, $$"""{"topic":"{{OvenTopic}}","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}""")]);
+        await mgr.SubscribeAsync([OvenTempPath], TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        mgr.Values.Read(OvenTempPath).StatusCode.ShouldBe(0x80320000u);   // BadWaitingForInitialData
+
+        await using var attached = new MqttConnection(
+            new MqttDriverOptions { Host = "127.0.0.1", Port = 1, UseTls = false }, "mqtt-1");
+        mgr.AttachTo(attached);
+
+        // The unconnected session gives no verdict, so the reconnect throws — and it ATTEMPTED the topic.
+        await Should.ThrowAsync<Exception>(() => mgr.OnReconnectedAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+        mgr.Values.Read(OvenTempPath).StatusCode.ShouldBe(BadCommunicationError);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Register drops a pending topic whose tags the redeploy removed — the same housekeeping the
+    ///     granted set gets — so a deleted tag's denied topic is not retried forever.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Register_DroppingATag_RemovesItsTopicFromThePendingSet()
+    {
+        var transport = new FakeTransport { Reject = _ => true };
+        var mgr = NewManager(transport);
+        mgr.Register([Tag(OvenPressPath, """{"topic":"f/oven/press","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}""")]);
+        await mgr.SubscribeAsync([OvenPressPath], TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        mgr.Register([Tag(OvenTempPath, $$"""{"topic":"{{OvenTopic}}","payloadFormat":"Scalar","dataType":"Float64"}""")]);
+        await mgr.OnReconnectedAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        transport.Calls.Count.ShouldBe(1);   // nothing left to retry
     }
 
     // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -939,7 +1146,10 @@ public sealed class MqttSubscriptionManagerTests
             new MqttDriverOptions { Host = "127.0.0.1", Port = 1, UseTls = false }, "mqtt-1");
         mgr.AttachTo(rebound);
 
-        await mgr.SubscribeAsync([OvenTempPath], TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        // The unconnected session gives no verdict, so the subscribe now THROWS (M-1) — the throw is a
+        // second proof the SUBSCRIBE was attempted against the new session.
+        await Should.ThrowAsync<Exception>(() =>
+            mgr.SubscribeAsync([OvenTempPath], TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
 
         mgr.Values.Read(OvenTempPath).StatusCode.ShouldBe(
             BadCommunicationError,

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt.Tests/SparkplugIngestorTests.cs

@@ -852,6 +852,28 @@ public sealed class SparkplugIngestorTests
         ing.TryResolve(TempPath, out _).ShouldBeFalse();
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:M-2.</b> Register prunes the shared cache to the authored set: an unauthored reference's
+    ///     BadNodeIdUnknown marker and a dropped tag's value go, so the cache cannot grow with every RawPath
+    ///     and stray reference ever seen. Control: a still-authored tag's value survives the re-register.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Register_PrunesCacheEntriesForReferencesNoLongerAuthored()
+    {
+        var ing = NewIngestor();
+        await ing.SubscribeAsync(["Plant/Mqtt/spb/NotAThing"], TimeSpan.Zero, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        var kept = new DataValueSnapshot(1.0f, 0u, null, DateTime.UtcNow);
+        ing.Values.Update(TempPath, kept);
+        ing.Values.Update(PressPath, kept);
+
+        ing.Register([Tag(TempPath, Blob(Group, Node, Device, "Temperature", "Float32"))]);
+
+        ing.Values.Read(TempPath).ShouldBe(kept);
+        ing.Values.Read(PressPath).StatusCode.ShouldBe(0x80320000u);              // dropped tag: no stale value
+        ing.Values.Read("Plant/Mqtt/spb/NotAThing").StatusCode.ShouldBe(0x80320000u);
+        ing.Values.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public async Task SubscribeAsync_UnauthoredReference_ReportsBadNodeIdUnknown()
     {

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt.Tests/TopicFilterTrieTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+using MQTTnet;
+using Shouldly;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Mqtt.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+///     <b>R06:M-6.</b> The wildcard trie replaced a linear <c>MqttTopicFilterComparer</c> scan on the
+///     dispatcher thread. Its contract is "a superset of the true matches, confirmed by the comparer", so it
+///     is pinned differentially against that comparer — the oracle a broker uses — over a seeded random
+///     space that deliberately includes empty levels, <c>$</c>-topics and wildcard-only filters.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class TopicFilterTrieTests
+{
+    private static readonly string[] Levels = ["a", "b", "c", "", "$SYS", "x y"];
+
+    private sealed class Collect : ITopicFilterVisitor<int>
+    {
+        public HashSet<int> Seen { get; } = [];
+
+        public void Visit(int value) => Seen.Add(value).ShouldBeTrue("a filter must be visited at most once per match");
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Match_IsASupersetOfTheComparer_AndConfirmingYieldsExactlyTheComparersAnswer()
+    {
+        var random = new Random(744);
+        for (var round = 0; round < 200; round++)
+        {
+            var filters = Enumerable.Range(0, random.Next(1, 25)).Select(_ => RandomFilter(random)).ToList();
+            var trie = TopicFilterTrie<int>.Build(filters.Select((f, i) => (f, i)));
+
+            for (var t = 0; t < 50; t++)
+            {
+                var topic = RandomTopic(random);
+                var expected = filters
+                    .Select((f, i) => (f, i))
+                    .Where(p => MqttTopicFilterComparer.Compare(topic, p.f) == MqttTopicFilterCompareResult.IsMatch)
+                    .Select(p => p.i)
+                    .ToHashSet();
+
+                var collect = new Collect();
+                trie.Match(topic, ref collect);
+
+                collect.Seen.IsSupersetOf(expected).ShouldBeTrue($"topic '{topic}' missed a match; filters: {string.Join(" | ", filters)}");
+                collect.Seen
+                    .Where(i => MqttTopicFilterComparer.Compare(topic, filters[i]) == MqttTopicFilterCompareResult.IsMatch)
+                    .ToHashSet()
+                    .SetEquals(expected)
+                    .ShouldBeTrue();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("a/#", "a", true)]          // '#' includes the parent level
+    [InlineData("a/#", "a/b/c", true)]
+    [InlineData("a/+", "a/", true)]         // '+' matches an empty level
+    [InlineData("a/+", "a", false)]
+    [InlineData("+/+", "a/b", true)]
+    [InlineData("#", "anything/at/all", true)]
+    [InlineData("a/b", "a/b", true)]
+    [InlineData("a/b", "a/c", false)]
+    public void Match_FindsTheCanonicalCases(string filter, string topic, bool expected)
+    {
+        var trie = TopicFilterTrie<int>.Build([(filter, 1)]);
+        var collect = new Collect();
+        trie.Match(topic, ref collect);
+        collect.Seen.Contains(1).ShouldBe(expected);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Review minor 7: partial-level wildcards and <c>$share/…</c> filters are outside the trie's level rules.
+    ///     Whatever it yields, confirmation by the broker's comparer must produce no match — pinned so a later
+    ///     "smarter" trie cannot start delivering them.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("a+", "ab")]
+    [InlineData("a/b#", "a/bc")]
+    [InlineData("a/b#", "a/b")]
+    [InlineData("$share/g/a/b", "a/b")]
+    [InlineData("$share/g/#", "a/b")]
+    public void Match_partialLevelWildcardsAndSharedFilters_neverConfirm(string filter, string topic)
+    {
+        var trie = TopicFilterTrie<int>.Build([(filter, 1)]);
+        var collect = new Collect();
+        trie.Match(topic, ref collect);
+
+        collect.Seen.Where(_ => MqttTopicFilterComparer.Compare(topic, filter) == MqttTopicFilterCompareResult.IsMatch)
+            .ShouldBeEmpty();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Empty_MatchesNothing()
+    {
+        var collect = new Collect();
+        TopicFilterTrie<int>.Empty.Match("a/b", ref collect);
+        collect.Seen.ShouldBeEmpty();
+    }
+
+    private static string RandomFilter(Random random)
+    {
+        var count = random.Next(1, 5);
+        var parts = new List<string>(count);
+        for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)
+        {
+            var roll = random.Next(10);
+            if (roll < 2 && i == count - 1) { parts.Add("#"); break; }
+            parts.Add(roll < 5 ? "+" : Levels[random.Next(Levels.Length)]);
+        }
+
+        return string.Join('/', parts);
+    }
+
+    private static string RandomTopic(Random random) =>
+        string.Join('/', Enumerable.Range(0, random.Next(1, 6)).Select(_ => Levels[random.Next(Levels.Length)]));
+}

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Browser.Tests/OracleFlavouredSqliteDialect.cs

@@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ public sealed class OracleFlavouredSqliteDialect : ISqlDialect
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public string SingleRowLimitSuffix => _inner.SingleRowLimitSuffix;
 
+    public string RowLimitPrefix(int rows) => _inner.RowLimitPrefix(rows);
+
+    public string RowLimitSuffix(int rows) => _inner.RowLimitSuffix(rows);
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public string ListSchemasSql => _inner.ListSchemasSql;
 

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Browser.Tests/SqlBrowseSessionTests.cs

@@ -78,7 +78,8 @@ public sealed class SqlBrowseSessionTests
         attribute.Name.ShouldBe(SqliteBrowseFixture.RealColumn);
         attribute.DriverDataType.ShouldBe(nameof(DriverDataType.Float64));
         attribute.IsArray.ShouldBeFalse();
-        attribute.SecurityClass.ShouldBe("ViewOnly");
+        // R06:S-5: every dialect projects IS_NULLABLE and the picker now says so. The column is declared NULL.
+        attribute.SecurityClass.ShouldBe("ViewOnly · nullable");
         attribute.IsAlarm.ShouldBeFalse();
     }
 
@@ -92,7 +93,10 @@ public sealed class SqlBrowseSessionTests
             SqliteDialect.MainSchema, SqliteBrowseFixture.KeyValueTable, SqliteBrowseFixture.TextColumn);
         var attributes = await session.AttributesAsync(nodeId, CancellationToken.None);
 
-        attributes.ShouldHaveSingleItem().DriverDataType.ShouldBe(nameof(DriverDataType.String));
+        var attribute = attributes.ShouldHaveSingleItem();
+        attribute.DriverDataType.ShouldBe(nameof(DriverDataType.String));
+        // The NOT NULL control for the nullable case above — the descriptor tracks the catalog, not a constant.
+        attribute.SecurityClass.ShouldBe("ViewOnly · NOT NULL");
     }
 
     /// <summary>

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.IntegrationTests/SqlServerReadTests.cs

@@ -58,6 +58,127 @@ public sealed class SqlServerReadTests
         driver.GetHostStatuses().ShouldHaveSingleItem().State.ShouldBe(HostState.Running);
     }
 
+    // ---- R06:S-1: the row cap, on real T-SQL ----
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     A where-pair selector pointed at an events table (40 rows for one station) used to pull every
+    ///     matching row on every poll. The plan now emits <c>SELECT TOP (2) …</c> — proven valid T-SQL here —
+    ///     and the second row makes the tag publish <c>BadConfigurationError</c> while the driver stays
+    ///     Healthy (the server answered). The positive control: a station with exactly one row reads Good
+    ///     through the same capped statement.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_realSqlServer_anAmbiguousSelectorIsRowCappedToAConfigurationError()
+    {
+        SkipUnlessLive();
+        const string table = "RowCapEvents";
+
+        await using (var arrange = await _sql.OpenInspectionConnectionAsync())
+        {
+            await using var command = arrange.CreateCommand();
+            command.CommandText = string.Create(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, $"""
+                IF OBJECT_ID(N'{SqlPollServerFixture.Schema}.{table}') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE {SqlPollServerFixture.Schema}.{table};
+                CREATE TABLE {SqlPollServerFixture.Schema}.{table} (
+                    {SqlPollServerFixture.WideRowSelectorColumn} int NOT NULL,
+                    oven_temp float NULL,
+                    {SqlPollServerFixture.TimestampColumn} datetime2 NOT NULL);
+                INSERT INTO {SqlPollServerFixture.Schema}.{table} VALUES (1, 21.5, '2026-07-24T10:00:00');
+                DECLARE @i int = 0;
+                WHILE @i < 40
+                BEGIN
+                    INSERT INTO {SqlPollServerFixture.Schema}.{table} VALUES (7, @i, DATEADD(second, @i, '2026-07-24T10:00:00'));
+                    SET @i += 1;
+                END
+                """);
+            await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            await using var driver = await StartAsync(
+                WideRowWhere("Sql/Events/Ambiguous", "oven_temp", "7", table),
+                WideRowWhere("Sql/Events/Clean", "oven_temp", "1", table));
+
+            var snapshots = await driver.ReadAsync(
+                ["Sql/Events/Ambiguous", "Sql/Events/Clean"], TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+            snapshots[0].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError);
+            snapshots[1].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.Good);
+            Convert.ToDouble(snapshots[1].Value).ShouldBe(21.5);
+            driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Healthy);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            await using var cleanup = await _sql.OpenInspectionConnectionAsync();
+            await using var drop = cleanup.CreateCommand();
+            drop.CommandText = $"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS {SqlPollServerFixture.Schema}.{table}";
+            await drop.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Review I-1, live: one stray duplicate row in a key-value table fails ONLY that key's tag; the other
+    ///     key in the same group (one capped <c>SELECT TOP (5) … IN (@k0, @k1)</c>) reads Good — the positive
+    ///     control — and the driver stays Healthy.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_realSqlServer_aDuplicatedKeyFailsOnlyItsOwnTag()
+    {
+        SkipUnlessLive();
+        const string table = "RowCapCurrent";
+        var qualified = $"{SqlPollServerFixture.Schema}.{table}";
+
+        await using (var arrange = await _sql.OpenInspectionConnectionAsync())
+        {
+            await using var command = arrange.CreateCommand();
+            command.CommandText = $"""
+                IF OBJECT_ID(N'{qualified}') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE {qualified};
+                CREATE TABLE {qualified} (
+                    {SqlPollServerFixture.KeyColumn} nvarchar(64) NOT NULL,
+                    {SqlPollServerFixture.ValueColumn} float NULL,
+                    {SqlPollServerFixture.TimestampColumn} datetime2 NOT NULL);
+                INSERT INTO {qualified} VALUES
+                    (N'Pump7', 1.0, '2026-07-24T10:00:00'),
+                    (N'Pump7', 2.0, '2026-07-24T10:00:01'),
+                    (N'Pump8', 8.5, '2026-07-24T10:00:00');
+                """;
+            await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            await using var driver = await StartAsync(
+                KeyValueOn("Sql/Current/Pump7", "Pump7", table),
+                KeyValueOn("Sql/Current/Pump8", "Pump8", table));
+
+            var snapshots = await driver.ReadAsync(
+                ["Sql/Current/Pump7", "Sql/Current/Pump8"], TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+            snapshots[0].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError);
+            snapshots[1].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.Good);
+            Convert.ToDouble(snapshots[1].Value).ShouldBe(8.5);
+            driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Healthy);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            await using var cleanup = await _sql.OpenInspectionConnectionAsync();
+            await using var drop = cleanup.CreateCommand();
+            drop.CommandText = $"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS {qualified}";
+            await drop.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static RawTagEntry KeyValueOn(string rawPath, string key, string table) => Tag(rawPath, new JsonObject
+    {
+        ["driver"] = "Sql",
+        ["model"] = "KeyValue",
+        ["table"] = SqlPollServerFixture.Qualified(table),
+        ["keyColumn"] = SqlPollServerFixture.KeyColumn,
+        ["keyValue"] = key,
+        ["valueColumn"] = SqlPollServerFixture.ValueColumn,
+        ["timestampColumn"] = SqlPollServerFixture.TimestampColumn,
+    });
+
     // ---- key-value model ----
 
     /// <summary>The plan's headline case: a seeded key-value row round-trips as a Good snapshot.</summary>

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests/ColonMarkerDialect.cs

@@ -77,6 +77,10 @@ public sealed class ColonMarkerDialect : ISqlDialect
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public string SingleRowLimitSuffix => Inner.SingleRowLimitSuffix;
 
+    public string RowLimitPrefix(int rows) => Inner.RowLimitPrefix(rows);
+
+    public string RowLimitSuffix(int rows) => Inner.RowLimitSuffix(rows);
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public string ListSchemasSql => Colonize(Inner.ListSchemasSql);
 

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests/OracleDialectTests.cs

@@ -210,6 +210,15 @@ public class OracleDialectTests
     public void LivenessSql_selectsFromDual()
         => new OracleDialect().LivenessSql.ShouldBe("SELECT 1 FROM DUAL");
 
+    [Fact]
+    public void RowLimit_isFetchFirstN_inTheSuffixPosition()
+    {
+        var d = new OracleDialect();
+        d.RowLimitPrefix(3).ShouldBe("");
+        d.RowLimitSuffix(3).ShouldBe(" FETCH FIRST 3 ROWS ONLY");
+        Should.Throw<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => d.RowLimitSuffix(0));
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public void SingleRowLimit_isFetchFirst_inTheSuffixPosition_withItsOwnLeadingSpace()
     {

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests/PostgresDialectTests.cs

@@ -226,6 +226,15 @@ public class PostgresDialectTests
         d.ListColumnsSql.ShouldContain("\"IS_NULLABLE\"");
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public void RowLimit_isLimitN_inTheSuffixPosition()
+    {
+        var d = new PostgresDialect();
+        d.RowLimitPrefix(3).ShouldBe("");
+        d.RowLimitSuffix(3).ShouldBe(" LIMIT 3");
+        Should.Throw<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => d.RowLimitSuffix(0));
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public void SingleRowLimit_isLimit1_inTheSuffixPosition_withItsOwnLeadingSpace()
     {

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests/SqlCatalogDefaultSchemaTests.cs

@@ -113,6 +113,10 @@ public sealed class SqlCatalogDefaultSchemaTests
 
         public string SingleRowLimitSuffix => Inner.SingleRowLimitSuffix;
 
+        public string RowLimitPrefix(int rows) => Inner.RowLimitPrefix(rows);
+
+        public string RowLimitSuffix(int rows) => Inner.RowLimitSuffix(rows);
+
         public string ListSchemasSql => twoSchemas
             ? Inner.ListSchemasSql + " UNION ALL SELECT 'other' AS TABLE_SCHEMA"
             : Inner.ListSchemasSql;

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests/SqlCatalogGateDriverTests.cs

@@ -374,6 +374,10 @@ public sealed class SqlCatalogGateDriverTests
 
         public string SingleRowLimitSuffix => Inner.SingleRowLimitSuffix;
 
+        public string RowLimitPrefix(int rows) => Inner.RowLimitPrefix(rows);
+
+        public string RowLimitSuffix(int rows) => Inner.RowLimitSuffix(rows);
+
         public string ListSchemasSql { get; } = listSchemasSql;
 
         public string DefaultSchemaSql => Inner.DefaultSchemaSql;

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests/SqlDriverFactoryTests.cs

@@ -25,6 +25,28 @@ public sealed class SqlDriverFactoryTests
 {
     // ---- the plan's headline legs ----
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:S-8.</b> A malformed config used to quote System.Text.Json's message — which echoes the
+    ///     offending token — into the exception that becomes <c>InitializeFailed</c> → health
+    ///     <c>LastError</c> → <c>/hosts</c>. A pasted connection string is exactly the malformed text that
+    ///     reaches here, so the parser text (and the inner exception carrying it) is withheld, as the probe and
+    ///     browser already do. The message still names the instance and says what is wrong.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public void CreateInstance_malformedJson_withholdsTheParserText()
+    {
+        const string secret = "hunter2-do-not-log";
+        var ex = Should.Throw<InvalidOperationException>(() =>
+            SqlDriverFactoryExtensions.CreateInstance(
+                "d1", $$"""{"provider":"SqlServer","connectionStringRef": Password={{secret}} }""", null));
+
+        ex.Message.ShouldContain("d1");
+        ex.Message.ShouldContain("not valid JSON");
+        ex.Message.ShouldNotContain(secret);
+        ex.Message.ShouldNotContain("Password");
+        ex.InnerException.ShouldBeNull();
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public void CreateInstance_missingConnectionStringRef_throwsActionable()
         => Should.Throw<InvalidOperationException>(() =>

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests/SqlDriverTests.cs

@@ -272,14 +272,15 @@ public sealed class SqlDriverTests
     // ---- the comms-loss watchdog's evidence clock (Driver.Sql-006) ----
 
     [Fact]
-    public async Task ReadAsync_whenTheDatabaseAnswersWithNoRow_advancesTheEvidenceClock_withoutChangingHealth()
+    public async Task ReadAsync_whenTheDatabaseAnswersWithNoRow_advancesTheEvidenceClock_andRestoresHealthy()
     {
         // Driver.Sql-006. LastSuccessfulRead is what DriverInstanceActor's comms-loss watchdog reads: a
         // non-Healthy driver whose clock has been frozen for 90 s is force-reconnected (Gitea #527), on the
         // premise that the clock is the honest evidence the transport works. BadNoData IS that evidence —
         // the query ran and the row is absent — so a driver whose key set was deleted must not be
-        // reconnected every 90 s against a database answering every poll on time. The health STATE stays
-        // exactly as it was: an absent row is a data fact, not a connectivity one.
+        // reconnected every 90 s against a database answering every poll on time. And since the database
+        // answered, the driver is Healthy again (lane rule: a refusal means the device answered — it used to
+        // leave the Degraded latched behind every refusal-only poll).
         using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
         await using var driver = NewDriver(fixture, KvEntry("Missing", SqlitePollFixture.AbsentKey));
         await driver.InitializeAsync(ConfigJson, CancellationToken.None);
@@ -295,7 +296,7 @@ public sealed class SqlDriverTests
         snapshots[0].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.BadNoData);
         var health = driver.GetHealth();
         health.LastSuccessfulRead.ShouldNotBeNull().ShouldBeGreaterThan(before);   // RED pre-fix: frozen
-        health.State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Degraded);                               // classification untouched
+        health.State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Healthy);                                // the database answered
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -356,6 +357,191 @@ public sealed class SqlDriverTests
         driver.GetHealth().LastSuccessfulRead.ShouldBe(before);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:S-1.</b> An over-cap result set publishes BadConfigurationError — the code the planner also
+    ///     mints before any I/O, which on its own is NOT answer evidence (theory above). The reader's
+    ///     answered-refusal count is what makes it count: the database answered, so the clock advances and a
+    ///     comms-Degraded driver is Healthy again. Control: the same snapshot with no count leaves both alone.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ObservePollOutcome_aRowCapRefusal_isAnswerEvidence_andRestoresHealthy()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        await using var driver = NewDriver(fixture, KvEntry("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey));
+        await driver.InitializeAsync(ConfigJson, CancellationToken.None);
+        var refused = new DataValueSnapshot(null, SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError, null, DateTime.UtcNow);
+
+        driver.ObservePollOutcome([new DataValueSnapshot(null, SqlStatusCodes.BadTimeout, null, DateTime.UtcNow)]);
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Degraded);
+        var before = driver.GetHealth().LastSuccessfulRead.ShouldNotBeNull();
+        await Task.Delay(20, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        driver.ObservePollOutcome([refused]);                          // no count: planner-minted, no evidence
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Degraded);
+        driver.GetHealth().LastSuccessfulRead.ShouldBe(before);
+
+        driver.ObservePollOutcome([refused], answeredRefusals: 1);     // the database answered, over-cap
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Healthy);
+        driver.GetHealth().LastSuccessfulRead.ShouldNotBeNull().ShouldBeGreaterThan(before);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:S-9 / lifecycle generations.</b> A poll that started before a Shutdown → Initialize cycle
+    ///     (it can outlive the engine's 5 s teardown wait) must not write its verdict onto the NEW
+    ///     configuration's health. Control: the same BadTimeout verdict under the current generation degrades.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ObservePollOutcome_fromASupersededGeneration_isIgnored()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        await using var driver = NewDriver(fixture, KvEntry("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey));
+        await driver.InitializeAsync(ConfigJson, CancellationToken.None);
+        var stale = driver.LifecycleGenerationForTests;
+
+        await driver.ShutdownAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+        await driver.InitializeAsync(ConfigJson, CancellationToken.None);
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Healthy);
+        var timedOut = new DataValueSnapshot(null, SqlStatusCodes.BadTimeout, null, DateTime.UtcNow);
+
+        driver.ObservePollOutcome([timedOut], generation: stale);
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Healthy, "a superseded poll must not degrade the new init");
+
+        driver.ObservePollOutcome([timedOut], generation: driver.LifecycleGenerationForTests);
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Degraded);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Only the initialize's own final write ends <c>Initializing</c>: a Good poll landing mid-init used to
+    ///     flip it to Healthy before liveness had even answered. Control: once the init completes it is Healthy.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task APollLandingMidInitialize_cannotEndInitializing()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        var factory = new GatedFactory();
+        await using var driver = NewDriver(fixture, fixture.ConnectionString, CapturingLogger.Null, factory,
+            KvEntry("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey));
+
+        factory.Arm();
+        var init = driver.InitializeAsync(ConfigJson, CancellationToken.None);
+        (await factory.Entered.Task.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken)).ShouldBeTrue();
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Initializing);
+
+        driver.ObservePollOutcome([new DataValueSnapshot(42.0, SqlStatusCodes.Good, DateTime.UtcNow, DateTime.UtcNow)]);
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Initializing);
+
+        factory.Release();
+        await init.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Healthy);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>A SQLite factory whose next connection creation blocks until released — parks an initialize.</summary>
+    private sealed class GatedFactory : DbProviderFactory
+    {
+        private readonly ManualResetEventSlim _release = new(initialState: true);
+        private volatile bool _armed;
+
+        public TaskCompletionSource<bool> Entered { get; } = new(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+
+        public void Arm()
+        {
+            _release.Reset();
+            _armed = true;
+        }
+
+        public void Release() => _release.Set();
+
+        public override DbConnection CreateConnection()
+        {
+            if (_armed)
+            {
+                _armed = false;
+                Entered.TrySetResult(true);
+                _release.Wait(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));
+            }
+
+            return Microsoft.Data.Sqlite.SqliteFactory.Instance.CreateConnection()!;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:S-4.</b> A skipped tag's ledger reason (what /hosts shows) is the deploy gate's own explanation
+    ///     — for a <c>Query</c> tag, that the model is deferred — instead of a generic "did not map". Control: a
+    ///     well-formed tag is not skipped at all.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ADeferredQueryTag_isSkipped_withTheGatesReason()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        await using var driver = NewDriver(fixture,
+            KvEntry("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey),
+            new RawTagEntry("Q", """{"driver":"Sql","model":"Query","table":"T","query":"SELECT 1"}""", WriteIdempotent: false));
+        await driver.InitializeAsync(ConfigJson, CancellationToken.None);
+
+        var report = ((ISkippedTagReporter)driver).GetSkippedTags().ShouldNotBeNull();
+        var skipped = report.Sample.ShouldHaveSingleItem();
+        skipped.RawPath.ShouldBe("Q");
+        skipped.Reason.ShouldContain("Query");
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>Review m-1.</b> A redeploy re-initialises without teardown, so a poll can capture the reader just
+    ///     before a rebind disposes it. That poll used to throw an OperationCanceledException the engine then
+    ///     classified as a poll failure (Degrade). It now retries once on the current reader — and reads Good,
+    ///     the positive control — with health untouched.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task APollOnAReplacedReader_retriesOnTheCurrentOne()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        await using var driver = NewDriver(fixture, KvEntry("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey));
+        await driver.InitializeAsync(ConfigJson, CancellationToken.None);
+        var captured = driver.ReaderForTests;
+
+        driver.RebindForTests();
+        captured.GateDisposedForTests.ShouldBeTrue();
+
+        var snapshots = await driver.ReadThroughAsync(
+            captured, ["Speed"], driver.LifecycleGenerationForTests, CancellationToken.None);
+
+        snapshots[0].Value.ShouldBe(SqlitePollFixture.PresentValue);
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Healthy);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     With no newer reader (the driver's own reader was disposed) the disposed-reader exception still
+    ///     propagates, but the engine's error callback must not degrade for it. Control: any other poll error
+    ///     still degrades.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ADisposedReaderError_isNotAPollFailure()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        await using var driver = NewDriver(fixture, KvEntry("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey));
+        await driver.InitializeAsync(ConfigJson, CancellationToken.None);
+        driver.ReaderForTests.Dispose();
+
+        // Awaited directly (as the poll engine does): an OperationCanceledException-derived throw ends the task
+        // Canceled, and only a direct await rethrows the original instance — which HandlePollError matches on.
+        Exception? caught = null;
+        try
+        {
+            await driver.ReadThroughAsync(
+                driver.ReaderForTests, ["Speed"], driver.LifecycleGenerationForTests, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            caught = e;
+        }
+
+        caught.ShouldBeOfType<SqlPollReaderDisposedException>();
+        driver.HandlePollError(caught!);
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Healthy);
+
+        driver.HandlePollError(new InvalidOperationException("contract violation"));
+        driver.GetHealth().State.ShouldBe(DriverState.Degraded);
+    }
+
     // ---- Driver.Sql-010: the health field is read-modify-written from several poll loops ----
 
     [Fact]
@@ -445,6 +631,31 @@ public sealed class SqlDriverTests
         Volatile.Read(ref changes).ShouldBe(afterUnsubscribe);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R02:P1.</b> The driver runs <c>PollGroupEngine</c>, so it raises one batch per poll burst:
+    ///     <c>DriverInstanceActor</c> then forwards one message per cycle instead of one per tag. Both tags of
+    ///     the first (force-raised) poll arrive in the SAME batch, on the subscription's handle.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Subscribe_raisesOneBatchPerPollBurst()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        await using var driver = NewDriver(fixture,
+            KvEntry("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey), KvEntry("Pressure", SqlitePollFixture.SecondPresentKey));
+        await driver.InitializeAsync(ConfigJson, CancellationToken.None);
+
+        var batchable = driver.ShouldBeAssignableTo<IBatchSubscribable>();
+        var first = new TaskCompletionSource<DataChangeBatchEventArgs>(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+        batchable!.OnDataChangeBatch += (_, args) => first.TrySetResult(args);
+
+        var handle = await driver.SubscribeAsync(["Speed", "Pressure"], TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(100), CancellationToken.None);
+
+        var batch = await first.Task.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        batch.SubscriptionHandle.ShouldBe(handle);
+        batch.Items.Select(i => i.FullReference).OrderBy(r => r, StringComparer.Ordinal).ShouldBe(["Pressure", "Speed"]);
+        batch.Items.Single(i => i.FullReference == "Speed").Snapshot.Value.ShouldBe(SqlitePollFixture.PresentValue);
+    }
+
     // ---- disposal ----
 
     [Fact]

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests/SqlEquipmentTagParserTests.cs

@@ -232,6 +232,21 @@ public class SqlEquipmentTagParserTests
         SqlEquipmentTagParser.TryParse(json, "raw", out _).ShouldBeFalse();
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:S-4.</b> The deploy gate (<c>EquipmentTagConfigInspector</c>) reaches this through the parser:
+    ///     a <c>Query</c> tag draws a warning naming the deferral (a rejection under TagConfigValidation=Error).
+    ///     Control: a served key-value blob draws nothing.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public void Inspect_theDeferredQueryModel_isNamedAtTheDeployGate()
+    {
+        SqlTagDefinitionFactory.Inspect("""{"driver":"Sql","model":"Query","table":"T","query":"SELECT 1"}""")
+            .ShouldHaveSingleItem().ShouldContain("Query");
+        SqlTagDefinitionFactory.Inspect(
+                """{"driver":"Sql","model":"KeyValue","table":"T","keyColumn":"k","keyValue":"v","valueColumn":"c"}""")
+            .ShouldBeEmpty();
+    }
+
     [Theory]
     [InlineData("""{"driver":"Sql","model":"KeyValue","keyColumn":"k","keyValue":"v","valueColumn":"c"}""")]
     [InlineData("""{"driver":"Sql","model":"KeyValue","table":"","keyColumn":"k","keyValue":"v","valueColumn":"c"}""")]

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests/SqlGroupPlannerChunkingTests.cs

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ public sealed class SqlGroupPlannerChunkingTests
             plan.ParameterNames.ShouldBe(
                 Enumerable.Range(0, plan.Parameters.Count)
                     .Select(i => "@k" + i.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)));
-            plan.SqlText.ShouldEndWith("IN (" + string.Join(", ", plan.ParameterNames) + ")");
+            plan.SqlText.ShouldContain("IN (" + string.Join(", ", plan.ParameterNames) + ")");
         }
     }
 
@@ -297,6 +297,10 @@ public sealed class SqlGroupPlannerChunkingTests
 
         public string SingleRowLimitSuffix => Inner.SingleRowLimitSuffix;
 
+        public string RowLimitPrefix(int rows) => Inner.RowLimitPrefix(rows);
+
+        public string RowLimitSuffix(int rows) => Inner.RowLimitSuffix(rows);
+
         public string ListSchemasSql => Inner.ListSchemasSql;
 
         public string DefaultSchemaSql => Inner.DefaultSchemaSql;

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests/SqlGroupPlannerTests.cs

@@ -29,6 +29,39 @@ public class SqlGroupPlannerTests
             RowSelectorColumn: selectorColumn, RowSelectorValue: selectorValue,
             RowSelectorTopByTimestamp: topByTimestamp);
 
+    // ---- R06:S-1: the row cap ----
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     A key-value plan reads up to twice its distinct keys (so stray duplicates are attributed per key) and
+    ///     asks for one row more; a where-pair wide-row plan asks for two. Enough to SEE an ambiguous selector,
+    ///     never enough to materialise a history table every poll.
+    ///     The topByTimestamp form keeps its single-row limit and needs no cap.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public void Plans_carryARowCap_andAskForOneRowMore()
+    {
+        var plans = SqlGroupPlanner.Plan(
+        [
+            KvTag("A", "dbo.TagValues", "tag_name", "k0", "num_value", null),
+            KvTag("B", "dbo.TagValues", "tag_name", "k1", "num_value", null),
+            KvTag("C", "dbo.TagValues", "tag_name", "k1", "num_value", null),   // same key: one row serves both
+            WideTag("W", "dbo.LatestStatus", "oven_temp", selectorColumn: "station_id", selectorValue: "7"),
+            WideTag("T", "dbo.Readings", "oven_temp", topByTimestamp: "sample_ts"),
+        ], new SqlServerDialect()).ToList();
+
+        var kv = plans.Single(p => p.Model == SqlTagModel.KeyValue);
+        kv.RowCap.ShouldBe(4);                         // 2 distinct keys, with 2x headroom for per-key attribution
+        kv.SqlText.ShouldStartWith("SELECT TOP (5) ");
+
+        var wherePair = plans.Single(p => p.Parameters.Count == 1 && p.Model == SqlTagModel.WideRow);
+        wherePair.RowCap.ShouldBe(1);
+        wherePair.SqlText.ShouldStartWith("SELECT TOP (2) ");
+
+        var top = plans.Single(p => p.Parameters.Count == 0);
+        top.RowCap.ShouldBeNull();
+        top.SqlText.ShouldStartWith("SELECT TOP 1 ");
+    }
+
     // ---- the plan's golden case ----
 
     [Fact]
@@ -58,7 +91,7 @@ public class SqlGroupPlannerTests
             new SqlServerDialect());
 
         plans[0].SqlText.ShouldBe(
-            "SELECT [tag_name], [num_value], [sample_ts] FROM [dbo].[TagValues] WHERE [tag_name] IN (@k0)");
+            "SELECT TOP (3) [tag_name], [num_value], [sample_ts] FROM [dbo].[TagValues] WHERE [tag_name] IN (@k0)");
         plans[0].ParameterNames.ShouldBe(new[] { "@k0" });
         plans[0].SelectedColumns.ShouldBe(new[] { "tag_name", "num_value", "sample_ts" });
         plans[0].Model.ShouldBe(SqlTagModel.KeyValue);
@@ -75,7 +108,7 @@ public class SqlGroupPlannerTests
             new SqlServerDialect());
 
         plans[0].SqlText.ShouldBe(
-            "SELECT [tag_name], [num_value] FROM [dbo].[TagValues] WHERE [tag_name] IN (@k0)");
+            "SELECT TOP (3) [tag_name], [num_value] FROM [dbo].[TagValues] WHERE [tag_name] IN (@k0)");
         plans[0].TimestampColumn.ShouldBeNull();
     }
 
@@ -181,7 +214,7 @@ public class SqlGroupPlannerTests
 
         var plan = plans[0];
         plan.ParameterNames.Count.ShouldBe(plan.Parameters.Count);
-        plan.SqlText.ShouldEndWith("IN (" + string.Join(", ", plan.ParameterNames) + ")");
+        plan.SqlText.ShouldEndWith("IN (" + string.Join(", ", plan.ParameterNames) + ")");   // T-SQL caps at the front
         plan.Parameters.ShouldBe(new object[] { "k0", "k1", "k2" });
     }
 
@@ -201,7 +234,7 @@ public class SqlGroupPlannerTests
             KvTag("B", "TagValues", "tag_name", "Line1.Temp", "num_value", null),
         ], new ColonMarkerDialect()).ToList();
 
-        plans[0].SqlText.ShouldEndWith("IN (:k0, :k1)");
+        plans[0].SqlText.ShouldEndWith("IN (:k0, :k1) LIMIT 5");
         plans[0].SqlText.ShouldNotContain("@");
         plans[0].ParameterNames.ShouldBe(new[] { ":k0", ":k1" });
     }
@@ -213,7 +246,7 @@ public class SqlGroupPlannerTests
             [WideTag("A", "LatestStatus", "oven_temp", selectorColumn: "station_id", selectorValue: "7")],
             new ColonMarkerDialect()).ToList();
 
-        plans[0].SqlText.ShouldEndWith("= :w");
+        plans[0].SqlText.ShouldEndWith("= :w LIMIT 2");
         plans[0].SqlText.ShouldNotContain("@");
         plans[0].ParameterNames.ShouldBe(new[] { ":w" });
     }
@@ -277,7 +310,7 @@ public class SqlGroupPlannerTests
 
         plans.Count.ShouldBe(1);
         plans[0].SqlText.ShouldBe(
-            "SELECT [oven_temp], [pressure] FROM [dbo].[LatestStatus] WHERE [station_id] = @w");
+            "SELECT TOP (2) [oven_temp], [pressure] FROM [dbo].[LatestStatus] WHERE [station_id] = @w");
         plans[0].ParameterNames.ShouldBe(new[] { "@w" });
         plans[0].Parameters.ShouldBe(new object[] { "7" });   // the whereValue is bound, never inlined
         plans[0].SelectedColumns.ShouldBe(new[] { "oven_temp", "pressure" });
@@ -313,7 +346,7 @@ public class SqlGroupPlannerTests
         plans.Count.ShouldBe(1);
         plans[0].SelectedColumns.ShouldBe(new[] { "oven_temp", "pressure", "sample_ts" });
         plans[0].SqlText.ShouldBe(
-            "SELECT [oven_temp], [pressure], [sample_ts] FROM [dbo].[LatestStatus] WHERE [station_id] = @w");
+            "SELECT TOP (2) [oven_temp], [pressure], [sample_ts] FROM [dbo].[LatestStatus] WHERE [station_id] = @w");
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -424,7 +457,7 @@ public class SqlGroupPlannerTests
         // A column name is an identifier — it cannot be parameterized, so the guarantee is that it is
         // bracket-quoted with ] doubled, leaving one (nonexistent) identifier rather than executable SQL.
         plans[0].SqlText.ShouldBe(
-            "SELECT [tag_name], [v]] ; DROP TABLE Users --] FROM [dbo].[T] WHERE [tag_name] IN (@k0)");
+            "SELECT TOP (3) [tag_name], [v]] ; DROP TABLE Users --] FROM [dbo].[T] WHERE [tag_name] IN (@k0)");
     }
 
     // ---- contract edges ----

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests/SqlPollReaderTests.cs

@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReaderTests
     }
 
     [Fact]
-    public async Task ReadAsync_wideRow_whenTheSelectorMatchesManyRows_warnsInsteadOfSilentlyPickingOne()
+    public async Task ReadAsync_wideRow_whenTheSelectorMatchesManyRows_publishesAConfigurationError_andWarns()
     {
         using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
         // A second row for the SAME station. The where-pair form emits no ORDER BY and no row limit, so
@@ -201,8 +201,11 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReaderTests
 
         var snapshots = await reader.ReadAsync(["Oven"], CancellationToken.None);
 
-        // Still a value — the reader degrades to "last row wins", exactly as the key-value model does.
-        snapshots[0].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.Good);
+        // R06:S-1: the where-pair plan now asks for TWO rows (one more than it can use). Getting the second is
+        // proof the selector is ambiguous, so the group publishes a configuration error rather than a
+        // storage-order-dependent "last row" value — and nothing past that second row is ever read.
+        snapshots[0].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError);
+        snapshots[0].Value.ShouldBeNull();
 
         var warning = logger.Entries.ShouldHaveSingleItem();
         warning.Level.ShouldBe(LogLevel.Warning);
@@ -269,8 +272,48 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReaderTests
         snapshots[0].SourceTimestampUtc!.Value.ShouldBe(snapshots[0].ServerTimestampUtc);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:S-1 review I-1.</b> One stray duplicate row is attributed to ITS key: that key's tags publish
+    ///     <see cref="SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError"/> and every other key in the group reads normally.
+    ///     It used to be last-row-wins Good, or the whole group Bad, depending on whether an UNRELATED key was
+    ///     absent. Both variants are pinned: every other key present, and another key absent. The other keys'
+    ///     Good / BadNoData are the positive controls.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(false)]
+    [InlineData(true)]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_aDuplicatedKey_failsOnlyThatKeysTags_whateverElseIsAbsent(bool withAnAbsentKey)
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        var logger = new RecordingLogger();
+        fixture.Execute(
+            $"INSERT INTO {SqlitePollFixture.KeyValueTable} " +
+            $"({SqlitePollFixture.KeyColumn}, {SqlitePollFixture.ValueColumn}, {SqlitePollFixture.TimestampColumn}) " +
+            $"VALUES ('{SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey}', 99.0, '2026-07-24T10:00:09Z')");
+        var tags = new List<SqlTagDefinition>
+        {
+            KvTag("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey),
+            KvTag("Speed2", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey),          // a second tag on the duplicated key
+            KvTag("Pressure", SqlitePollFixture.SecondPresentKey),
+        };
+        if (withAnAbsentKey) tags.Add(KvTag("Gone", SqlitePollFixture.AbsentKey));
+        var reader = Reader(fixture, logger, [.. tags]);
+
+        var snapshots = await reader.ReadAsync([.. tags.Select(t => t.Name)], CancellationToken.None);
+
+        snapshots[0].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError);
+        snapshots[1].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError);
+        snapshots[2].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.Good);
+        snapshots[2].Value.ShouldBe(SqlitePollFixture.SecondPresentValue);
+        if (withAnAbsentKey) snapshots[3].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.BadNoData);
+
+        var warning = logger.Entries.ShouldHaveSingleItem();
+        warning.Message.ShouldContain(SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>The driver counts a duplicated-key refusal as the database answering, like an over-cap one.</summary>
     [Fact]
-    public async Task ReadAsync_whenASourceViolatesOneRowPerKey_takesTheLastRowDeterministically()
+    public async Task ReadDetailedAsync_aDuplicatedKey_isReportedAsAnAnsweredRefusal()
     {
         using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
         fixture.Execute(
@@ -278,12 +321,86 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReaderTests
             $"({SqlitePollFixture.KeyColumn}, {SqlitePollFixture.ValueColumn}, {SqlitePollFixture.TimestampColumn}) " +
             $"VALUES ('{SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey}', 99.0, '2026-07-24T10:00:09Z')");
         var reader = Reader(fixture, KvTag("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey));
+        var clean = Reader(fixture, KvTag("Pressure", SqlitePollFixture.SecondPresentKey));
 
-        var snapshots = await reader.ReadAsync(["Speed"], CancellationToken.None);
+        (await reader.ReadDetailedAsync(["Speed"], CancellationToken.None)).AnsweredRefusalGroups.ShouldBe(1);
+        (await clean.ReadDetailedAsync(["Pressure"], CancellationToken.None)).AnsweredRefusalGroups.ShouldBe(0);
+    }
 
-        // Design §3.6: the contract is one row per key; when a source breaks it the reader is at least
-        // deterministic — last occurrence in reader order — rather than silently arbitrary.
-        snapshots[0].Value.ShouldBe(99.0);
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:S-1.</b> A key-value tag pointed at a history table (many rows per key) used to pull every
+    ///     matching row into memory on every poll. The plan now asks for one row more than it has keys; a full
+    ///     result set proves the selector is ambiguous, so every member publishes a configuration error and a
+    ///     (rate-limited) warning names the table. The positive control: the same tag against a clean source
+    ///     reads Good.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_keyValueRowCapExceeded_publishesAConfigurationError_forEveryMember()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        var logger = new RecordingLogger();
+        var clean = Reader(fixture, logger, KvTag("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey));
+        (await clean.ReadAsync(["Speed"], CancellationToken.None))[0].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.Good);
+        logger.Entries.ShouldBeEmpty();
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < 50; i++)
+        {
+            fixture.Execute(string.Create(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
+                $"INSERT INTO {SqlitePollFixture.KeyValueTable} " +
+                $"({SqlitePollFixture.KeyColumn}, {SqlitePollFixture.ValueColumn}, {SqlitePollFixture.TimestampColumn}) " +
+                $"VALUES ('{SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey}', {i}, '2026-07-24T11:00:00Z')"));
+        }
+
+        var reader = Reader(fixture, logger, KvTag("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey), KvTag("Speed2", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey));
+        var snapshots = await reader.ReadAsync(["Speed", "Speed2"], CancellationToken.None);
+
+        snapshots.ShouldAllBe(x => x.StatusCode == SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError);
+        var warning = logger.Entries.ShouldHaveSingleItem();
+        warning.Level.ShouldBe(LogLevel.Warning);
+        warning.Message.ShouldContain(SqlitePollFixture.KeyValueTable);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     The client-side half of the cap: a dialect whose limit fragments are empty (a provider that cannot
+    ///     spell one) must still stop reading at cap + 1 and report the same configuration error.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_aDialectThatEmitsNoLimit_isStillCappedClientSide()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        AddSecondRowForPresentStation(fixture);
+        var reader = new SqlPollReader(fixture.Factory, fixture.ConnectionString, new NoLimitDialect(),
+            commandTimeout: CommandTimeout, operationTimeout: OperationTimeout,
+            maxConcurrentGroups: 4, nullIsBad: false,
+            resolve: Resolver(WideTag("Oven", "oven_temp", selectorValue: SqlitePollFixture.PresentStation)));
+
+        var snapshots = await reader.ReadAsync(["Oven"], CancellationToken.None);
+
+        snapshots[0].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.BadConfigurationError);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>SQLite with the row-limit fragments blanked — the "provider cannot spell a limit" shape.</summary>
+    private sealed class NoLimitDialect : ISqlDialect
+    {
+        private readonly SqliteDialect _inner = new();
+        public SqlProvider Provider => _inner.Provider;
+        public System.Data.Common.DbProviderFactory Factory => _inner.Factory;
+        public int MaxBindParameters => _inner.MaxBindParameters;
+        public string LivenessSql => _inner.LivenessSql;
+        public string SingleRowLimitPrefix => _inner.SingleRowLimitPrefix;
+        public string SingleRowLimitSuffix => _inner.SingleRowLimitSuffix;
+        public string RowLimitPrefix(int rows) => string.Empty;
+        public string RowLimitSuffix(int rows) => string.Empty;
+        public string ListSchemasSql => _inner.ListSchemasSql;
+        public string DefaultSchemaSql => _inner.DefaultSchemaSql;
+        public string ListTablesSql => _inner.ListTablesSql;
+        public string ListColumnsSql => _inner.ListColumnsSql;
+        public string QuoteIdentifier(string ident) => _inner.QuoteIdentifier(ident);
+        public string ParameterMarker(string baseName) => _inner.ParameterMarker(baseName);
+        public string ParameterBindName(string baseName) => _inner.ParameterBindName(baseName);
+        public void ConfigureCommand(System.Data.Common.DbCommand command) => _inner.ConfigureCommand(command);
+        public void ConfigureParameter(System.Data.Common.DbParameter parameter, object? value) => ((ISqlDialect)_inner).ConfigureParameter(parameter, value);
+        public DriverDataType MapColumnType(string sqlDataType) => _inner.MapColumnType(sqlDataType);
     }
 
     // ---- the frozen-peer contract ----
@@ -522,6 +639,180 @@ public sealed class SqlPollReaderTests
             dialect.Factory, "  ", dialect, CommandTimeout, OperationTimeout, 4, false, _ => null));
     }
 
+    // ---- R06:S-7: plans are cached per subscription reference list ----
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     A poll loop hands the reader the SAME reference list every cycle; re-planning it (and rebuilding the
+    ///     slot dictionary keyed by a 12-field record) every poll was pure per-poll garbage. Planned once,
+    ///     and the cached plan still reads correct values every time — the positive control.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_theSameReferenceList_isPlannedOnce()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        var reader = Reader(fixture,
+            KvTag("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey), KvTag("Pressure", SqlitePollFixture.SecondPresentKey));
+        IReadOnlyList<string> refs = ["Speed", "Pressure"];
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++)
+        {
+            var snapshots = await reader.ReadAsync(refs, CancellationToken.None);
+            snapshots[0].Value.ShouldBe(SqlitePollFixture.PresentValue);
+            snapshots[1].Value.ShouldBe(SqlitePollFixture.SecondPresentValue);
+        }
+
+        reader.PlansBuiltForTests.ShouldBe(1);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     The cache is invalidated by the definitions themselves: a catalog-gate swap (or any re-resolve)
+    ///     hands back different definition instances, and the next poll re-plans against them.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_whenAReferenceResolvesToADifferentDefinition_rePlans()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        var table = new Dictionary<string, SqlTagDefinition>(StringComparer.Ordinal)
+        {
+            ["Speed"] = KvTag("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey),
+        };
+        var reader = new SqlPollReader(fixture.Factory, fixture.ConnectionString, new SqliteDialect(),
+            commandTimeout: CommandTimeout, operationTimeout: OperationTimeout,
+            maxConcurrentGroups: 4, nullIsBad: false, resolve: r => table.GetValueOrDefault(r));
+        IReadOnlyList<string> refs = ["Speed"];
+
+        (await reader.ReadAsync(refs, CancellationToken.None))[0].Value.ShouldBe(SqlitePollFixture.PresentValue);
+        table["Speed"] = KvTag("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.SecondPresentKey);   // re-pointed by a new resolve
+
+        (await reader.ReadAsync(refs, CancellationToken.None))[0].Value.ShouldBe(SqlitePollFixture.SecondPresentValue);
+        reader.PlansBuiltForTests.ShouldBe(2);
+    }
+
+    // ---- R06:S-6: per-poll warnings are rate-limited ----
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     A dropped table polled every second used to log a warning — with the full SQL text — on every
+    ///     poll, per group, forever. One per minute per plan now; every poll still publishes the Bad status.
+    ///     The first poll's warning is the positive control.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_aPersistentlyFailingGroup_warnsOncePerInterval()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        var logger = new RecordingLogger();
+        var reader = Reader(fixture, logger,
+            new SqlTagDefinition("Gone", SqlTagModel.KeyValue, "NoSuchTable",
+                KeyColumn: SqlitePollFixture.KeyColumn, KeyValue: "k", ValueColumn: SqlitePollFixture.ValueColumn));
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++)
+        {
+            (await reader.ReadAsync(["Gone"], CancellationToken.None))[0]
+                .StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.BadCommunicationError);
+        }
+
+        logger.Entries.Count(e => e.Level == LogLevel.Warning).ShouldBe(1);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>A cell that will not coerce is a per-tag refusal: one warning per tag, not one per poll.</summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_anUncoercibleCell_warnsOncePerTag()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        var logger = new RecordingLogger();
+        var reader = Reader(fixture, logger,
+            KvTag("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey, declaredType: DriverDataType.DateTime));
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++)
+        {
+            (await reader.ReadAsync(["Speed"], CancellationToken.None))[0]
+                .StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.BadTypeMismatch);
+        }
+
+        logger.Entries.Count(e => e.Level == LogLevel.Warning).ShouldBe(1);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>A frozen group's BadTimeout warning is rate-limited too; both polls still time out.</summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_aRepeatedlyTimedOutGroup_warnsOncePerInterval()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        var logger = new RecordingLogger();
+        var reader = new SqlPollReader(fixture.Factory, fixture.ConnectionString, new SqliteDialect(),
+            commandTimeout: TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30), operationTimeout: TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500),
+            maxConcurrentGroups: 4, nullIsBad: false,
+            resolve: Resolver(KvTag("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey)), logger: logger);
+
+        var locker = fixture.OpenNewConnection();
+        Execute(locker, "BEGIN EXCLUSIVE");
+        try
+        {
+            (await reader.ReadAsync(["Speed"], CancellationToken.None))[0].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.BadTimeout);
+            (await reader.ReadAsync(["Speed"], CancellationToken.None))[0].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.BadTimeout);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            Execute(locker, "ROLLBACK");
+            locker.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        logger.Entries.Count(e => e.Level == LogLevel.Warning && e.Message.Contains("operation timeout"))
+            .ShouldBe(1);
+    }
+
+    // ---- R06:S-3: the concurrency gate is released ----
+
+    /// <summary>An idle reader releases its gate on Dispose, and a disposed reader starts no new group.</summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Dispose_releasesTheGate_andADisposedReaderRunsNoNewGroup()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        var reader = Reader(fixture, KvTag("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey));
+        (await reader.ReadAsync(["Speed"], CancellationToken.None))[0].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.Good);
+
+        reader.Dispose();
+        reader.Dispose();   // idempotent
+
+        reader.GateDisposedForTests.ShouldBeTrue();
+        await Should.ThrowAsync<OperationCanceledException>(() => reader.ReadAsync(["Speed"], CancellationToken.None));
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Disposing while a timed-out group is still wedged inside the provider must NOT dispose the gate
+    ///     under it — the zombie releases its slot into the gate when it finally finishes, which is exactly
+    ///     the hazard that kept the gate undisposed before. The gate goes once the zombie is out.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Dispose_withAWedgedGroupInFlight_waitsForItBeforeReleasingTheGate()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new SqlitePollFixture();
+        var factory = new TrackingFactory();
+        var reader = new SqlPollReader(
+            factory, fixture.ConnectionString, new SqliteDialect(),
+            commandTimeout: TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30), operationTimeout: TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500),
+            maxConcurrentGroups: 1, nullIsBad: false,
+            resolve: Resolver(KvTag("Speed", SqlitePollFixture.PresentKey)));
+
+        var locker = fixture.OpenNewConnection();
+        Execute(locker, "BEGIN EXCLUSIVE");
+        try
+        {
+            (await reader.ReadAsync(["Speed"], CancellationToken.None))[0].StatusCode.ShouldBe(SqlStatusCodes.BadTimeout);
+            factory.Live.ShouldBe(1);   // the zombie is still inside the provider — the control
+
+            reader.Dispose();
+            reader.GateDisposedForTests.ShouldBeFalse("a group still holds the gate");
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            Execute(locker, "ROLLBACK");
+            locker.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        (await WaitUntilAsync(() => reader.GateDisposedForTests, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30)))
+            .ShouldBeTrue("the last group out must release the gate");
+        factory.Live.ShouldBe(0);
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public async Task ReadAsync_rejectsANullReferenceList()
         => await Should.ThrowAsync<ArgumentNullException>(async () =>

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests/SqlReinitConfigAdoptionTests.cs

@@ -81,6 +81,11 @@ public sealed class SqlReinitConfigAdoptionTests
             "old-server",
             customMessage:
             "a reinitialize that could not resolve its new connection must leave the previous binding whole");
+
+        // Review m-4: the failure is a fault with a reason, never a latched Initializing with no LastError.
+        var health = driver.GetHealth();
+        health.State.ShouldBe(Core.Abstractions.DriverState.Faulted);
+        health.LastError.ShouldNotBeNull().ShouldContain("could not adopt its configuration");
     }
 
     /// <summary>An empty/placeholder document keeps the constructor-supplied binding, so the many lifecycle
@@ -101,6 +106,43 @@ public sealed class SqlReinitConfigAdoptionTests
         driver.Endpoint.ShouldContain("old-server");
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>R06:S-3.</b> Every rebind builds a new <see cref="SqlPollReader"/>; the replaced one (and its
+    ///     <c>SemaphoreSlim</c>) used to be dropped undisposed, one per reinitialize. The control: the reader
+    ///     that replaced it is live.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task A_rebind_disposes_the_reader_it_replaces()
+    {
+        using var _ = new ScopedEnvironmentVariable(
+            SqlConnectionStringResolver.EnvironmentVariablePrefix + RefA,
+            "Server=old-server;Database=OldDb;Integrated Security=true");
+        using var __ = new ScopedEnvironmentVariable(
+            SqlConnectionStringResolver.EnvironmentVariablePrefix + RefB,
+            "Server=new-server;Database=NewDb;Integrated Security=true");
+
+        var driver = SqlDriverFactoryExtensions.CreateInstance(
+            "sql-1", $$"""{"provider":"SqlServer","connectionStringRef":"{{RefA}}"}""", loggerFactory: null);
+        var original = driver.ReaderForTests;
+
+        try
+        {
+            await driver.ReinitializeAsync(
+                $$"""{"provider":"SqlServer","connectionStringRef":"{{RefB}}"}""", CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            // Liveness failure against a non-existent server is expected; the rebind ran first.
+        }
+
+        driver.ReaderForTests.ShouldNotBeSameAs(original);
+        original.GateDisposedForTests.ShouldBeTrue();
+        driver.ReaderForTests.GateDisposedForTests.ShouldBeFalse();
+
+        await driver.DisposeAsync();
+        driver.ReaderForTests.GateDisposedForTests.ShouldBeTrue("the final dispose releases the live reader too");
+    }
+
     /// <summary>Sets an environment variable for the duration of a test and restores it after. The resolver
     /// reads process-global state, so a leaked variable would race every sibling test.</summary>
     private sealed class ScopedEnvironmentVariable : IDisposable

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests/SqlServerDialectTests.cs

@@ -13,6 +13,15 @@ namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests;
 /// </summary>
 public class SqlServerDialectTests
 {
+    [Fact]
+    public void RowLimit_isTopN_inThePrefixPosition()
+    {
+        var d = new SqlServerDialect();
+        d.RowLimitPrefix(3).ShouldBe("TOP (3) ");
+        d.RowLimitSuffix(3).ShouldBe("");
+        Should.Throw<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => d.RowLimitPrefix(0));
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public void QuoteIdentifier_bracketsAndEscapesEmbeddedBrackets()
     {

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.Sql.Tests/SqliteDialect.cs

@@ -87,6 +87,20 @@ public sealed class SqliteDialect : ISqlDialect
     /// </summary>
     public string SingleRowLimitSuffix => " LIMIT 1";
 
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public string RowLimitPrefix(int rows)
+    {
+        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(rows, 1);
+        return string.Empty;
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public string RowLimitSuffix(int rows)
+    {
+        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(rows, 1);
+        return " LIMIT " + rows.ToString(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     ///     SQLite has no schema namespace, so the schema level is the single literal
     ///     <see cref="MainSchema"/> — enough to give the browser a real root to expand.

tests/Drivers/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.TwinCAT.Tests/TwinCATArrayWriteSupportParityTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+using Shouldly;
+using Xunit;
+using ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.TwinCAT.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+///     Pins <see cref="DriverArrayWriteSupport"/>'s TwinCAT row against the REAL write path (#739, review 07 U9), the
+///     same way the Modbus, S7 and Galaxy parity tests do: the server advertises an array node writable exactly when
+///     <see cref="TwinCATDriver.WriteAsync"/> converts a whole-array value (<c>TwinCATArrayCodec.ToWriteElements</c>)
+///     and hands it to <c>WriteArrayAsync</c>, AND the production <see cref="TwinCATArrayCodec.Encode"/> lays the
+///     converted elements out. A driver change that adds or drops an array element type fails here until the table
+///     follows.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+///     The value written is the CLR array the server hands the driver for the node's <c>DataType</c> (the node manager
+///     converts a numeric client array to the node's element type first). Every array node is materialised 1-D; a
+///     multi-dimensional PLC array is written row-major from that flat value, so nothing here considers more than one
+///     rank. The PLC-side shape check (<c>CheckArray</c>: declared length ≤ the PLC's element count, element width)
+///     runs against the resolved symbol at write time and is outside what a compose-time table can know.
+/// </remarks>
+[Trait("Category", "Unit")]
+public sealed class TwinCATArrayWriteSupportParityTests
+{
+    private const string Host = "ads://5.23.91.23.1.1:851";
+
+    private static Array ClrArray(string dataType, int n) => dataType switch
+    {
+        "Boolean" => Enumerable.Repeat(true, n).ToArray(),
+        "SByte" => Enumerable.Repeat((sbyte)1, n).ToArray(),
+        "Byte" => Enumerable.Repeat((byte)1, n).ToArray(),
+        "Int16" => Enumerable.Repeat((short)1, n).ToArray(),
+        "UInt16" => Enumerable.Repeat((ushort)1, n).ToArray(),
+        "Int32" => Enumerable.Repeat(1, n).ToArray(),
+        "UInt32" => Enumerable.Repeat(1u, n).ToArray(),
+        "Int64" => Enumerable.Repeat(1L, n).ToArray(),
+        "UInt64" => Enumerable.Repeat(1UL, n).ToArray(),
+        "Float" => Enumerable.Repeat(1f, n).ToArray(),
+        "Double" => Enumerable.Repeat(1d, n).ToArray(),
+        // Non-numeric text: a String node over a non-string element converts only when the text happens to parse,
+        // which is not a write the server can promise — the table keeps it read-only.
+        "String" => Enumerable.Repeat("a", n).ToArray(),
+        "DateTime" => Enumerable.Repeat(new DateTime(2026, 10, 22, 12, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc), n).ToArray(),
+        _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(dataType)),
+    };
+
+    private static readonly string[] NodeTypes =
+        ["Boolean", "SByte", "Byte", "Int16", "UInt16", "Int32", "UInt32", "Int64", "UInt64", "Float", "Double", "String", "DateTime"];
+
+    // A PLC element width the codec can lay each type out at (STRING(80) / WSTRING(80) for the string types).
+    private static int StrideOf(TwinCATDataType t) => t switch
+    {
+        TwinCATDataType.String => 81,
+        TwinCATDataType.WString => 162,
+        _ => TwinCATTypeGuard.DeclaredByteSize(t),
+    };
+
+    private static async Task<bool> DriverEncodesAsync(string tagConfig, string nodeType, int count)
+    {
+        var fake = new FakeTwinCATClient();
+        using var drv = new TwinCATDriver(new TwinCATDriverOptions
+        {
+            Devices = [new TwinCATDeviceOptions(Host)],
+            RawTags = [new RawTagEntry("Arr", tagConfig, WriteIdempotent: false, DeviceName: Host)],
+            Probe = new TwinCATProbeOptions { Enabled = false },
+        }, "twincat-parity", new FakeTwinCATClientFactory { Customise = () => fake });
+        await drv.InitializeAsync("{}", CancellationToken.None);
+
+        var r = await drv.WriteAsync([new WriteRequest("Arr", ClrArray(nodeType, count))], CancellationToken.None);
+        if (r[0].StatusCode != TwinCATStatusMapper.Good || fake.ArrayWriteLog.Count != 1) return false;
+
+        var (_, type, elements) = fake.ArrayWriteLog[0];
+        if (elements.Count != count) return false;
+        try
+        {
+            TwinCATArrayCodec.Encode(type, elements, new TwinCATArrayLayout(count, StrideOf(type)), utf8: false);
+            return true;
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex) when (ex is NotSupportedException or InvalidCastException or FormatException or OverflowException)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static TheoryData<TwinCATDataType, string> TypeMatrix()
+    {
+        var data = new TheoryData<TwinCATDataType, string>();
+        foreach (var t in Enum.GetValues<TwinCATDataType>())
+            foreach (var n in NodeTypes)
+                data.Add(t, n);
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Every element type × every node DataType: the table answers exactly what the write path does.</summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [MemberData(nameof(TypeMatrix))]
+    public async Task Table_agrees_with_the_write_path_for_every_element_and_node_type(TwinCATDataType dataType, string nodeType)
+    {
+        var json = $$"""{"symbolPath":"MAIN.Arr","dataType":"{{dataType}}","isArray":true,"arrayLength":3}""";
+
+        if (dataType == TwinCATDataType.String && nodeType == "DateTime")
+        {
+            // The one CULTURE-dependent pair: a DateTime element reaches a STRING as Convert.ToString(DateTime), and
+            // whether its strict Windows-1252 encode accepts that text depends on the host culture (ICU's en-US puts a
+            // U+202F before "PM"; NLS a plain space). The table keeps it read-only — the conservative direction.
+            DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.TwinCAT, nodeType, json).ShouldBeFalse();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var driver = await DriverEncodesAsync(json, nodeType, 3);
+
+        DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.TwinCAT, nodeType, json).ShouldBe(driver, $"{dataType} on a {nodeType} node");
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Shapes beyond the element type, both directions: a BOOL bit-in-word path (a scalar bit write, which an array
+    ///     value cannot feed), an undeclared length (a scalar tag), an element-offset path into a multi-dimensional
+    ///     array, a TwinCAT 2 global, and their positive controls.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("""{"symbolPath":"MAIN.Flags","dataType":"Bool","isArray":true,"arrayLength":3}""", "Boolean")]
+    [InlineData("""{"symbolPath":"MAIN.Word.3","dataType":"Bool","isArray":true,"arrayLength":3}""", "Boolean")]
+    [InlineData("""{"symbolPath":"MAIN.Word.3","dataType":"Int","isArray":true,"arrayLength":3}""", "Int16")]
+    [InlineData("""{"symbolPath":"MAIN.Grid[1,0]","dataType":"Int","isArray":true,"arrayLength":3}""", "Int16")]
+    [InlineData("""{"symbolPath":".GlobalArr","dataType":"Real","isArray":true,"arrayLength":3}""", "Float")]
+    [InlineData("""{"symbolPath":"MAIN.Arr","dataType":"Int","isArray":true}""", "Int16")]
+    [InlineData("""{"symbolPath":"MAIN.Arr","dataType":"Int","isArray":true,"arrayLength":0}""", "Int16")]
+    [InlineData("""{"symbolPath":"MAIN.Arr","isArray":true,"arrayLength":3}""", "Int32")]               // dataType ⇒ DInt
+    public async Task Table_agrees_with_the_write_path_for_each_shape(string tagConfig, string nodeType)
+    {
+        var driver = await DriverEncodesAsync(tagConfig, nodeType, 3);
+
+        DriverArrayWriteSupport.Supports(DriverTypeNames.TwinCAT, nodeType, tagConfig).ShouldBe(driver, tagConfig);
+    }
+}

tests/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.OpcUaServer.IntegrationTests/ArrayWriteWireTests.cs

@@ -18,9 +18,10 @@ namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.OpcUaServer.IntegrationTests;
 ///     <list type="bullet">
 ///         <item>An S7 Int16 array (S7 encodes non-Bool arrays as one block) is writable on BOTH its raw node and
 ///             its UNS mirror, and a whole-array write round-trips.</item>
-///         <item>An AbCip DInt array (AbCip has a scalar-only write encoder) stays read-only even though it is
-///             authored <c>ReadWrite</c>: the write is <c>BadNotWritable</c> at the node and never reaches the
-///             gateway — the "never advertise a write the driver will refuse" rule.</item>
+///         <item>An AbCip BOOL array (bit-packed DWORDs: AbCip's array encoder refuses it, though it encodes the atomic
+///             numeric arrays since #737) stays read-only even though it is authored <c>ReadWrite</c>: the write is
+///             <c>BadNotWritable</c> at the node and never reaches the gateway — the "never advertise a write the
+///             driver will refuse" rule.</item>
 ///         <item>A device-refused array write is reverted on whichever NodeId it was written through.</item>
 ///         <item>A wrong-length array and an IndexRange (partial) write are refused inline, before dispatch, and
 ///             leave the node holding its prior array.</item>
@@ -110,7 +111,8 @@ public sealed class ArrayWriteWireTests
         {
             TagId = "t-counts", DeviceId = "dev-2", Name = "Counts", DataType = "Int32",
             AccessLevel = TagAccessLevel.ReadWrite,
-            TagConfig = "{\"tagPath\":\"Counts\",\"dataType\":\"DInt\",\"isArray\":true,\"arrayLength\":4}",
+            // A BOOL array: the AbCip array encoder has no encoding for it (a DInt array is writable since #737).
+            TagConfig = "{\"tagPath\":\"Counts\",\"dataType\":\"Bool\",\"isArray\":true,\"arrayLength\":4}",
         };
         var area = new UnsArea { UnsAreaId = "area-1", ClusterId = "c1", Name = "filling" };
         var line = new UnsLine { UnsLineId = "line-1", UnsAreaId = "area-1", Name = "line-1" };

tests/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.OpcUaServer.Tests/AddressSpaceComposerDualNamespaceTests.cs

@@ -271,8 +271,8 @@ public sealed class AddressSpaceComposerDualNamespaceTests
     }
 
     /// <summary>Gitea #610: <c>ArrayWritable</c> is derived per OWNING DRIVER at compose time, and the UNS mirror
-    /// inherits it as <c>BackingArrayWritable</c>. An S7 Int16 array is writable-capable; the identical shape on
-    /// an AbCip driver (scalar-only write encoder) is not; a scalar is never flagged.</summary>
+    /// inherits it as <c>BackingArrayWritable</c>. An S7 Int16 array is writable-capable; an AbCip BOOL array (bit-packed
+    /// DWORDs, which AbCip's array encoder refuses) is not; a scalar is never flagged.</summary>
     [Fact]
     public void Array_write_capability_follows_the_owning_driver_and_reaches_the_uns_mirror()
     {
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ public sealed class AddressSpaceComposerDualNamespaceTests
         {
             new Tag { TagId = "t1", DeviceId = "d1", Name = "Levels", DataType = "Int16", AccessLevel = TagAccessLevel.ReadWrite, TagConfig = s7Array },
             new Tag { TagId = "t2", DeviceId = "d1", Name = "Level", DataType = "Int16", AccessLevel = TagAccessLevel.ReadWrite, TagConfig = "{\"address\":\"DB1.DBW8\",\"dataType\":\"Int16\"}" },
-            new Tag { TagId = "t3", DeviceId = "d2", Name = "Counts", DataType = "Int32", AccessLevel = TagAccessLevel.ReadWrite, TagConfig = "{\"tagPath\":\"Counts\",\"dataType\":\"DInt\",\"isArray\":true,\"arrayLength\":4}" },
+            new Tag { TagId = "t3", DeviceId = "d2", Name = "Counts", DataType = "Boolean", AccessLevel = TagAccessLevel.ReadWrite, TagConfig = "{\"tagPath\":\"Counts\",\"dataType\":\"Bool\",\"isArray\":true,\"arrayLength\":4}" },
         };
         var area = new UnsArea { UnsAreaId = "a", ClusterId = "c1", Name = "filling" };
         var line = new UnsLine { UnsLineId = "l", UnsAreaId = "a", Name = "line-1" };
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ public sealed class AddressSpaceComposerDualNamespaceTests
 
         c.RawTags.Single(t => t.Name == "Levels").ArrayWritable.ShouldBeTrue();
         c.RawTags.Single(t => t.Name == "Level").ArrayWritable.ShouldBeFalse();   // scalar: never flagged
-        c.RawTags.Single(t => t.Name == "Counts").ArrayWritable.ShouldBeFalse();  // AbCip: no array encoder
+        c.RawTags.Single(t => t.Name == "Counts").ArrayWritable.ShouldBeFalse();  // AbCip: no BOOL-array encoder
         c.UnsReferenceVariables.Single(v => v.UnsTagReferenceId == "r1").BackingArrayWritable.ShouldBeTrue();
         c.UnsReferenceVariables.Single(v => v.UnsTagReferenceId == "r3").BackingArrayWritable.ShouldBeFalse();
 
@@ -347,4 +347,71 @@ public sealed class AddressSpaceComposerDualNamespaceTests
         c.RawTags.Single(t => t.Name == "overDeviceCap").ArrayWritable.ShouldBeFalse();
         c.UnsReferenceVariables.Single().BackingArrayWritable.ShouldBeFalse();
     }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     #737 / #738 / #739 (review 07 U10 / U9): AbCip, AbLegacy and TwinCAT encode whole-array writes, so an
+    ///     authored-<c>ReadWrite</c> array tag on each now materialises WRITABLE — raw node and UNS mirror alike — with
+    ///     the ScadaBridge-shaped Int16 node type. An array already deployed read-only turns writable on the next deploy
+    ///     through <c>ArrayWritable</c>, which rides the surgical whitelist (pinned in the classifier tests). A shape
+    ///     each encoder refuses (an AbCip BOOL array, an AbLegacy Bit array, an AbLegacy Int array on an F file, a
+    ///     TwinCAT BOOL bit-in-word path) stays read-only on the SAME drivers — the negative control.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public void AbCip_AbLegacy_and_TwinCAT_arrays_materialise_writable_and_refused_shapes_stay_read_only()
+    {
+        var folder = new RawFolder { RawFolderId = "f", ClusterId = "c1", Name = "Plant" };
+        var ab = new DriverInstance { DriverInstanceId = "drv-ab", ClusterId = "c1", RawFolderId = "f", Name = "Ab", DriverType = "AbCip", DriverConfig = "{}" };
+        var slc = new DriverInstance { DriverInstanceId = "drv-slc", ClusterId = "c1", RawFolderId = "f", Name = "Slc", DriverType = "AbLegacy", DriverConfig = "{}" };
+        var tc = new DriverInstance { DriverInstanceId = "drv-tc", ClusterId = "c1", RawFolderId = "f", Name = "Tc", DriverType = "TwinCAT", DriverConfig = "{}" };
+        var d1 = new Device { DeviceId = "d1", DriverInstanceId = "drv-ab", Name = "plc", DeviceConfig = "{}" };
+        var d2 = new Device { DeviceId = "d2", DriverInstanceId = "drv-slc", Name = "slc", DeviceConfig = "{\"plcFamily\":\"Slc500\"}" };
+        var d3 = new Device { DeviceId = "d3", DriverInstanceId = "drv-tc", Name = "ads", DeviceConfig = "{}" };
+        static Tag Arr(string id, string device, string dataType, string tagConfig) => new()
+        {
+            TagId = id, DeviceId = device, Name = id, DataType = dataType, AccessLevel = TagAccessLevel.ReadWrite,
+            TagConfig = tagConfig,
+        };
+        var tags = new[]
+        {
+            Arr("abInts", "d1", "Int16", "{\"tagPath\":\"Ints\",\"dataType\":\"Int\",\"isArray\":true,\"arrayLength\":4}"),
+            Arr("abBools", "d1", "Boolean", "{\"tagPath\":\"Bools\",\"dataType\":\"Bool\",\"isArray\":true,\"arrayLength\":4}"),
+            Arr("slcInts", "d2", "Int16", "{\"address\":\"N7:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\",\"isArray\":true,\"arrayLength\":4}"),
+            Arr("slcBits", "d2", "Boolean", "{\"address\":\"B3:0\",\"dataType\":\"Bit\",\"isArray\":true,\"arrayLength\":4}"),
+            Arr("slcWrongFile", "d2", "Int16", "{\"address\":\"F8:0\",\"dataType\":\"Int\",\"isArray\":true,\"arrayLength\":4}"),
+            Arr("tcInts", "d3", "Int16", "{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Ints\",\"dataType\":\"Int\",\"isArray\":true,\"arrayLength\":4}"),
+            Arr("tcBit", "d3", "Boolean", "{\"symbolPath\":\"MAIN.Word.3\",\"dataType\":\"Bool\",\"isArray\":true,\"arrayLength\":4}"),
+        };
+        var area = new UnsArea { UnsAreaId = "a", ClusterId = "c1", Name = "filling" };
+        var line = new UnsLine { UnsLineId = "l", UnsAreaId = "a", Name = "line-1" };
+        var equip = new Equipment { EquipmentId = "e", UnsLineId = "l", Name = "station-1", MachineCode = "S1" };
+        var refs = new[]
+        {
+            new UnsTagReference { UnsTagReferenceId = "r-ab", EquipmentId = "e", TagId = "abInts" },
+            new UnsTagReference { UnsTagReferenceId = "r-slc", EquipmentId = "e", TagId = "slcInts" },
+            new UnsTagReference { UnsTagReferenceId = "r-tc", EquipmentId = "e", TagId = "tcInts" },
+            new UnsTagReference { UnsTagReferenceId = "r-bits", EquipmentId = "e", TagId = "slcBits" },
+        };
+
+        var c = AddressSpaceComposer.Compose(
+            new[] { area }, new[] { line }, new[] { equip }, new[] { ab, slc, tc }, Array.Empty<ScriptedAlarm>(),
+            unsTagReferences: refs, tags: tags, rawFolders: new[] { folder }, devices: new[] { d1, d2, d3 });
+
+        foreach (var writable in new[] { "abInts", "slcInts", "tcInts" })
+        {
+            var plan = c.RawTags.Single(t => t.Name == writable);
+            plan.ArrayWritable.ShouldBeTrue(writable);
+            AddressSpaceApplier.RawNodeWritable(plan).ShouldBeTrue(writable);
+        }
+        foreach (var refused in new[] { "abBools", "slcBits", "slcWrongFile", "tcBit" })
+        {
+            var plan = c.RawTags.Single(t => t.Name == refused);
+            plan.IsArray.ShouldBeTrue(refused); // still an array node — just not a writable one
+            plan.ArrayWritable.ShouldBeFalse(refused);
+            AddressSpaceApplier.RawNodeWritable(plan).ShouldBeFalse(refused);
+        }
+
+        foreach (var id in new[] { "r-ab", "r-slc", "r-tc" })
+            AddressSpaceApplier.UnsReferenceNodeWritable(c.UnsReferenceVariables.Single(v => v.UnsTagReferenceId == id)).ShouldBeTrue(id);
+        AddressSpaceApplier.UnsReferenceNodeWritable(c.UnsReferenceVariables.Single(v => v.UnsTagReferenceId == "r-bits")).ShouldBeFalse();
+    }
 }