409 lines
20 KiB
Markdown
409 lines
20 KiB
Markdown
# Go vs .NET NATS Server: Functionality Differences
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> Excludes clustering/routes, gateways, leaf nodes, and JetStream.
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> Generated 2026-02-22 by comparing `golang/nats-server/server/` against `src/NATS.Server/`.
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---
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## 1. Core Server Lifecycle
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### Server Initialization
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| NKey generation (server identity) | Y | Y | Ed25519 key pair via NATS.NKeys at startup |
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| System account setup | Y | Y | `$SYS` account created; no event publishing yet (stub) |
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| Config file validation on startup | Y | Stub | `-c` flag parsed, `ConfigFile` stored, but no config parser |
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| PID file writing | Y | Y | Written on startup, deleted on shutdown |
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| Profiling HTTP endpoint (`/debug/pprof`) | Y | Stub | `ProfPort` option exists but endpoint not implemented |
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| Ports file output | Y | Y | JSON ports file written to `PortsFileDir` on startup |
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### Accept Loop
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Exponential backoff on accept errors | Y | Y | .NET backs off from 10ms to 1s on repeated failures |
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| Config reload lock during client creation | Y | N | Go holds `reloadMu` around `createClient` |
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| Goroutine/task tracking (WaitGroup) | Y | Y | `Interlocked` counter + drain with 10s timeout on shutdown |
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| Callback-based error handling | Y | N | Go uses `errFunc` callback pattern |
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| Random/ephemeral port (port=0) | Y | Y | Port resolved after `Bind`+`Listen`, stored in `_options.Port` |
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### Shutdown
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Graceful shutdown with `WaitForShutdown()` | Y | Y | Idempotent CAS-guarded `ShutdownAsync()` + blocking `WaitForShutdown()` |
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| Close reason tracking per connection | Y | Y | 37-value `ClosedState` enum, CAS-based first-writer-wins `MarkClosed()` |
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| Lame duck mode (stop new, drain existing) | Y | Y | `LameDuckShutdownAsync()` with grace period + stagger-close with jitter |
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| Wait for accept loop completion | Y | Y | `TaskCompletionSource` signaled in accept loop `finally` |
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| Flush pending data before close | Y | Y | `FlushAndCloseAsync()` with best-effort flush, skip-flush for error conditions |
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### Signal Handling
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| Signal | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|--------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| SIGINT (Ctrl+C) | Y | Y | Both handle graceful shutdown |
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| SIGTERM | Y | Y | `PosixSignalRegistration` triggers `ShutdownAsync()` |
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| SIGUSR1 (reopen logs) | Y | Y | SIGUSR1 handler calls ReOpenLogFile |
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| SIGUSR2 (lame duck mode) | Y | Y | Triggers `LameDuckShutdownAsync()` |
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| SIGHUP (config reload) | Y | Stub | Signal registered, handler logs "not yet implemented" |
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| Windows Service integration | Y | N | |
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---
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## 2. Client / Connection Handling
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### Concurrency Model
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Separate read + write loops | Y | Y | Channel-based `RunWriteLoopAsync` with `QueueOutbound()` |
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| Write coalescing / batch flush | Y | Y | Write loop drains all channel items before single `FlushAsync` |
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| Dynamic buffer sizing (512B-64KB) | Y | N | .NET delegates to `System.IO.Pipelines` |
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| Output buffer pooling (3-tier) | Y | N | Go pools at 512B, 4KB, 64KB |
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### Connection Types
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| Type | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| CLIENT | Y | Y | |
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| ROUTER | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
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| GATEWAY | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
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| LEAF | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
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| SYSTEM (internal) | Y | N | |
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| JETSTREAM (internal) | Y | N | |
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| ACCOUNT (internal) | Y | N | |
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| WebSocket clients | Y | Y | Custom frame parser, permessage-deflate compression, origin checking, cookie auth |
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| MQTT clients | Y | N | |
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### Client Features
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Echo suppression (`echo: false`) | Y | Y | .NET checks echo in delivery path (NatsServer.cs:234,253) |
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| Verbose mode (`+OK` responses) | Y | Y | Sends `+OK` after CONNECT, SUB, UNSUB, PUB when `verbose:true` |
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| No-responders validation | Y | Y | CONNECT rejects `no_responders` without `headers`; 503 HMSG on no match |
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| Slow consumer detection | Y | Y | Pending bytes threshold (64MB) + write deadline timeout (10s) |
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| Write deadline / timeout policies | Y | Y | `WriteDeadline` option with `CancellationTokenSource.CancelAfter` on flush |
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| RTT measurement | Y | Y | `_rttStartTicks`/`Rtt` property, computed on PONG receipt |
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| Per-client trace mode | Y | N | |
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| Detailed close reason tracking | Y | Y | 37-value `ClosedState` enum with CAS-based `MarkClosed()` |
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| Connection state flags (16 flags) | Y | Y | 7-flag `ClientFlagHolder` with `Interlocked.Or`/`And` |
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### Slow Consumer Handling
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Go implements a sophisticated slow consumer detection system:
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- Tracks `pendingBytes` per client output buffer
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- If pending exceeds `maxPending`, enters stall mode (2-5ms waits)
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- Total stall capped at 10ms per read cycle
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- Closes with `SlowConsumerPendingBytes` or `SlowConsumerWriteDeadline`
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- Sets `isSlowConsumer` flag for monitoring
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.NET now implements pending bytes tracking and write deadline enforcement via `Channel<ReadOnlyMemory<byte>>`. Key differences from Go: no stall/retry mode (immediate close on threshold exceeded), write deadline via `CancellationTokenSource.CancelAfter` instead of `SetWriteDeadline`. `IsSlowConsumer` flag and server-level `SlowConsumerCount` stats are tracked for monitoring.
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### Stats Tracking
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Per-connection atomic stats | Y | Y | .NET uses `Interlocked` for stats access |
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| Per-read-cycle stat batching | Y | Y | Local accumulators flushed via `Interlocked.Add` per read cycle |
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| Per-account stats | Y | N | |
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| Slow consumer counters | Y | Y | `SlowConsumers` and `SlowConsumerClients` incremented on detection |
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---
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## 3. Protocol Parsing
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### Parser Architecture
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| Aspect | Go | .NET |
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|--------|-----|------|
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| Approach | Byte-by-byte state machine (74 states) | Two-phase: line extraction + command dispatch |
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| Case handling | Per-state character checks | Bit-mask lowercase normalization (`\| 0x20`) |
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| Buffer strategy | Jump-ahead optimization for payloads | Direct size-based reads via Pipe |
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| Split-buffer handling | argBuf accumulation with scratch buffer | State variables (`_awaitingPayload`, etc.) |
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| Error model | Inline error sending + error return | Exception-based (`ProtocolViolationException`) |
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| CRLF in payload | Included in message buffer | Excluded by design |
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### Protocol Operations
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| Operation | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|-----------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| PUB | Y | Y | |
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| HPUB (headers) | Y | Y | |
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| SUB | Y | Y | |
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| UNSUB | Y | Y | |
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| CONNECT | Y | Y | |
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| INFO | Y | Y | |
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| PING / PONG | Y | Y | |
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| MSG / HMSG | Y | Y | |
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| +OK / -ERR | Y | Y | |
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| RS+/RS-/RMSG (routes) | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
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| A+/A- (accounts) | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
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| LS+/LS-/LMSG (leaf) | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
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### Protocol Parsing Gaps
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Multi-client-type command routing | Y | N | Go checks `c.kind` to allow/reject commands |
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| Protocol tracing in parser | Y | Y | `TraceInOp()` logs `<<- OP arg` at `LogLevel.Trace` via optional `ILogger` |
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| Subject mapping (input→output) | Y | N | Go transforms subjects via mapping rules |
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| MIME header parsing | Y | Y | `NatsHeaderParser.Parse()` — status line + key-value headers from `ReadOnlySpan<byte>` |
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| Message trace event initialization | Y | N | |
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### Protocol Writing
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| Aspect | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|--------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| INFO serialization | Once at startup | Once at startup | Cached at startup; nonce connections serialize per-connection |
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| MSG/HMSG construction | Direct buffer write | Span-based buffer write | `int.TryFormat` + `CopyTo` into rented buffer, no string allocations |
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| Pre-encoded constants | Y | Y | Both pre-encode PING/PONG/OK |
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---
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## 4. Subscriptions & Subject Matching
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### Trie Implementation
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Basic trie with `*`/`>` wildcards | Y | Y | Core matching identical |
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| Queue group support | Y | Y | |
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| Result caching (1024 max) | Y | Y | Same limits |
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| `plist` optimization (>256 subs) | Y | N | Go converts high-fanout nodes to array |
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| Async cache sweep (background) | Y | N | .NET sweeps inline under write lock |
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| Atomic generation ID for invalidation | Y | Y | `Interlocked.Increment` on insert/remove; cached results store generation |
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| Cache eviction strategy | Random | First-N | Semantic difference minimal |
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### SubList Features
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| `Stats()` — comprehensive statistics | Y | Y | Matches, cache hits, inserts, removes tracked via `Interlocked` |
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| `HasInterest()` — fast bool check | Y | Y | Walks trie without allocating result list |
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| `NumInterest()` — fast count | Y | Y | Counts plain + queue subs without allocation |
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| `ReverseMatch()` — pattern→literal query | Y | Y | Finds subscriptions whose wildcards match a literal subject |
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| `RemoveBatch()` — efficient bulk removal | Y | Y | Single generation increment for batch; increments `_removes` per sub |
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| `All()` — enumerate all subscriptions | Y | Y | Recursive trie walk returning all subscriptions |
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| Notification system (interest changes) | Y | N | |
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| Local/remote subscription filtering | Y | N | |
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| Queue weight expansion (remote subs) | Y | N | |
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| `MatchBytes()` — zero-copy byte API | Y | N | |
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### Subject Validation
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Basic validation (empty tokens, wildcards) | Y | Y | |
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| Literal subject check | Y | Y | |
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| UTF-8/null rune validation | Y | Y | `IsValidSubject(string, bool checkRunes)` rejects null bytes |
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| Collision detection (`SubjectsCollide`) | Y | Y | Token-by-token wildcard comparison; O(n) via upfront `Split` |
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| Token utilities (`tokenAt`, `numTokens`) | Y | Y | `TokenAt` returns `ReadOnlySpan<char>`; `NumTokens` counts separators |
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| Stack-allocated token buffer | Y | N | Go uses `[32]string{}` on stack |
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### Subscription Lifecycle
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Per-account subscription limit | Y | Y | `Account.IncrementSubscriptions()` returns false when `MaxSubscriptions` exceeded |
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| Auto-unsubscribe on max messages | Y | Y | Enforced at delivery; sub removed from trie + client dict when exhausted |
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| Subscription routing propagation | Y | N | For clusters |
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| Queue weight (`qw`) field | Y | N | For remote queue load balancing |
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---
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## 5. Authentication & Authorization
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### Auth Mechanisms
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| Mechanism | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|-----------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Username/password | Y | Y | |
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| Token | Y | Y | |
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| NKeys (Ed25519) | Y | Y | .NET has framework but integration is basic |
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| JWT validation | Y | N | |
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| Bcrypt password hashing | Y | Y | .NET supports bcrypt (`$2*` prefix) with constant-time fallback |
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| TLS certificate mapping | Y | Y | X500DistinguishedName with full DN match and CN fallback |
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| Custom auth interface | Y | N | |
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| External auth callout | Y | N | |
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| Proxy authentication | Y | N | |
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| Bearer tokens | Y | N | |
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| User revocation tracking | Y | N | |
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### Account System
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Per-account SubList isolation | Y | Y | |
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| Multi-account user resolution | Y | Y | `AccountConfig` per account in `NatsOptions.Accounts`; `GetOrCreateAccount` wires limits |
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| Account exports/imports | Y | N | |
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| Per-account connection limits | Y | Y | `Account.AddClient()` returns false when `MaxConnections` exceeded |
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| Per-account subscription limits | Y | Y | `Account.IncrementSubscriptions()` enforced in `ProcessSub()` |
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| Account JetStream limits | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
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### Permissions
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Publish allow list | Y | Y | |
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| Subscribe allow list | Y | Y | |
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| Publish deny list | Y | Y | Full enforcement with LRU-cached results |
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| Subscribe deny list | Y | Y | Queue-aware deny checking in `IsSubscribeAllowed` |
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| Message-level deny filtering | Y | Y | `IsDeliveryAllowed()` checked before MSG send; auto-unsub cleanup on deny |
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| Permission caching (128 entries) | Y | Y | `PermissionLruCache` — Dictionary+LinkedList LRU, matching Go's `maxPermCacheSize` |
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| Response permissions (reply tracking) | Y | Y | `ResponseTracker` with configurable TTL + max messages; not LRU-cached |
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| Auth expiry enforcement | Y | Y | `Task.Delay` timer closes client when JWT/auth expires |
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| Permission templates (JWT) | Y | N | e.g., `{{name()}}`, `{{account-tag(...)}}` |
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---
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## 6. Configuration
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### CLI Flags
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| Flag | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| `-p/--port` | Y | Y | |
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| `-a/--addr` | Y | Y | |
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| `-n/--name` (ServerName) | Y | Y | |
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| `-m/--http_port` (monitoring) | Y | Y | |
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| `-c` (config file) | Y | Stub | Flag parsed, stored in `ConfigFile`, no config parser |
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| `-D/-V/-DV` (debug/trace) | Y | Y | `-D`/`--debug` for debug, `-V`/`-T`/`--trace` for trace, `-DV` for both |
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| `--tlscert/--tlskey/--tlscacert` | Y | Y | |
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| `--tlsverify` | Y | Y | |
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| `--http_base_path` | Y | Y | |
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| `--https_port` | Y | Y | |
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### Configuration System
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Config file parsing | Y | N | Go has custom `conf` parser with includes |
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| Hot reload (SIGHUP) | Y | N | |
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| Config change detection | Y | N | Go tracks `inConfig`/`inCmdLine` origins |
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| ~450 option fields | Y | ~62 | .NET covers core + debug/trace/logging/limits/tags options |
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### Missing Options Categories
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- ~~Logging options~~ — file logging, rotation, syslog, debug/trace, color, timestamps all implemented; only per-subsystem log control remains
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- ~~Advanced limits (MaxSubs, MaxSubTokens, MaxPending, WriteDeadline)~~ — `MaxSubs`, `MaxSubTokens` implemented; MaxPending/WriteDeadline already existed
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- ~~Tags/metadata~~ — `Tags` dictionary implemented in `NatsOptions`
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- OCSP configuration
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- ~~WebSocket options~~ — `WebSocketOptions` with port, compression, origin checking, cookie auth, custom headers
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- MQTT options
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- Operator mode / account resolver
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---
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## 7. Monitoring
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### HTTP Endpoints
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| Endpoint | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|----------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| `/healthz` | Y | Y | |
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| `/varz` | Y | Y | |
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| `/connz` | Y | Y | |
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| `/` (root listing) | Y | Y | |
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| `/routez` | Y | Stub | Returns empty response |
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| `/gatewayz` | Y | Stub | Returns empty response |
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| `/leafz` | Y | Stub | Returns empty response |
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| `/subz` / `/subscriptionsz` | Y | Y | Account filtering, test subject filtering, pagination, and subscription details |
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| `/accountz` | Y | Stub | Returns empty response |
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| `/accstatz` | Y | Stub | Returns empty response |
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| `/jsz` | Y | Stub | Returns empty response |
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### Varz Response
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| Field Category | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|----------------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Identity (ID, Name, Version) | Y | Y | |
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| Network (Host, Port, URLs) | Y | Y | |
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| Security (AuthRequired, TLS) | Y | Y | |
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| Limits (MaxConn, MaxPayload) | Y | Y | |
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| Timing (Start, Now, Uptime) | Y | Y | |
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| Runtime (Mem, CPU, Cores) | Y | Y | |
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| Connections (current, total) | Y | Y | |
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| Messages (in/out msgs/bytes) | Y | Y | |
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| SlowConsumer breakdown | Y | N | Go tracks per connection type |
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| Cluster/Gateway/Leaf blocks | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
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| JetStream block | Y | N | Excluded per scope |
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| TLS cert expiry info | Y | N | |
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### Connz Response
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Filtering by CID, user, account | Y | Partial | |
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| Sorting (11 options) | Y | Y | All options including ByStop, ByReason, ByRtt |
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| State filtering (open/closed/all) | Y | Y | `state=open|closed|all` query parameter |
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| Closed connection tracking | Y | Y | `ConcurrentQueue<ClosedClient>` capped at 10,000 entries |
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| Pagination (offset, limit) | Y | Y | |
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| Subscription detail mode | Y | N | |
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| TLS peer certificate info | Y | N | |
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| JWT/IssuerKey/Tags fields | Y | N | |
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| MQTT client ID filtering | Y | N | |
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| Proxy info | Y | N | |
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---
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## 8. TLS
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### TLS Modes
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| Mode | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| No TLS | Y | Y | |
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| INFO-first (default NATS) | Y | Y | |
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| TLS-first (before INFO) | Y | Y | |
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| Mixed/Fallback | Y | Y | |
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| TLS-required | Y | Y | |
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### TLS Features
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| PEM cert/key loading | Y | Y | |
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| CA chain validation | Y | Y | |
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| Mutual TLS (client certs) | Y | Y | |
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| Certificate pinning (SHA256 SPKI) | Y | Y | |
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| TLS handshake timeout | Y | Y | |
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| TLS rate limiting | Y | Y | Rate enforcement with refill; unit tests cover rate limiting and refill |
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| First-byte peeking (0x16 detection) | Y | Y | |
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| Cert subject→user mapping | Y | Y | X500DistinguishedName with full DN match and CN fallback |
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| OCSP stapling | Y | N | |
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| Min TLS version control | Y | Y | |
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---
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## 9. Logging
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Structured logging | Partial | Y | .NET uses Serilog with ILogger<T> |
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| File logging with rotation | Y | Y | `-l`/`--log_file` flag + `LogSizeLimit`/`LogMaxFiles` via Serilog.Sinks.File |
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| Syslog (local and remote) | Y | Y | `--syslog` and `--remote_syslog` flags via Serilog.Sinks.SyslogMessages |
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| Log reopening (SIGUSR1) | Y | Y | SIGUSR1 handler calls ReOpenLogFile callback |
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| Trace mode (protocol-level) | Y | Y | `-V`/`-T`/`--trace` flags; parser `TraceInOp()` logs at Trace level |
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| Debug mode | Y | Y | `-D`/`--debug` flag lowers Serilog minimum to Debug |
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| Per-subsystem log control | Y | N | |
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| Color output on TTY | Y | Y | Auto-detected via `Console.IsOutputRedirected`, uses `AnsiConsoleTheme.Code` |
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| Timestamp format control | Y | Y | `--logtime` and `--logtime_utc` flags |
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---
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## 10. Ping/Pong & Keepalive
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| Feature | Go | .NET | Notes |
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|---------|:--:|:----:|-------|
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| Server-initiated PING | Y | Y | |
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| Configurable interval | Y | Y | PingInterval option |
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| Max pings out | Y | Y | MaxPingsOut option |
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| Stale connection close | Y | Y | |
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| RTT-based first PING delay | Y | Y | Skips PING until FirstPongSent or 2s elapsed |
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| RTT tracking | Y | Y | `_rttStartTicks`/`Rtt` property, computed on PONG receipt |
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| Stale connection stats | Y | Y | `StaleConnectionStats` model, exposed in `/varz` |
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---
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## Summary: Critical Gaps for Production Use
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### Resolved Since Initial Audit
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The following items from the original gap list have been implemented:
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- **Slow consumer detection** — pending bytes threshold (64MB) with write deadline enforcement
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- **Write coalescing / batch flush** — channel-based write loop drains all items before single flush
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- **Verbose mode** — `+OK` responses for CONNECT, SUB, UNSUB, PUB when `verbose:true`
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- **Permission deny enforcement at delivery** — `IsDeliveryAllowed` + auto-unsub cleanup
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- **No-responders validation** — CONNECT rejects `no_responders` without `headers`; 503 HMSG on no match
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- **File logging with rotation** — Serilog.Sinks.File with rolling file support
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- **TLS certificate mapping** — X500DistinguishedName with full DN match and CN fallback
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- **Protocol tracing** — `-V`/`-T` flag enables trace-level logging; `-D` for debug
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- **Subscription statistics** — `Stats()`, `HasInterest()`, `NumInterest()`, etc.
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- **Per-account limits** — connection + subscription limits via `AccountConfig`
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- **Reply subject tracking** — `ResponseTracker` with TTL + max messages
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### Remaining High Priority
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1. **Config file parsing** — needed for production deployment (CLI stub exists)
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2. **Hot reload** — needed for zero-downtime config changes (SIGHUP stub exists)
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### Remaining Lower Priority
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3. **Dynamic buffer sizing** — delegated to Pipe, less optimized for long-lived connections
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4. **JWT authentication** — needed for operator mode
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5. **OCSP support** — certificate revocation checking
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6. **Subject mapping** — input→output subject transformation
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7. **Windows Service integration** — needed for Windows deployment
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8. **Per-subsystem log control** — granular log levels per component
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