client/go: avoid holding mutex across BrowseChildren RPC in Expand

clients/dotnet/ZB.MOM.WW.MxGateway.Client.Tests/LazyBrowseNodeTests.cs

@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@ public sealed class LazyBrowseNodeTests
                 new RpcException(new Status(StatusCode.NotFound, "Parent not found"))));
 
         await Assert.ThrowsAsync<MxGatewayException>(async () => await roots[0].ExpandAsync());
+        Assert.False(roots[0].IsExpanded);
+        Assert.Empty(roots[0].Children);
     }
 
     /// <summary>

clients/go/mxgateway/galaxy.go

@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ import (
 // browseChildrenPageSize is the per-request page size used by the lazy walker.
 const browseChildrenPageSize = 500
 
+// discoverHierarchyPageSize is the per-request page size used by DiscoverHierarchy.
+// Mirrors the .NET client constant so large galaxies are not silently truncated
+// by the server's default page cap.
+const discoverHierarchyPageSize = 5000
+
 // RawGalaxyRepositoryClient is the generated gRPC client interface for the
 // Galaxy Repository service exposed for callers that need direct contract
 // access.
@@ -155,16 +160,35 @@ func (c *GalaxyClient) GetLastDeployTime(ctx context.Context) (time.Time, bool,
 
 // DiscoverHierarchy returns the deployed Galaxy object hierarchy with each
 // object's dynamic attributes. The objects are returned in the order supplied
-// by the server.
+// by the server. The call pages over the server's NextPageToken until the
+// server signals it has no more results, matching the .NET client.
 func (c *GalaxyClient) DiscoverHierarchy(ctx context.Context) ([]*GalaxyObject, error) {
-	callCtx, cancel := c.callContext(ctx)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	reply, err := c.raw.DiscoverHierarchy(callCtx, &pb.DiscoverHierarchyRequest{})
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, &GatewayError{Op: "galaxy discover hierarchy", Err: err}
+	var objects []*GalaxyObject
+	pageToken := ""
+	seen := map[string]struct{}{}
+	for {
+		callCtx, cancel := c.callContext(ctx)
+		reply, err := c.raw.DiscoverHierarchy(callCtx, &pb.DiscoverHierarchyRequest{
+			PageSize:  discoverHierarchyPageSize,
+			PageToken: pageToken,
+		})
+		cancel()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, &GatewayError{Op: "galaxy discover hierarchy", Err: err}
+		}
+		objects = append(objects, reply.GetObjects()...)
+		pageToken = reply.GetNextPageToken()
+		if pageToken == "" {
+			return objects, nil
+		}
+		if _, dup := seen[pageToken]; dup {
+			return nil, &GatewayError{
+				Op:  "galaxy discover hierarchy",
+				Err: fmt.Errorf("repeated page token %q", pageToken),
+			}
+		}
+		seen[pageToken] = struct{}{}
 	}
-	return reply.GetObjects(), nil
 }
 
 // WatchDeployEventsRaw starts the generated WatchDeployEvents stream for callers
@@ -249,15 +273,25 @@ func (c *GalaxyClient) Close() error {
 
 // LazyBrowseNode is one node in a lazy Galaxy hierarchy walk produced by
 // (*GalaxyClient).Browse. Children are not fetched until Expand is called.
-// The node is safe for concurrent use; concurrent Expand calls collapse to a
-// single RPC.
+// The node is safe for concurrent use; concurrent Expand calls coalesce onto
+// a single in-flight RPC and do not block snapshot accessors.
 type LazyBrowseNode struct {
 	client          *GalaxyClient
 	object          *pb.GalaxyObject
 	hasChildrenHint bool
 	options         BrowseChildrenOptions
 
-	mu         sync.Mutex
+	// expandLock gates inspection and mutation of expand-coordination state
+	// (expanding, expandDone, expandErr). It is held only briefly; the BrowseChildren
+	// RPC itself runs outside this lock so concurrent readers and waiters are not blocked.
+	expandLock sync.Mutex
+	expanding  bool
+	expandDone chan struct{}
+	expandErr  error
+
+	// mu protects the children snapshot and isExpanded flag for concurrent
+	// Children() / IsExpanded() readers.
+	mu         sync.RWMutex
 	children   []*LazyBrowseNode
 	isExpanded bool
 }
@@ -272,8 +306,8 @@ func (n *LazyBrowseNode) HasChildrenHint() bool { return n.hasChildrenHint }
 // Children returns a snapshot copy of the currently-loaded child nodes. Returns
 // an empty slice when Expand has not yet been called.
 func (n *LazyBrowseNode) Children() []*LazyBrowseNode {
-	n.mu.Lock()
-	defer n.mu.Unlock()
+	n.mu.RLock()
+	defer n.mu.RUnlock()
 	out := make([]*LazyBrowseNode, len(n.children))
 	copy(out, n.children)
 	return out
@@ -281,28 +315,81 @@ func (n *LazyBrowseNode) Children() []*LazyBrowseNode {
 
 // IsExpanded reports whether Expand has completed successfully on this node.
 func (n *LazyBrowseNode) IsExpanded() bool {
-	n.mu.Lock()
-	defer n.mu.Unlock()
+	n.mu.RLock()
+	defer n.mu.RUnlock()
 	return n.isExpanded
 }
 
 // Expand fetches this node's direct children via BrowseChildren when they have
 // not yet been loaded. Subsequent calls after a successful Expand are a no-op
 // and do not issue another RPC.
+//
+// Expand is safe to call concurrently from multiple goroutines: callers that
+// arrive while an expansion is in flight wait on the active RPC and share its
+// result instead of issuing a second RPC. The RPC itself runs without holding
+// the snapshot mutex, so concurrent Children() and IsExpanded() callers are
+// not blocked for the duration of the network round trip.
+//
+// Failure semantics: a failed expansion surfaces the same error to every
+// in-flight waiter, but the node is left in its pre-call state (isExpanded =
+// false, no in-flight expansion). The next Expand call therefore retries with
+// a fresh RPC; failures are not sticky.
 func (n *LazyBrowseNode) Expand(ctx context.Context) error {
-	n.mu.Lock()
-	defer n.mu.Unlock()
+	// Fast path: already expanded.
+	n.mu.RLock()
 	if n.isExpanded {
+		n.mu.RUnlock()
 		return nil
 	}
+	n.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	// Either start a new expansion or wait on an existing one.
+	n.expandLock.Lock()
+	n.mu.RLock()
+	alreadyExpanded := n.isExpanded
+	n.mu.RUnlock()
+	if alreadyExpanded {
+		n.expandLock.Unlock()
+		return nil
+	}
+	if n.expanding {
+		done := n.expandDone
+		n.expandLock.Unlock()
+		select {
+		case <-done:
+			n.expandLock.Lock()
+			err := n.expandErr
+			n.expandLock.Unlock()
+			return err
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return ctx.Err()
+		}
+	}
+	n.expanding = true
+	n.expandDone = make(chan struct{})
+	done := n.expandDone
+	n.expandLock.Unlock()
+
+	// Issue the RPC outside any lock so concurrent readers/waiters are not blocked.
 	parentID := n.object.GetGobjectId()
 	children, err := n.client.browseChildrenInner(ctx, &parentID, n.options)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+
+	if err == nil {
+		n.mu.Lock()
+		n.children = children
+		n.isExpanded = true
+		n.mu.Unlock()
 	}
-	n.children = children
-	n.isExpanded = true
-	return nil
+
+	// Publish result to waiters and clear the in-flight marker so a failed
+	// expansion can be retried by the next Expand call.
+	n.expandLock.Lock()
+	n.expandErr = err
+	n.expanding = false
+	close(done)
+	n.expandLock.Unlock()
+
+	return err
 }
 
 // Browse returns the root nodes of the Galaxy hierarchy. The returned nodes
@@ -375,7 +462,10 @@ func (c *GalaxyClient) browseChildrenInner(
 			return nodes, nil
 		}
 		if _, dup := seen[pageToken]; dup {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("mxgateway: galaxy browse children returned repeated page token %q", pageToken)
+			return nil, &GatewayError{
+				Op:  "galaxy browse children",
+				Err: fmt.Errorf("repeated page token %q", pageToken),
+			}
 		}
 		seen[pageToken] = struct{}{}
 	}

clients/go/mxgateway/galaxy_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"net"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -146,6 +147,47 @@ func TestGalaxyDiscoverHierarchyReturnsObjects(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestGalaxyDiscoverHierarchyPaginatesAcrossMultiplePages(t *testing.T) {
+	page1 := &pb.DiscoverHierarchyReply{
+		Objects: []*pb.GalaxyObject{
+			{GobjectId: 1, TagName: "A"},
+			{GobjectId: 2, TagName: "B"},
+		},
+		NextPageToken:    "page-2",
+		TotalObjectCount: 3,
+	}
+	page2 := &pb.DiscoverHierarchyReply{
+		Objects: []*pb.GalaxyObject{
+			{GobjectId: 3, TagName: "C"},
+		},
+		TotalObjectCount: 3,
+	}
+	fake := &fakeGalaxyServer{
+		discoverHierarchyReplies: []*pb.DiscoverHierarchyReply{page1, page2},
+	}
+	client, cleanup := newGalaxyBufconnClient(t, fake)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	objs, err := client.DiscoverHierarchy(context.Background())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("DiscoverHierarchy: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got, want := len(objs), 3; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("len(objs) = %d, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+	if len(fake.discoverHierarchyCalls) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 RPC calls, got %d", len(fake.discoverHierarchyCalls))
+	}
+	if fake.discoverHierarchyCalls[0].GetPageSize() != discoverHierarchyPageSize {
+		t.Fatalf("first call PageSize = %d, want %d",
+			fake.discoverHierarchyCalls[0].GetPageSize(), discoverHierarchyPageSize)
+	}
+	if fake.discoverHierarchyCalls[1].GetPageToken() != "page-2" {
+		t.Fatalf("second call page token = %q, want %q",
+			fake.discoverHierarchyCalls[1].GetPageToken(), "page-2")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestGalaxyDialReturnsGatewayErrorOnRpcFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	fake := &fakeGalaxyServer{failTest: true}
 	client, cleanup := newGalaxyBufconnClient(t, fake)
@@ -372,18 +414,20 @@ func newGalaxyBufconnClient(t *testing.T, fake *fakeGalaxyServer) (*GalaxyClient
 type fakeGalaxyServer struct {
 	pb.UnimplementedGalaxyRepositoryServer
 
-	testReply             *pb.TestConnectionReply
-	testAuth              string
-	failTest              bool
-	deployReply           *pb.GetLastDeployTimeReply
-	discoverReply         *pb.DiscoverHierarchyReply
-	watchEvents           []*pb.DeployEvent
-	watchRequest          *pb.WatchDeployEventsRequest
-	watchSendInterval     time.Duration
-	watchHoldOpen         bool
-	browseChildrenCalls   []*pb.BrowseChildrenRequest
-	browseChildrenReplies []*pb.BrowseChildrenReply
-	browseChildrenError   error
+	testReply                *pb.TestConnectionReply
+	testAuth                 string
+	failTest                 bool
+	deployReply              *pb.GetLastDeployTimeReply
+	discoverReply            *pb.DiscoverHierarchyReply
+	discoverHierarchyCalls   []*pb.DiscoverHierarchyRequest
+	discoverHierarchyReplies []*pb.DiscoverHierarchyReply
+	watchEvents              []*pb.DeployEvent
+	watchRequest             *pb.WatchDeployEventsRequest
+	watchSendInterval        time.Duration
+	watchHoldOpen            bool
+	browseChildrenCalls      []*pb.BrowseChildrenRequest
+	browseChildrenReplies    []*pb.BrowseChildrenReply
+	browseChildrenError      error
 }
 
 func (s *fakeGalaxyServer) TestConnection(ctx context.Context, req *pb.TestConnectionRequest) (*pb.TestConnectionReply, error) {
@@ -405,6 +449,12 @@ func (s *fakeGalaxyServer) GetLastDeployTime(ctx context.Context, req *pb.GetLas
 }
 
 func (s *fakeGalaxyServer) DiscoverHierarchy(ctx context.Context, req *pb.DiscoverHierarchyRequest) (*pb.DiscoverHierarchyReply, error) {
+	s.discoverHierarchyCalls = append(s.discoverHierarchyCalls, req)
+	if len(s.discoverHierarchyReplies) > 0 {
+		reply := s.discoverHierarchyReplies[0]
+		s.discoverHierarchyReplies = s.discoverHierarchyReplies[1:]
+		return reply, nil
+	}
 	if s.discoverReply != nil {
 		return s.discoverReply, nil
 	}
@@ -738,3 +788,77 @@ func TestGalaxyBrowseWithFilterForwardsToRequest(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("HistorizedOnly = false, want true")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestGalaxyBrowseExpandConcurrentCallersOnlyFireOneRpc(t *testing.T) {
+	fake := &fakeGalaxyServer{
+		browseChildrenReplies: []*pb.BrowseChildrenReply{
+			// roots
+			buildBrowseReply([]*pb.GalaxyObject{obj(1, "Plant", true)}, []bool{true}, 7),
+			// one expand: one child
+			buildBrowseReply([]*pb.GalaxyObject{obj(2, "Mixer", false)}, []bool{false}, 7),
+		},
+	}
+	client, cleanup := newGalaxyBufconnClient(t, fake)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	roots, err := client.Browse(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Browse: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	errs := make(chan error, 10)
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			errs <- roots[0].Expand(ctx)
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+	close(errs)
+	for err := range errs {
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("concurrent Expand: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !roots[0].IsExpanded() {
+		t.Fatal("IsExpanded() = false after 10 concurrent expands")
+	}
+	if got, want := len(roots[0].Children()), 1; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("len(children) = %d, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+	// 1 roots fetch + exactly 1 expand fetch.
+	if got, want := len(fake.browseChildrenCalls), 2; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("RPC count = %d, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGalaxyBrowseChildrenRejectsRepeatedPageToken(t *testing.T) {
+	// Build a reply that carries a non-empty NextPageToken so browseChildrenInner
+	// will request a second page. Queue the same reply twice so the second response
+	// returns the same page token, triggering the duplicate-token guard.
+	page := buildBrowseReply(
+		[]*pb.GalaxyObject{obj(1, "Plant", true)},
+		[]bool{true},
+		1,
+	)
+	page.NextPageToken = "1:abc:1"
+
+	fake := &fakeGalaxyServer{
+		browseChildrenReplies: []*pb.BrowseChildrenReply{page, page},
+	}
+	client, cleanup := newGalaxyBufconnClient(t, fake)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	_, err := client.Browse(context.Background(), nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Browse: error = nil, want repeated-page-token error")
+	}
+	var gwErr *GatewayError
+	if !errors.As(err, &gwErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *GatewayError; err = %v", err, err)
+	}
+}

clients/java/zb-mom-ww-mxgateway-client/src/main/java/com/zb/mom/ww/mxgateway/client/LazyBrowseNode.java

@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ import galaxy_repository.v1.GalaxyRepositoryOuterClass.GalaxyObject;
 
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
 
 /**
  * One node in a lazy-loaded Galaxy browse tree. Holds the underlying
@@ -16,7 +19,14 @@ public final class LazyBrowseNode {
     private final GalaxyObject object;
     private final boolean hasChildrenHint;
     private final BrowseChildrenOptions options;
-    private final Object lock = new Object();
+
+    // expandLock gates the start of a new expand AND the publish of the in-flight
+    // future. Readers (getChildren / isExpanded) use a separate read-write lock so
+    // they never block on the gRPC call.
+    private final Object expandLock = new Object();
+    private CompletableFuture<Void> inFlight;
+
+    private final ReentrantReadWriteLock readWriteLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
     private List<LazyBrowseNode> children = Collections.emptyList();
     private boolean isExpanded;
 
@@ -43,15 +53,21 @@ public final class LazyBrowseNode {
 
     /** @return a snapshot of direct children loaded by {@link #expand()}; empty until then. */
     public List<LazyBrowseNode> getChildren() {
-        synchronized (lock) {
+        readWriteLock.readLock().lock();
+        try {
             return List.copyOf(children);
+        } finally {
+            readWriteLock.readLock().unlock();
         }
     }
 
     /** @return {@code true} after the first {@link #expand()} call completes. */
     public boolean isExpanded() {
-        synchronized (lock) {
+        readWriteLock.readLock().lock();
+        try {
             return isExpanded;
+        } finally {
+            readWriteLock.readLock().unlock();
         }
     }
 
@@ -59,17 +75,76 @@ public final class LazyBrowseNode {
      * Fetches direct children from the gateway and populates {@link #getChildren()}.
      * Idempotent: subsequent calls are no-ops and do not issue a second RPC.
      *
+     * <p>Concurrent callers coalesce onto a single in-flight RPC: the first caller
+     * (the "leader") issues the gRPC call, while any other thread that calls
+     * {@code expand()} during that window blocks on the leader's future and sees
+     * the same result (or the same exception). On failure the in-flight slot is
+     * cleared so a subsequent call can retry.
+     *
+     * <p>Readers ({@link #getChildren()} / {@link #isExpanded()}) take a separate
+     * read lock and are never blocked for the duration of the RPC.
+     *
      * @throws MxGatewayException on transport or protocol failure
      */
     public void expand() {
-        synchronized (lock) {
-            if (isExpanded) {
+        if (isExpanded()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        CompletableFuture<Void> future;
+        boolean iAmTheLeader;
+        synchronized (expandLock) {
+            if (isExpanded()) {
                 return;
             }
-            List<LazyBrowseNode> loaded =
-                    client.browseChildrenInner(Integer.valueOf(object.getGobjectId()), options);
-            this.children = loaded;
-            this.isExpanded = true;
+            if (inFlight != null) {
+                future = inFlight;
+                iAmTheLeader = false;
+            } else {
+                future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+                inFlight = future;
+                iAmTheLeader = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (iAmTheLeader) {
+            try {
+                List<LazyBrowseNode> loaded =
+                        client.browseChildrenInner(object.getGobjectId(), options);
+                readWriteLock.writeLock().lock();
+                try {
+                    this.children = loaded;
+                    this.isExpanded = true;
+                } finally {
+                    readWriteLock.writeLock().unlock();
+                }
+                synchronized (expandLock) {
+                    inFlight = null;
+                }
+                future.complete(null);
+            } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
+                synchronized (expandLock) {
+                    inFlight = null;
+                }
+                future.completeExceptionally(ex);
+                throw ex;
+            }
+        } else {
+            try {
+                future.get();
+            } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                throw new MxGatewayException("Interrupted waiting for browse-children expand.", ie);
+            } catch (ExecutionException ee) {
+                Throwable cause = ee.getCause();
+                if (cause instanceof MxGatewayException me) {
+                    throw me;
+                }
+                if (cause instanceof RuntimeException re) {
+                    throw re;
+                }
+                throw new MxGatewayException("BrowseChildren expand failed.", cause);
+            }
         }
     }
 }

clients/java/zb-mom-ww-mxgateway-client/src/test/java/com/zb/mom/ww/mxgateway/client/GalaxyRepositoryClientTests.java

@@ -40,9 +40,14 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.Queue;
 import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
 import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 
@@ -203,6 +208,27 @@ final class GalaxyRepositoryClientTests {
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
+    void browseChildrenRejectsRepeatedPageToken() throws Exception {
+        // Queue the same BrowseChildrenReply twice with a non-empty NextPageToken.
+        // The client will request a second page and detect that the token repeats.
+        BrowseChildrenService service = new BrowseChildrenService();
+        BrowseChildrenReply repeatedReply = browseReply(
+                List.of(obj(1, "Plant", true)),
+                List.of(true),
+                1L,
+                "1:abc:1");
+        service.replies.add(repeatedReply);
+        service.replies.add(repeatedReply);
+
+        try (InProcessGalaxy g = InProcessGalaxy.start(service, new AtomicReference<>());
+                GalaxyRepositoryClient client = g.client("")) {
+            MxGatewayException error = assertThrows(MxGatewayException.class, client::browse);
+
+            assertTrue(error.getMessage().contains("repeated page token"));
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     void watchDeployEventsReceivesEventsInOrder() throws Exception {
         DeployEvent first = DeployEvent.newBuilder()
@@ -445,6 +471,91 @@ final class GalaxyRepositoryClientTests {
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
+    void browseExpandConcurrentCallersOnlyFireOneRpc() throws Exception {
+        // Verifies that concurrent expand() calls coalesce onto a single in-flight
+        // BrowseChildren RPC and that readers (isExpanded/getChildren) are not
+        // blocked for the full RPC duration.
+        BrowseChildrenReply rootsReply = browseReply(
+                List.of(obj(1, "Plant", true)),
+                List.of(true),
+                7L,
+                "");
+        BrowseChildrenReply childrenReply = browseReply(
+                List.of(obj(2, "Mixer_001", false)),
+                List.of(false),
+                7L,
+                "");
+
+        // Gate the child fetch behind a latch so multiple expanders can pile up.
+        CountDownLatch release = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        AtomicInteger childCalls = new AtomicInteger();
+        BrowseChildrenService service = new BrowseChildrenService() {
+            @Override
+            public void browseChildren(
+                    BrowseChildrenRequest request, StreamObserver<BrowseChildrenReply> responseObserver) {
+                calls.add(request);
+                BrowseChildrenReply reply;
+                if (!request.hasParentGobjectId()) {
+                    reply = rootsReply;
+                } else {
+                    // Block the leader until the followers have arrived.
+                    try {
+                        assertTrue(release.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS), "release latch never tripped");
+                    } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
+                        Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                        responseObserver.onError(Status.CANCELLED.asRuntimeException());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    childCalls.incrementAndGet();
+                    reply = childrenReply;
+                }
+                responseObserver.onNext(reply);
+                responseObserver.onCompleted();
+            }
+        };
+
+        try (InProcessGalaxy g = InProcessGalaxy.start(service, new AtomicReference<>());
+                GalaxyRepositoryClient client = g.client("")) {
+            List<LazyBrowseNode> roots = client.browse();
+            LazyBrowseNode root = roots.get(0);
+
+            int parallelism = 10;
+            ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(parallelism);
+            try {
+                CountDownLatch ready = new CountDownLatch(parallelism);
+                List<Future<Void>> futures = new ArrayList<>();
+                for (int i = 0; i < parallelism; i++) {
+                    futures.add(pool.submit(() -> {
+                        ready.countDown();
+                        root.expand();
+                        return null;
+                    }));
+                }
+                // Wait for all callers to be in flight, then release the leader.
+                assertTrue(ready.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS), "expander threads did not start");
+                // Readers must not be blocked by an in-flight expand; this should not deadlock
+                // and should return the pre-expand state.
+                assertFalse(root.isExpanded());
+                assertEquals(0, root.getChildren().size());
+                release.countDown();
+
+                for (Future<Void> f : futures) {
+                    f.get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+                }
+            } finally {
+                pool.shutdownNow();
+            }
+
+            assertTrue(root.isExpanded());
+            assertEquals(1, root.getChildren().size());
+            // Exactly one expand RPC was issued even though many callers raced.
+            assertEquals(1, childCalls.get());
+            // 1 roots fetch + exactly 1 expand fetch.
+            assertEquals(2, service.calls.size());
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     void browseWithFilterForwardsToRequest() throws Exception {
         BrowseChildrenService service = new BrowseChildrenService();
@@ -486,7 +597,7 @@ final class GalaxyRepositoryClientTests {
         return b.build();
     }
 
-    private static final class BrowseChildrenService extends TestService {
+    private static class BrowseChildrenService extends TestService {
         final List<BrowseChildrenRequest> calls =
                 Collections.synchronizedList(new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>());
         final Queue<BrowseChildrenReply> replies = new ArrayDeque<>();

clients/python/src/zb_mom_ww_mxgateway/galaxy.py

@@ -140,6 +140,22 @@ class GalaxyRepositoryClient:
                 )
             seen_page_tokens.add(page_token)
 
+    async def browse_children_raw(
+        self, request: galaxy_pb.BrowseChildrenRequest
+    ) -> galaxy_pb.BrowseChildrenReply:
+        """Issue one BrowseChildren RPC and return the raw reply.
+
+        Lower-level escape hatch for callers that need direct page-token control
+        or do not want LazyBrowseNode wrapping. Most callers should use
+        :py:meth:`browse` and :py:meth:`LazyBrowseNode.expand` instead.
+        """
+
+        return await self._unary(
+            "browse children",
+            self.raw_stub.BrowseChildren,
+            request,
+        )
+
     async def browse(
         self,
         options: BrowseChildrenOptions | None = None,

clients/python/tests/test_galaxy.py

@@ -507,6 +507,35 @@ async def test_browse_with_filter_forwards_to_request() -> None:
     assert request.historized_only is True
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_browse_children_raw_returns_reply_unwrapped() -> None:
+    """browse_children_raw forwards the request to the stub and returns the raw reply."""
+    stub = FakeGalaxyStub()
+    expected = _build_browse_reply(
+        children=[_obj(1, "Plant", is_area=True)],
+        child_has_children=[True],
+        cache_sequence=42,
+    )
+    stub.browse_children.replies = [expected]
+
+    async with await GalaxyRepositoryClient.connect(
+        endpoint="fake",
+        plaintext=True,
+        stub=stub,
+    ) as client:
+        request = galaxy_pb.BrowseChildrenRequest(
+            page_size=10,
+            tag_name_glob="Plant*",
+        )
+        reply = await client.browse_children_raw(request)
+
+    assert reply.cache_sequence == 42
+    assert len(reply.children) == 1
+    assert reply.children[0].tag_name == "Plant"
+    assert len(stub.browse_children.requests) == 1
+    assert stub.browse_children.requests[0].tag_name_glob == "Plant*"
+
+
 class FakeGalaxyStub:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.test_connection = FakeUnary([galaxy_pb.TestConnectionReply(ok=False)])

src/ZB.MOM.WW.MxGateway.Server/Galaxy/GalaxyBrowseProjector.cs

@@ -62,7 +62,16 @@ public static class GalaxyBrowseProjector
         return new GalaxyBrowseChildrenResult(page, hasChildren, filtered.Children.Count, filterSignature);
     }
 
-    private static int ResolveParentId(GalaxyHierarchyCacheEntry entry, BrowseChildrenRequest request)
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Resolves the request's parent oneof to a gobject id, throwing
+    ///     <see cref="RpcException"/> with <see cref="StatusCode.NotFound"/> when the
+    ///     parent does not exist. Public so the gRPC handler can compute the same
+    ///     parent id (needed for the page-token signature) without reimplementing the
+    ///     resolution rules.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="entry">The Galaxy hierarchy cache entry to query.</param>
+    /// <param name="request">The browse-children request.</param>
+    public static int ResolveParentId(GalaxyHierarchyCacheEntry entry, BrowseChildrenRequest request)
     {
         switch (request.ParentCase)
         {
@@ -80,9 +89,7 @@ public static class GalaxyBrowseProjector
                 return request.ParentGobjectId;
             case BrowseChildrenRequest.ParentOneofCase.ParentTagName:
             {
-                GalaxyObjectView? match = entry.Index.ObjectViews.FirstOrDefault(
-                    view => string.Equals(view.Object.TagName, request.ParentTagName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
-                if (match is null)
+                if (!entry.Index.ObjectViewsByTagName.TryGetValue(request.ParentTagName, out GalaxyObjectView? match))
                 {
                     throw new RpcException(new Status(StatusCode.NotFound, "BrowseChildren parent was not found."));
                 }
@@ -90,9 +97,7 @@ public static class GalaxyBrowseProjector
             }
             case BrowseChildrenRequest.ParentOneofCase.ParentContainedPath:
             {
-                GalaxyObjectView? match = entry.Index.ObjectViews.FirstOrDefault(
-                    view => string.Equals(view.ContainedPath, request.ParentContainedPath, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
-                if (match is null)
+                if (!entry.Index.ObjectViewsByContainedPath.TryGetValue(request.ParentContainedPath, out GalaxyObjectView? match))
                 {
                     throw new RpcException(new Status(StatusCode.NotFound, "BrowseChildren parent was not found."));
                 }
@@ -163,10 +168,17 @@ public static class GalaxyBrowseProjector
             return false;
         }
 
+        // Defend against pathological cycles in Galaxy data (e.g. a corrupt A→B→A chain).
+        // BuildContainedPath uses the same visited-id pattern; mirror it so this walk
+        // terminates even when ChildrenByParent forms a cycle.
+        HashSet<int> visited = new() { parent.Object.GobjectId };
         Stack<GalaxyObjectView> stack = new();
         foreach (GalaxyObjectView child in children)
         {
-            stack.Push(child);
+            if (visited.Add(child.Object.GobjectId))
+            {
+                stack.Push(child);
+            }
         }
         while (stack.Count > 0)
         {
@@ -180,7 +192,10 @@ public static class GalaxyBrowseProjector
             {
                 foreach (GalaxyObjectView grandchild in grandchildren)
                 {
-                    stack.Push(grandchild);
+                    if (visited.Add(grandchild.Object.GobjectId))
+                    {
+                        stack.Push(grandchild);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }

src/ZB.MOM.WW.MxGateway.Server/Galaxy/GalaxyHierarchyIndex.cs

@@ -8,12 +8,16 @@ public sealed class GalaxyHierarchyIndex
         IReadOnlyList<GalaxyObjectView> objectViews,
         IReadOnlyDictionary<int, GalaxyObjectView> objectViewsById,
         IReadOnlyDictionary<string, GalaxyTagLookup> tagsByAddress,
-        IReadOnlyDictionary<int, IReadOnlyList<GalaxyObjectView>> childrenByParent)
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<int, IReadOnlyList<GalaxyObjectView>> childrenByParent,
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, GalaxyObjectView> objectViewsByTagName,
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, GalaxyObjectView> objectViewsByContainedPath)
     {
         ObjectViews = objectViews;
         ObjectViewsById = objectViewsById;
         TagsByAddress = tagsByAddress;
         ChildrenByParent = childrenByParent;
+        ObjectViewsByTagName = objectViewsByTagName;
+        ObjectViewsByContainedPath = objectViewsByContainedPath;
     }
 
     /// <summary>Gets an empty Galaxy hierarchy index.</summary>
@@ -21,7 +25,9 @@ public sealed class GalaxyHierarchyIndex
         Array.Empty<GalaxyObjectView>(),
         new Dictionary<int, GalaxyObjectView>(),
         new Dictionary<string, GalaxyTagLookup>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase),
-        new Dictionary<int, IReadOnlyList<GalaxyObjectView>>());
+        new Dictionary<int, IReadOnlyList<GalaxyObjectView>>(),
+        new Dictionary<string, GalaxyObjectView>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase),
+        new Dictionary<string, GalaxyObjectView>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
 
     /// <summary>Gets the object views.</summary>
     public IReadOnlyList<GalaxyObjectView> ObjectViews { get; }
@@ -35,6 +41,12 @@ public sealed class GalaxyHierarchyIndex
     /// <summary>Gets direct children grouped by parent gobject id. Root objects (no parent, or self-parented) live under key 0. Each list is sorted areas-first, then by display name (OrdinalIgnoreCase).</summary>
     public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, IReadOnlyList<GalaxyObjectView>> ChildrenByParent { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>Gets object views indexed by <see cref="GalaxyObject.TagName"/> (OrdinalIgnoreCase). Lets browse/discover handlers resolve parents/roots by tag name in O(1) instead of scanning <see cref="ObjectViews"/>.</summary>
+    public IReadOnlyDictionary<string, GalaxyObjectView> ObjectViewsByTagName { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>Gets object views indexed by contained path (OrdinalIgnoreCase). Lets browse/discover handlers resolve parents/roots by path in O(1) instead of scanning <see cref="ObjectViews"/>.</summary>
+    public IReadOnlyDictionary<string, GalaxyObjectView> ObjectViewsByContainedPath { get; }
+
     /// <summary>Builds a Galaxy hierarchy index from the given objects.</summary>
     /// <param name="objects">The Galaxy objects to index.</param>
     /// <returns>A new Galaxy hierarchy index.</returns>
@@ -54,6 +66,8 @@ public sealed class GalaxyHierarchyIndex
         List<GalaxyObjectView> views = new(objects.Count);
         Dictionary<int, GalaxyObjectView> viewsById = new();
         Dictionary<string, GalaxyTagLookup> tagsByAddress = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        Dictionary<string, GalaxyObjectView> viewsByTagName = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        Dictionary<string, GalaxyObjectView> viewsByContainedPath = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
 
         foreach (GalaxyObject obj in objects)
         {
@@ -66,6 +80,12 @@ public sealed class GalaxyHierarchyIndex
             if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(obj.TagName))
             {
                 tagsByAddress.TryAdd(obj.TagName, new GalaxyTagLookup(obj, Attribute: null, path));
+                viewsByTagName.TryAdd(obj.TagName, view);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(path))
+            {
+                viewsByContainedPath.TryAdd(path, view);
             }
 
             foreach (GalaxyAttribute attribute in obj.Attributes)
@@ -109,7 +129,9 @@ public sealed class GalaxyHierarchyIndex
             views,
             viewsById,
             tagsByAddress,
-            readOnlyChildren);
+            readOnlyChildren,
+            viewsByTagName,
+            viewsByContainedPath);
     }
 
     private static string BuildContainedPath(

src/ZB.MOM.WW.MxGateway.Server/Galaxy/GalaxyHierarchyProjector.cs

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ public static class GalaxyHierarchyProjector
         // ResolveRoot can throw RpcException(NotFound); run it before consulting the
         // memo so a bad root surfaces consistently regardless of cache state.
         IReadOnlyList<GalaxyObjectView> views = entry.Index.ObjectViews;
-        GalaxyObjectView? root = ResolveRoot(request, views);
+        GalaxyObjectView? root = ResolveRoot(request, entry.Index);
 
         ConcurrentDictionary<string, IReadOnlyList<GalaxyObjectView>> memo =
             FilteredViewCache.GetValue(entry, static _ => new ConcurrentDictionary<string, IReadOnlyList<GalaxyObjectView>>(StringComparer.Ordinal));
@@ -176,17 +176,17 @@ public static class GalaxyHierarchyProjector
 
     private static GalaxyObjectView? ResolveRoot(
         DiscoverHierarchyRequest request,
-        IReadOnlyList<GalaxyObjectView> views)
+        GalaxyHierarchyIndex index)
     {
         GalaxyObjectView? root = request.RootCase switch
         {
             DiscoverHierarchyRequest.RootOneofCase.None => null,
-            DiscoverHierarchyRequest.RootOneofCase.RootGobjectId => views.FirstOrDefault(
-                view => view.Object.GobjectId == request.RootGobjectId),
-            DiscoverHierarchyRequest.RootOneofCase.RootTagName => views.FirstOrDefault(
-                view => string.Equals(view.Object.TagName, request.RootTagName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)),
-            DiscoverHierarchyRequest.RootOneofCase.RootContainedPath => views.FirstOrDefault(
-                view => string.Equals(view.ContainedPath, request.RootContainedPath, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)),
+            DiscoverHierarchyRequest.RootOneofCase.RootGobjectId =>
+                index.ObjectViewsById.TryGetValue(request.RootGobjectId, out GalaxyObjectView? byId) ? byId : null,
+            DiscoverHierarchyRequest.RootOneofCase.RootTagName =>
+                index.ObjectViewsByTagName.TryGetValue(request.RootTagName, out GalaxyObjectView? byTag) ? byTag : null,
+            DiscoverHierarchyRequest.RootOneofCase.RootContainedPath =>
+                index.ObjectViewsByContainedPath.TryGetValue(request.RootContainedPath, out GalaxyObjectView? byPath) ? byPath : null,
             _ => null,
         };
 

src/ZB.MOM.WW.MxGateway.Server/Grpc/GalaxyRepositoryGrpcService.cs

@@ -128,8 +128,11 @@ public sealed class GalaxyRepositoryGrpcService(
         IReadOnlyList<string> browseSubtrees = ResolveBrowseSubtrees();
 
         // Resolve the parent id once so the page-token signature can include it
-        // and the projector sees the same resolved id when memoizing.
-        int parentId = ResolveParentIdForToken(entry, request);
+        // and the projector sees the same resolved id when memoizing. The projector
+        // re-resolves internally; with the by-name/by-path indexes on
+        // GalaxyHierarchyIndex that second call is O(1), so the redundancy is cheap
+        // and keeps the projector self-contained.
+        int parentId = GalaxyDb.GalaxyBrowseProjector.ResolveParentId(entry, request);
         string filterSignature = GalaxyDb.GalaxyBrowseProjector.ComputeFilterSignature(
             request, browseSubtrees, parentId);
         PageToken pageToken = ParsePageToken(request.PageToken, entry.Sequence, filterSignature);
@@ -283,32 +286,6 @@ public sealed class GalaxyRepositoryGrpcService(
         return Math.Min(pageSize, MaxDiscoverPageSize);
     }
 
-    // Lightweight parent resolver used only for signature computation. Re-throws
-    // NotFound consistently with the projector so the error surface matches.
-    private static int ResolveParentIdForToken(
-        GalaxyDb.GalaxyHierarchyCacheEntry entry,
-        BrowseChildrenRequest request)
-    {
-        return request.ParentCase switch
-        {
-            BrowseChildrenRequest.ParentOneofCase.None => 0,
-            BrowseChildrenRequest.ParentOneofCase.ParentGobjectId =>
-                request.ParentGobjectId == 0 ? 0
-                : entry.Index.ObjectViewsById.ContainsKey(request.ParentGobjectId)
-                    ? request.ParentGobjectId
-                    : throw new RpcException(new Status(StatusCode.NotFound, "BrowseChildren parent was not found.")),
-            BrowseChildrenRequest.ParentOneofCase.ParentTagName =>
-                entry.Index.ObjectViews.FirstOrDefault(
-                    v => string.Equals(v.Object.TagName, request.ParentTagName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))?.Object.GobjectId
-                ?? throw new RpcException(new Status(StatusCode.NotFound, "BrowseChildren parent was not found.")),
-            BrowseChildrenRequest.ParentOneofCase.ParentContainedPath =>
-                entry.Index.ObjectViews.FirstOrDefault(
-                    v => string.Equals(v.ContainedPath, request.ParentContainedPath, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))?.Object.GobjectId
-                ?? throw new RpcException(new Status(StatusCode.NotFound, "BrowseChildren parent was not found.")),
-            _ => 0,
-        };
-    }
-
     private IReadOnlyList<string> ResolveBrowseSubtrees()
     {
         ApiKeyConstraints constraints = identityAccessor.Current?.EffectiveConstraints ?? ApiKeyConstraints.Empty;
@@ -348,21 +325,21 @@ public sealed class GalaxyRepositoryGrpcService(
         {
             throw new RpcException(new Status(
                 StatusCode.InvalidArgument,
-                "DiscoverHierarchy page_token is invalid."));
+                "page_token is invalid."));
         }
 
         if (sequence != currentSequence)
         {
             throw new RpcException(new Status(
                 StatusCode.InvalidArgument,
-                "DiscoverHierarchy page_token is stale."));
+                "page_token is stale."));
         }
 
         if (!string.Equals(parts[1], currentFilterSignature, StringComparison.Ordinal))
         {
             throw new RpcException(new Status(
                 StatusCode.InvalidArgument,
-                "DiscoverHierarchy page_token does not match the current filters."));
+                "page_token does not match the current filters."));
         }
 
         return new PageToken(sequence, parts[1], offset);

src/ZB.MOM.WW.MxGateway.Tests/Galaxy/GalaxyBrowseProjectorTests.cs

@@ -223,6 +223,77 @@ public sealed class GalaxyBrowseProjectorTests
         Assert.Equal("Plant.Line_A", result.Children[0].TagName);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Verifies <see cref="GalaxyBrowseProjector"/> terminates when the Galaxy data
+    ///     contains a cyclic parent chain (A→B→C→A). Without the visited-id guard in
+    ///     <c>HasMatchingDescendant</c>, the depth-first walk would loop forever; the
+    ///     5-second xUnit timeout asserts termination.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact(Timeout = 5000)]
+    public async Task Project_CyclicDescendants_DoesNotInfiniteLoop()
+    {
+        await Task.Yield();
+        // Construct a 3-node cycle: A(10)→B(11)→C(12)→A. Each node's ParentGobjectId
+        // points to the next, so GalaxyHierarchyIndex.ChildrenByParent has
+        //   [12] = [A], [10] = [B], [11] = [C].
+        // None of them are historized, so HistorizedOnly=true forces the projector to
+        // call HasMatchingDescendant on every direct child, exercising the cycle walk.
+        GalaxyObject a = new()
+        {
+            GobjectId = 10,
+            ParentGobjectId = 12,
+            ContainedName = "A",
+            BrowseName = "A",
+            TagName = "A",
+        };
+        GalaxyObject b = new()
+        {
+            GobjectId = 11,
+            ParentGobjectId = 10,
+            ContainedName = "B",
+            BrowseName = "B",
+            TagName = "B",
+        };
+        GalaxyObject c = new()
+        {
+            GobjectId = 12,
+            ParentGobjectId = 11,
+            ContainedName = "C",
+            BrowseName = "C",
+            TagName = "C",
+        };
+
+        IReadOnlyList<GalaxyObject> objects = new[] { a, b, c };
+        GalaxyHierarchyCacheEntry entry = GalaxyHierarchyCacheEntry.Empty with
+        {
+            Status = GalaxyCacheStatus.Healthy,
+            Sequence = 1,
+            LastSuccessAt = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow,
+            Objects = objects,
+            Index = GalaxyHierarchyIndex.Build(objects),
+            DashboardSummary = DashboardGalaxySummary.Unknown with
+            {
+                Status = DashboardGalaxyStatus.Healthy,
+                ObjectCount = objects.Count,
+            },
+            ObjectCount = objects.Count,
+        };
+
+        // Browse children of A (id=10). Its direct child B fails HistorizedOnly, so the
+        // projector falls back to HasMatchingDescendant(B), which walks B→C→A→B…
+        // without the visited-id guard. With the guard, the walk terminates and returns
+        // an empty page (no historized descendants exist anywhere in the cycle).
+        GalaxyBrowseChildrenResult result = GalaxyBrowseProjector.ProjectChildren(
+            entry,
+            new BrowseChildrenRequest { ParentGobjectId = 10, HistorizedOnly = true },
+            browseSubtreeGlobs: null,
+            offset: 0,
+            pageSize: 10);
+
+        Assert.Empty(result.Children);
+        Assert.Equal(0, result.TotalChildCount);
+    }
+
     private static GalaxyHierarchyCacheEntry CreateEntry()
     {
         IReadOnlyList<GalaxyObject> objects = CreateObjects();

src/ZB.MOM.WW.MxGateway.Tests/Galaxy/GalaxyHierarchyIndexTests.cs

@@ -75,6 +75,47 @@ public sealed class GalaxyHierarchyIndexTests
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>Verifies <see cref="GalaxyHierarchyIndex.ObjectViewsByTagName"/> is OrdinalIgnoreCase and supports O(1) lookups.</summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public void ObjectViewsByTagName_IsCaseInsensitive_AndLookupsAreO1()
+    {
+        GalaxyObject root = new() { GobjectId = 1, ParentGobjectId = 0, IsArea = true, ContainedName = "Plant", BrowseName = "Plant", TagName = "Plant" };
+        GalaxyObject mixer = new() { GobjectId = 2, ParentGobjectId = 1, ContainedName = "Mixer_001", BrowseName = "Mixer_001", TagName = "Plant.Mixer_001" };
+
+        GalaxyHierarchyIndex index = GalaxyHierarchyIndex.Build([root, mixer]);
+
+        Assert.True(index.ObjectViewsByTagName.TryGetValue("Plant.Mixer_001", out GalaxyObjectView? exact));
+        Assert.NotNull(exact);
+        Assert.Equal(2, exact!.Object.GobjectId);
+
+        // Case-insensitive lookup must hit the same entry.
+        Assert.True(index.ObjectViewsByTagName.TryGetValue("plant.mixer_001", out GalaxyObjectView? lower));
+        Assert.NotNull(lower);
+        Assert.Same(exact, lower);
+
+        Assert.False(index.ObjectViewsByTagName.ContainsKey("Plant.Missing"));
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Verifies <see cref="GalaxyHierarchyIndex.ObjectViewsByContainedPath"/> is OrdinalIgnoreCase.</summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public void ObjectViewsByContainedPath_IsCaseInsensitive()
+    {
+        GalaxyObject root = new() { GobjectId = 1, ParentGobjectId = 0, IsArea = true, ContainedName = "Plant", BrowseName = "Plant", TagName = "Plant" };
+        GalaxyObject lineA = new() { GobjectId = 2, ParentGobjectId = 1, IsArea = true, ContainedName = "Line_A", BrowseName = "Line_A", TagName = "Plant.Line_A" };
+
+        GalaxyHierarchyIndex index = GalaxyHierarchyIndex.Build([root, lineA]);
+
+        Assert.True(index.ObjectViewsByContainedPath.TryGetValue("Plant/Line_A", out GalaxyObjectView? exact));
+        Assert.NotNull(exact);
+        Assert.Equal(2, exact!.Object.GobjectId);
+
+        Assert.True(index.ObjectViewsByContainedPath.TryGetValue("plant/line_a", out GalaxyObjectView? lower));
+        Assert.NotNull(lower);
+        Assert.Same(exact, lower);
+
+        Assert.False(index.ObjectViewsByContainedPath.ContainsKey("Plant/Missing"));
+    }
+
     /// <summary>Verifies children sort areas-first, then by display name (case-insensitive).</summary>
     [Fact]
     public void ChildrenByParent_SortsAreasFirstThenByDisplayName()