Implement dashboard authentication

Issue #15: implement dashboard snapshot service

docs/gateway-dashboard-design.md

@@ -257,19 +257,18 @@ Do not show API key secrets or pepper values.
 
 ## Authentication And Authorization
 
-Dashboard access should use the same API-key authentication model as gRPC where
+Dashboard access uses the same API-key authentication model as gRPC where
 practical.
 
-Recommended v1 behavior:
+Implemented v1 behavior:
 
-- dashboard disabled by default unless configured,
 - when enabled, require API key auth,
 - require `admin` scope for dashboard access,
-- accept API key through a secure cookie established by a simple login form, or
-  through reverse-proxy/header configuration for local deployments,
-- do not put API keys in query strings.
+- accept API key through a secure cookie established by a simple login form,
+- do not put API keys in query strings,
+- validate anti-forgery tokens for login and logout posts.
 
-Simplest implementation path:
+The implementation path is:
 
 1. Add `/dashboard/login`.
 2. User submits API key over HTTPS.
@@ -281,6 +280,13 @@ Simplest implementation path:
 For local development, allow an explicit `Dashboard:AllowAnonymousLocalhost`
 option. It must default to false.
 
+`DashboardAuthenticator` keeps API-key validation outside UI components. It
+formats the submitted key as a bearer authorization header for
+`IApiKeyVerifier`, rejects non-admin keys when `Dashboard:RequireAdminScope` is
+enabled, and creates the dashboard cookie principal without storing raw API key
+material. `DashboardAuthorizationHandler` enforces the cookie, admin-scope, and
+explicit loopback bypass decisions for all protected dashboard routes.
+
 ## Configuration
 
 Suggested configuration:

docs/gateway-process-design.md

@@ -650,6 +650,16 @@ server-streaming calls and stores the authenticated `ApiKeyIdentity` in
 `Authentication:Mode` set to `Disabled` bypasses API-key verification for local
 development only.
 
+Dashboard authentication reuses the API-key verifier and scope model. The
+dashboard login endpoint accepts the key in a form post, checks `admin` scope
+when `Dashboard:RequireAdminScope` is enabled, and signs in with the
+`MxGateway.Dashboard` cookie scheme. The cookie is HTTP-only, secure, strict
+SameSite, and scoped with the `__Host-MxGatewayDashboard` name. Logout clears
+that cookie. Login and logout posts use anti-forgery validation, and dashboard
+API keys are not accepted in query strings. `Dashboard:AllowAnonymousLocalhost`
+allows only loopback requests to bypass the dashboard cookie requirement and
+defaults to `false`.
+
 Recommended scopes:
 
 - `session:open`

gateway.md

@@ -107,6 +107,15 @@ worker, correlation, command, and client identity fields with redaction applied
 before values enter log state. `GatewayMetrics` exposes counters, gauges, and
 histograms through .NET `Meter` and a snapshot API that dashboard services can
 project without binding to a metrics exporter.
+`DashboardSnapshotService` projects sessions, workers, metrics, faults, and
+effective configuration into immutable DTOs for read-only dashboard rendering.
+Dashboard routes use the same API-key verifier as gRPC. `/dashboard/login`
+accepts the API key in a form body, validates the configured `admin` scope,
+and issues an HTTP-only secure cookie for subsequent dashboard requests.
+`/dashboard/logout` clears that cookie. Login and logout posts validate
+anti-forgery tokens, and API keys are never accepted through query strings.
+`Dashboard:AllowAnonymousLocalhost` can bypass the cookie requirement for
+loopback requests only when explicitly enabled.
 
 ### Worker Process
 

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public static class DashboardAuthenticationDefaults
+{
+    public const string AuthenticationScheme = "MxGateway.Dashboard";
+    public const string AuthorizationPolicy = "MxGateway.Dashboard";
+    public const string ScopeClaimType = "scope";
+    public const string KeyPrefixClaimType = "mxgateway:key_prefix";
+    public const string CookieName = "__Host-MxGatewayDashboard";
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/DashboardAuthenticationResult.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+using System.Security.Claims;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public sealed record DashboardAuthenticationResult(
+    bool Succeeded,
+    ClaimsPrincipal? Principal,
+    string? FailureMessage)
+{
+    public static DashboardAuthenticationResult Success(ClaimsPrincipal principal)
+    {
+        return new DashboardAuthenticationResult(true, principal, null);
+    }
+
+    public static DashboardAuthenticationResult Fail(string failureMessage)
+    {
+        return new DashboardAuthenticationResult(false, null, failureMessage);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/DashboardAuthenticator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+using System.Security.Claims;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authorization;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public sealed class DashboardAuthenticator(
+    IApiKeyVerifier apiKeyVerifier,
+    IOptions<GatewayOptions> options) : IDashboardAuthenticator
+{
+    private const string GenericFailureMessage = "The API key is invalid or is not authorized for dashboard access.";
+
+    public async Task<DashboardAuthenticationResult> AuthenticateAsync(
+        string? apiKey,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (options.Value.Authentication.Mode == AuthenticationMode.Disabled)
+        {
+            return DashboardAuthenticationResult.Success(CreatePrincipal(new ApiKeyIdentity(
+                KeyId: "authentication-disabled",
+                KeyPrefix: "authentication-disabled",
+                DisplayName: "Authentication Disabled",
+                Scopes: new HashSet<string>([GatewayScopes.Admin], StringComparer.Ordinal))));
+        }
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(apiKey))
+        {
+            return DashboardAuthenticationResult.Fail(GenericFailureMessage);
+        }
+
+        ApiKeyVerificationResult verificationResult = await apiKeyVerifier
+            .VerifyAsync(FormatAuthorizationHeader(apiKey), cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        if (!verificationResult.Succeeded || verificationResult.Identity is null)
+        {
+            return DashboardAuthenticationResult.Fail(GenericFailureMessage);
+        }
+
+        if (options.Value.Dashboard.RequireAdminScope
+            && !verificationResult.Identity.Scopes.Contains(GatewayScopes.Admin))
+        {
+            return DashboardAuthenticationResult.Fail(GenericFailureMessage);
+        }
+
+        return DashboardAuthenticationResult.Success(CreatePrincipal(verificationResult.Identity));
+    }
+
+    private static string FormatAuthorizationHeader(string apiKey)
+    {
+        string trimmedApiKey = apiKey.Trim();
+
+        return trimmedApiKey.StartsWith("Bearer ", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            ? trimmedApiKey
+            : $"Bearer {trimmedApiKey}";
+    }
+
+    private static ClaimsPrincipal CreatePrincipal(ApiKeyIdentity identity)
+    {
+        List<Claim> claims =
+        [
+            new Claim(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, identity.KeyId),
+            new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, identity.DisplayName),
+            new Claim(DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.KeyPrefixClaimType, identity.KeyPrefix)
+        ];
+
+        claims.AddRange(identity.Scopes.Select(scope => new Claim(
+            DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.ScopeClaimType,
+            scope)));
+
+        ClaimsIdentity claimsIdentity = new(
+            claims,
+            DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme,
+            ClaimTypes.Name,
+            DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.ScopeClaimType);
+
+        return new ClaimsPrincipal(claimsIdentity);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/DashboardAuthorizationHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+using System.Net;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authorization;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public sealed class DashboardAuthorizationHandler(
+    IHttpContextAccessor httpContextAccessor,
+    IOptions<GatewayOptions> options) : AuthorizationHandler<DashboardAuthorizationRequirement>
+{
+    protected override Task HandleRequirementAsync(
+        AuthorizationHandlerContext context,
+        DashboardAuthorizationRequirement requirement)
+    {
+        GatewayOptions gatewayOptions = options.Value;
+
+        if (gatewayOptions.Authentication.Mode == AuthenticationMode.Disabled)
+        {
+            context.Succeed(requirement);
+
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        if (gatewayOptions.Dashboard.AllowAnonymousLocalhost && IsLoopbackRequest())
+        {
+            context.Succeed(requirement);
+
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        if (context.User.Identity?.IsAuthenticated != true)
+        {
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        if (!gatewayOptions.Dashboard.RequireAdminScope || HasAdminScope(context))
+        {
+            context.Succeed(requirement);
+        }
+
+        return Task.CompletedTask;
+    }
+
+    private bool IsLoopbackRequest()
+    {
+        IPAddress? remoteAddress = httpContextAccessor.HttpContext?.Connection.RemoteIpAddress;
+
+        return remoteAddress is not null && IPAddress.IsLoopback(remoteAddress);
+    }
+
+    private static bool HasAdminScope(AuthorizationHandlerContext context)
+    {
+        return context.User.HasClaim(
+            DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.ScopeClaimType,
+            GatewayScopes.Admin);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/DashboardAuthorizationRequirement.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public sealed class DashboardAuthorizationRequirement : IAuthorizationRequirement;

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/DashboardEndpointRouteBuilderExtensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+using System.Text.Encodings.Web;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Antiforgery;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.HttpResults;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public static class DashboardEndpointRouteBuilderExtensions
+{
+    public static IEndpointRouteBuilder MapGatewayDashboard(this IEndpointRouteBuilder endpoints)
+    {
+        IConfiguration configuration = endpoints.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IConfiguration>();
+        IConfigurationSection dashboardSection = configuration
+            .GetSection($"{GatewayOptions.SectionName}:Dashboard");
+
+        if (bool.TryParse(dashboardSection["Enabled"], out bool enabled) && !enabled)
+        {
+            return endpoints;
+        }
+
+        string pathBase = NormalizePathBase(dashboardSection["PathBase"] ?? new DashboardOptions().PathBase);
+        RouteGroupBuilder dashboard = endpoints.MapGroup(pathBase);
+
+        dashboard.MapGet(
+                "/",
+                (HttpContext httpContext, IAntiforgery antiforgery, IDashboardSnapshotService snapshotService) =>
+                    GetDashboardHomeAsync(httpContext, antiforgery, snapshotService, pathBase))
+            .RequireAuthorization(DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.AuthorizationPolicy)
+            .WithName("DashboardHome");
+
+        dashboard.MapGet(
+                "/login",
+                (HttpContext httpContext, IAntiforgery antiforgery) => GetLoginAsync(httpContext, antiforgery, pathBase))
+            .AllowAnonymous()
+            .WithName("DashboardLogin");
+
+        dashboard.MapPost(
+                "/login",
+                (HttpContext httpContext, IAntiforgery antiforgery, IDashboardAuthenticator authenticator) =>
+                    PostLoginAsync(httpContext, antiforgery, authenticator, pathBase))
+            .AllowAnonymous()
+            .WithName("DashboardLoginPost");
+
+        dashboard.MapPost(
+                "/logout",
+                (HttpContext httpContext, IAntiforgery antiforgery) => PostLogoutAsync(httpContext, antiforgery, pathBase))
+            .RequireAuthorization(DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.AuthorizationPolicy)
+            .WithName("DashboardLogout");
+
+        dashboard.MapGet("/denied", () => Results.Content(
+                RenderPage("Access denied", "<p>The signed-in API key is not authorized for dashboard access.</p>"),
+                "text/html"))
+            .AllowAnonymous()
+            .WithName("DashboardAccessDenied");
+
+        return endpoints;
+    }
+
+    private static ContentHttpResult GetDashboardHomeAsync(
+        HttpContext httpContext,
+        IAntiforgery antiforgery,
+        IDashboardSnapshotService snapshotService,
+        string pathBase)
+    {
+        AntiforgeryTokenSet tokens = antiforgery.GetAndStoreTokens(httpContext);
+        DashboardSnapshot snapshot = snapshotService.GetSnapshot();
+        string requestToken = tokens.RequestToken ?? string.Empty;
+        string body = $"""
+            <form method="post" action="{HtmlEncoder.Default.Encode(pathBase + "/logout")}" class="mb-3">
+                <input name="{tokens.FormFieldName}" type="hidden" value="{HtmlEncoder.Default.Encode(requestToken)}" />
+                <button type="submit">Sign out</button>
+            </form>
+            <dl>
+                <dt>Open sessions</dt>
+                <dd>{snapshot.Sessions.Count}</dd>
+                <dt>Workers</dt>
+                <dd>{snapshot.Workers.Count}</dd>
+                <dt>Faults</dt>
+                <dd>{snapshot.Faults.Count}</dd>
+            </dl>
+            """;
+
+        return TypedResults.Content(RenderPage("MXAccess Gateway Dashboard", body), "text/html");
+    }
+
+    private static Task<ContentHttpResult> GetLoginAsync(
+        HttpContext httpContext,
+        IAntiforgery antiforgery,
+        string pathBase)
+    {
+        string returnUrl = SanitizeReturnUrl(
+            httpContext.Request.Query["returnUrl"].ToString(),
+            pathBase);
+
+        return Task.FromResult(TypedResults.Content(
+            RenderLoginPage(httpContext, antiforgery, returnUrl, pathBase, failureMessage: null),
+            "text/html"));
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<IResult> PostLoginAsync(
+        HttpContext httpContext,
+        IAntiforgery antiforgery,
+        IDashboardAuthenticator authenticator,
+        string pathBase)
+    {
+        await antiforgery.ValidateRequestAsync(httpContext).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        IFormCollection form = await httpContext.Request
+            .ReadFormAsync(httpContext.RequestAborted)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        string returnUrl = SanitizeReturnUrl(
+            form["returnUrl"].ToString(),
+            pathBase);
+
+        DashboardAuthenticationResult result = await authenticator
+            .AuthenticateAsync(form["apiKey"].ToString(), httpContext.RequestAborted)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        if (!result.Succeeded || result.Principal is null)
+        {
+            return TypedResults.Content(
+                RenderLoginPage(httpContext, antiforgery, returnUrl, pathBase, result.FailureMessage),
+                "text/html",
+                statusCode: StatusCodes.Status401Unauthorized);
+        }
+
+        await httpContext
+            .SignInAsync(DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme, result.Principal)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return Results.LocalRedirect(returnUrl);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<IResult> PostLogoutAsync(
+        HttpContext httpContext,
+        IAntiforgery antiforgery,
+        string pathBase)
+    {
+        await antiforgery.ValidateRequestAsync(httpContext).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        await httpContext
+            .SignOutAsync(DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return Results.LocalRedirect($"{pathBase}/login");
+    }
+
+    private static string RenderLoginPage(
+        HttpContext httpContext,
+        IAntiforgery antiforgery,
+        string returnUrl,
+        string pathBase,
+        string? failureMessage)
+    {
+        AntiforgeryTokenSet tokens = antiforgery.GetAndStoreTokens(httpContext);
+        string requestToken = tokens.RequestToken ?? string.Empty;
+        string alert = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(failureMessage)
+            ? string.Empty
+            : $"<p role=\"alert\">{HtmlEncoder.Default.Encode(failureMessage)}</p>";
+
+        string body = $"""
+            {alert}
+            <form method="post" action="{HtmlEncoder.Default.Encode(pathBase + "/login")}">
+                <input name="{tokens.FormFieldName}" type="hidden" value="{HtmlEncoder.Default.Encode(requestToken)}" />
+                <input name="returnUrl" type="hidden" value="{HtmlEncoder.Default.Encode(returnUrl)}" />
+                <label for="apiKey">API key</label>
+                <input id="apiKey" name="apiKey" type="password" autocomplete="off" />
+                <button type="submit">Sign in</button>
+            </form>
+            """;
+
+        return RenderPage("Dashboard Sign In", body);
+    }
+
+    private static string RenderPage(string title, string body)
+    {
+        return $"""
+            <!doctype html>
+            <html lang="en">
+            <head>
+                <meta charset="utf-8" />
+                <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+                <title>{HtmlEncoder.Default.Encode(title)}</title>
+            </head>
+            <body>
+                <main>
+                    <h1>{HtmlEncoder.Default.Encode(title)}</h1>
+                    {body}
+                </main>
+            </body>
+            </html>
+            """;
+    }
+
+    private static string NormalizePathBase(string pathBase)
+    {
+        string normalized = pathBase.TrimEnd('/');
+
+        return string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(normalized) || !normalized.StartsWith("/", StringComparison.Ordinal)
+            ? "/dashboard"
+            : normalized;
+    }
+
+    private static string SanitizeReturnUrl(string? returnUrl, string pathBase)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(returnUrl)
+            || !returnUrl.StartsWith("/", StringComparison.Ordinal)
+            || returnUrl.StartsWith("//", StringComparison.Ordinal)
+            || !returnUrl.StartsWith(pathBase, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            || Uri.TryCreate(returnUrl, UriKind.Absolute, out _))
+        {
+            return pathBase;
+        }
+
+        return returnUrl;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/DashboardFaultSummary.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public sealed record DashboardFaultSummary(
+    string Source,
+    string? SessionId,
+    int? WorkerProcessId,
+    string State,
+    string Message,
+    DateTimeOffset ObservedAt);

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/DashboardMetricSummary.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public sealed record DashboardMetricSummary(
+    string Name,
+    long Value,
+    string? Dimension = null);

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/DashboardRedactor.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+using MxGateway.Server.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+internal static class DashboardRedactor
+{
+    private static readonly string[] SensitiveTextMarkers =
+    [
+        "apikey",
+        "api_key",
+        "authorization",
+        "credential",
+        "password",
+        "secret",
+        "token",
+    ];
+
+    public static string? Redact(string? value)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
+        {
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        if (value.Contains("mxgw_", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            return GatewayLogRedactor.RedactClientIdentity(value);
+        }
+
+        return SensitiveTextMarkers.Any(marker => value.Contains(marker, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            ? GatewayLogRedactor.RedactedValue
+            : value;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/DashboardServiceCollectionExtensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.Cookies;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public static class DashboardServiceCollectionExtensions
+{
+    public static IServiceCollection AddGatewayDashboard(this IServiceCollection services)
+    {
+        services.AddSingleton<IDashboardSnapshotService, DashboardSnapshotService>();
+        services.AddSingleton<IDashboardAuthenticator, DashboardAuthenticator>();
+        services.AddHttpContextAccessor();
+        services.AddAntiforgery();
+        services
+            .AddAuthentication(DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
+            .AddCookie(DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);
+        services.AddOptions<CookieAuthenticationOptions>(DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
+            .Configure<IOptions<GatewayOptions>>(ConfigureCookieOptions);
+        services.AddAuthorization(options =>
+        {
+            options.AddPolicy(
+                DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.AuthorizationPolicy,
+                policy => policy.AddRequirements(new DashboardAuthorizationRequirement()));
+        });
+        services.AddSingleton<IAuthorizationHandler, DashboardAuthorizationHandler>();
+
+        return services;
+    }
+
+    private static void ConfigureCookieOptions(
+        CookieAuthenticationOptions cookieOptions,
+        IOptions<GatewayOptions> gatewayOptions)
+    {
+        string pathBase = gatewayOptions.Value.Dashboard.PathBase.TrimEnd('/');
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(pathBase))
+        {
+            pathBase = "/dashboard";
+        }
+
+        cookieOptions.Cookie.Name = DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.CookieName;
+        cookieOptions.Cookie.HttpOnly = true;
+        cookieOptions.Cookie.SecurePolicy = CookieSecurePolicy.Always;
+        cookieOptions.Cookie.SameSite = SameSiteMode.Strict;
+        cookieOptions.Cookie.Path = "/";
+        cookieOptions.LoginPath = $"{pathBase}/login";
+        cookieOptions.LogoutPath = $"{pathBase}/logout";
+        cookieOptions.AccessDeniedPath = $"{pathBase}/denied";
+        cookieOptions.ExpireTimeSpan = TimeSpan.FromHours(8);
+        cookieOptions.SlidingExpiration = true;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/DashboardSessionSummary.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+using MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public sealed record DashboardSessionSummary(
+    string SessionId,
+    string BackendName,
+    SessionState State,
+    string? ClientIdentity,
+    string? ClientSessionName,
+    string? ClientCorrelationId,
+    DateTimeOffset OpenedAt,
+    DateTimeOffset LastClientActivityAt,
+    DateTimeOffset? LeaseExpiresAt,
+    int? WorkerProcessId,
+    WorkerClientState? WorkerState,
+    DateTimeOffset? LastWorkerHeartbeatAt,
+    string? LastFault);

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/DashboardSnapshot.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public sealed record DashboardSnapshot(
+    DateTimeOffset GeneratedAt,
+    DateTimeOffset GatewayStartedAt,
+    TimeSpan GatewayUptime,
+    string GatewayStatus,
+    string GatewayVersion,
+    IReadOnlyList<DashboardSessionSummary> Sessions,
+    IReadOnlyList<DashboardWorkerSummary> Workers,
+    IReadOnlyList<DashboardMetricSummary> Metrics,
+    IReadOnlyList<DashboardFaultSummary> Faults,
+    EffectiveGatewayConfiguration Configuration);

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/DashboardSnapshotService.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Metrics;
+using MxGateway.Server.Sessions;
+using MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public sealed class DashboardSnapshotService : IDashboardSnapshotService
+{
+    private const string HealthyStatus = "Healthy";
+
+    private readonly ISessionRegistry _sessionRegistry;
+    private readonly GatewayMetrics _metrics;
+    private readonly IGatewayConfigurationProvider _configurationProvider;
+    private readonly TimeProvider _timeProvider;
+    private readonly DateTimeOffset _gatewayStartedAt;
+    private readonly TimeSpan _snapshotInterval;
+    private readonly int _recentFaultLimit;
+    private readonly int _recentSessionLimit;
+
+    public DashboardSnapshotService(
+        ISessionRegistry sessionRegistry,
+        GatewayMetrics metrics,
+        IGatewayConfigurationProvider configurationProvider,
+        IOptions<GatewayOptions> options,
+        TimeProvider? timeProvider = null)
+    {
+        _sessionRegistry = sessionRegistry ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(sessionRegistry));
+        _metrics = metrics ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(metrics));
+        _configurationProvider = configurationProvider ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(configurationProvider));
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(options);
+
+        _timeProvider = timeProvider ?? TimeProvider.System;
+        _gatewayStartedAt = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow();
+        _snapshotInterval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(options.Value.Dashboard.SnapshotIntervalMilliseconds);
+        _recentFaultLimit = options.Value.Dashboard.RecentFaultLimit;
+        _recentSessionLimit = options.Value.Dashboard.RecentSessionLimit;
+    }
+
+    public DashboardSnapshot GetSnapshot()
+    {
+        DateTimeOffset generatedAt = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow();
+        IReadOnlyList<GatewaySession> sessions = _sessionRegistry.Snapshot()
+            .OrderByDescending(session => session.OpenedAt)
+            .ToArray();
+        IReadOnlyList<DashboardSessionSummary> sessionSummaries = sessions
+            .Take(ResolveLimit(_recentSessionLimit))
+            .Select(CreateSessionSummary)
+            .ToArray();
+        IReadOnlyList<DashboardWorkerSummary> workerSummaries = sessions
+            .Where(session => session.WorkerClient is not null)
+            .Select(CreateWorkerSummary)
+            .ToArray();
+        GatewayMetricsSnapshot metricsSnapshot = _metrics.GetSnapshot();
+
+        return new DashboardSnapshot(
+            GeneratedAt: generatedAt,
+            GatewayStartedAt: _gatewayStartedAt,
+            GatewayUptime: generatedAt - _gatewayStartedAt,
+            GatewayStatus: HealthyStatus,
+            GatewayVersion: typeof(DashboardSnapshotService).Assembly.GetName().Version?.ToString() ?? "unknown",
+            Sessions: sessionSummaries,
+            Workers: workerSummaries,
+            Metrics: CreateMetricSummaries(metricsSnapshot),
+            Faults: CreateFaultSummaries(sessions, generatedAt),
+            Configuration: _configurationProvider.GetEffectiveConfiguration());
+    }
+
+    public async IAsyncEnumerable<DashboardSnapshot> WatchSnapshotsAsync(
+        [EnumeratorCancellation] CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            yield break;
+        }
+
+        yield return GetSnapshot();
+
+        using PeriodicTimer timer = new(_snapshotInterval, _timeProvider);
+        while (true)
+        {
+            bool hasNext;
+            try
+            {
+                hasNext = await timer.WaitForNextTickAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            catch (OperationCanceledException)
+            {
+                yield break;
+            }
+
+            if (!hasNext)
+            {
+                yield break;
+            }
+
+            yield return GetSnapshot();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static DashboardSessionSummary CreateSessionSummary(GatewaySession session)
+    {
+        IWorkerClient? workerClient = session.WorkerClient;
+
+        return new DashboardSessionSummary(
+            SessionId: session.SessionId,
+            BackendName: session.BackendName,
+            State: session.State,
+            ClientIdentity: DashboardRedactor.Redact(session.ClientIdentity),
+            ClientSessionName: DashboardRedactor.Redact(session.ClientSessionName),
+            ClientCorrelationId: DashboardRedactor.Redact(session.ClientCorrelationId),
+            OpenedAt: session.OpenedAt,
+            LastClientActivityAt: session.LastClientActivityAt,
+            LeaseExpiresAt: session.LeaseExpiresAt,
+            WorkerProcessId: workerClient?.ProcessId,
+            WorkerState: workerClient?.State,
+            LastWorkerHeartbeatAt: workerClient?.LastHeartbeatAt,
+            LastFault: DashboardRedactor.Redact(session.FinalFault));
+    }
+
+    private static DashboardWorkerSummary CreateWorkerSummary(GatewaySession session)
+    {
+        IWorkerClient workerClient = session.WorkerClient!;
+
+        return new DashboardWorkerSummary(
+            SessionId: session.SessionId,
+            ProcessId: workerClient.ProcessId,
+            State: workerClient.State,
+            LastHeartbeatAt: workerClient.LastHeartbeatAt,
+            LastFault: DashboardRedactor.Redact(session.FinalFault));
+    }
+
+    private static IReadOnlyList<DashboardMetricSummary> CreateMetricSummaries(GatewayMetricsSnapshot snapshot)
+    {
+        List<DashboardMetricSummary> metrics =
+        [
+            new("mxgateway.sessions.open", snapshot.OpenSessions),
+            new("mxgateway.workers.running", snapshot.WorkersRunning),
+            new("mxgateway.events.queue.depth", snapshot.EventQueueDepth),
+            new("mxgateway.sessions.opened", snapshot.SessionsOpened),
+            new("mxgateway.sessions.closed", snapshot.SessionsClosed),
+            new("mxgateway.commands.started", snapshot.CommandsStarted),
+            new("mxgateway.commands.succeeded", snapshot.CommandsSucceeded),
+            new("mxgateway.commands.failed", snapshot.CommandsFailed),
+            new("mxgateway.events.received", snapshot.EventsReceived),
+            new("mxgateway.queues.overflows", snapshot.QueueOverflows),
+            new("mxgateway.faults", snapshot.Faults),
+            new("mxgateway.workers.killed", snapshot.WorkerKills),
+            new("mxgateway.workers.exited", snapshot.WorkerExits),
+            new("mxgateway.heartbeats.failed", snapshot.HeartbeatFailures),
+            new("mxgateway.grpc.streams.disconnected", snapshot.StreamDisconnects),
+        ];
+
+        metrics.AddRange(snapshot.CommandFailuresByMethod
+            .OrderBy(entry => entry.Key, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            .Select(entry => new DashboardMetricSummary("mxgateway.commands.failed", entry.Value, entry.Key)));
+        metrics.AddRange(snapshot.EventsByFamily
+            .OrderBy(entry => entry.Key, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            .Select(entry => new DashboardMetricSummary("mxgateway.events.received", entry.Value, entry.Key)));
+
+        return metrics;
+    }
+
+    private IReadOnlyList<DashboardFaultSummary> CreateFaultSummaries(
+        IReadOnlyList<GatewaySession> sessions,
+        DateTimeOffset generatedAt)
+    {
+        return sessions
+            .Where(HasFault)
+            .Take(ResolveLimit(_recentFaultLimit))
+            .Select(session => new DashboardFaultSummary(
+                Source: session.WorkerClient?.State == WorkerClientState.Faulted ? "Worker" : "Session",
+                SessionId: session.SessionId,
+                WorkerProcessId: session.WorkerProcessId,
+                State: session.WorkerClient?.State == WorkerClientState.Faulted
+                    ? WorkerClientState.Faulted.ToString()
+                    : session.State.ToString(),
+                Message: DashboardRedactor.Redact(session.FinalFault) ?? "Faulted",
+                ObservedAt: generatedAt))
+            .ToArray();
+    }
+
+    private static bool HasFault(GatewaySession session)
+    {
+        return session.State == MxGateway.Contracts.Proto.SessionState.Faulted
+            || session.WorkerClient?.State == WorkerClientState.Faulted
+            || !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(session.FinalFault);
+    }
+
+    private static int ResolveLimit(int configuredLimit)
+    {
+        return configuredLimit < 0 ? 0 : configuredLimit;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/DashboardWorkerSummary.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+using MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public sealed record DashboardWorkerSummary(
+    string SessionId,
+    int? ProcessId,
+    WorkerClientState State,
+    DateTimeOffset LastHeartbeatAt,
+    string? LastFault);

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/IDashboardAuthenticator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public interface IDashboardAuthenticator
+{
+    Task<DashboardAuthenticationResult> AuthenticateAsync(
+        string? apiKey,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Dashboard/IDashboardSnapshotService.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+public interface IDashboardSnapshotService
+{
+    DashboardSnapshot GetSnapshot();
+
+    IAsyncEnumerable<DashboardSnapshot> WatchSnapshotsAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/GatewayApplication.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using MxGateway.Contracts;
 using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
 using MxGateway.Server.Diagnostics;
 using MxGateway.Server.Grpc;
 using MxGateway.Server.Metrics;
@@ -18,6 +19,8 @@ public static class GatewayApplication
         WebApplication app = builder.Build();
 
         app.UseGatewayRequestLoggingScope();
+        app.UseAuthentication();
+        app.UseAuthorization();
         app.MapGatewayEndpoints();
 
         return app;
@@ -36,6 +39,7 @@ public static class GatewayApplication
         builder.Services.AddSingleton<MxAccessGrpcRequestValidator>();
         builder.Services.AddWorkerProcessLauncher();
         builder.Services.AddGatewaySessions();
+        builder.Services.AddGatewayDashboard();
 
         return builder;
     }
@@ -53,6 +57,7 @@ public static class GatewayApplication
             .WithName("LiveHealth");
 
         endpoints.MapGrpcService<MxAccessGatewayService>();
+        endpoints.MapGatewayDashboard();
 
         return endpoints;
     }

src/MxGateway.Tests/Gateway/Dashboard/DashboardAuthenticatorTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+using System.Security.Claims;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authorization;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Tests.Gateway.Dashboard;
+
+public sealed class DashboardAuthenticatorTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task AuthenticateAsync_AdminKey_ReturnsCookiePrincipal()
+    {
+        FakeApiKeyVerifier verifier = new(SuccessWithScopes(GatewayScopes.Admin));
+        DashboardAuthenticator authenticator = CreateAuthenticator(verifier);
+
+        DashboardAuthenticationResult result = await authenticator.AuthenticateAsync(
+            "mxgw_operator01_super-secret",
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.True(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.Principal);
+        Assert.Equal("operator01", result.Principal.FindFirst(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier)?.Value);
+        Assert.Equal("Operator Key", result.Principal.FindFirst(ClaimTypes.Name)?.Value);
+        Assert.Contains(result.Principal.Claims, claim =>
+            claim.Type == DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.ScopeClaimType
+            && claim.Value == GatewayScopes.Admin);
+        Assert.Equal("Bearer mxgw_operator01_super-secret", verifier.LastAuthorizationHeader);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task AuthenticateAsync_NonAdminKey_ReturnsFailureWithoutRawApiKey()
+    {
+        DashboardAuthenticator authenticator = CreateAuthenticator(new FakeApiKeyVerifier(
+            SuccessWithScopes(GatewayScopes.EventsRead)));
+
+        DashboardAuthenticationResult result = await authenticator.AuthenticateAsync(
+            "mxgw_operator01_super-secret",
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.False(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.Null(result.Principal);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain("super-secret", result.FailureMessage, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task AuthenticateAsync_RequireAdminScopeFalse_AllowsAuthenticatedKey()
+    {
+        DashboardAuthenticator authenticator = CreateAuthenticator(
+            new FakeApiKeyVerifier(SuccessWithScopes(GatewayScopes.EventsRead)),
+            requireAdminScope: false);
+
+        DashboardAuthenticationResult result = await authenticator.AuthenticateAsync(
+            "mxgw_operator01_secret",
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.True(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.Principal);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task AuthenticateAsync_InvalidKey_ReturnsGenericFailure()
+    {
+        DashboardAuthenticator authenticator = CreateAuthenticator(new FakeApiKeyVerifier(
+            ApiKeyVerificationResult.Fail(ApiKeyVerificationFailure.SecretMismatch)));
+
+        DashboardAuthenticationResult result = await authenticator.AuthenticateAsync(
+            "mxgw_operator01_super-secret",
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.False(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain("super-secret", result.FailureMessage, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
+
+    private static DashboardAuthenticator CreateAuthenticator(
+        IApiKeyVerifier verifier,
+        bool requireAdminScope = true)
+    {
+        return new DashboardAuthenticator(
+            verifier,
+            Options.Create(new GatewayOptions
+            {
+                Dashboard = new DashboardOptions
+                {
+                    RequireAdminScope = requireAdminScope
+                }
+            }));
+    }
+
+    private static ApiKeyVerificationResult SuccessWithScopes(params string[] scopes)
+    {
+        return ApiKeyVerificationResult.Success(new ApiKeyIdentity(
+            KeyId: "operator01",
+            KeyPrefix: "mxgw_operator01",
+            DisplayName: "Operator Key",
+            Scopes: new HashSet<string>(scopes, StringComparer.Ordinal)));
+    }
+
+    private sealed class FakeApiKeyVerifier(ApiKeyVerificationResult result) : IApiKeyVerifier
+    {
+        public string? LastAuthorizationHeader { get; private set; }
+
+        public Task<ApiKeyVerificationResult> VerifyAsync(
+            string? authorizationHeader,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            LastAuthorizationHeader = authorizationHeader;
+
+            return Task.FromResult(result);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Tests/Gateway/Dashboard/DashboardAuthorizationHandlerTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+using System.Net;
+using System.Security.Claims;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authorization;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Tests.Gateway.Dashboard;
+
+public sealed class DashboardAuthorizationHandlerTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task HandleAsync_UnauthenticatedRemoteRequest_DoesNotSucceed()
+    {
+        AuthorizationHandlerContext context = await AuthorizeAsync(
+            new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity()),
+            IPAddress.Parse("10.0.0.5"),
+            allowAnonymousLocalhost: false);
+
+        Assert.False(context.HasSucceeded);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task HandleAsync_AnonymousLocalhostAllowed_Succeeds()
+    {
+        AuthorizationHandlerContext context = await AuthorizeAsync(
+            new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity()),
+            IPAddress.Loopback,
+            allowAnonymousLocalhost: true);
+
+        Assert.True(context.HasSucceeded);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task HandleAsync_AuthenticatedWithoutAdminScope_DoesNotSucceed()
+    {
+        AuthorizationHandlerContext context = await AuthorizeAsync(
+            CreatePrincipal(GatewayScopes.EventsRead),
+            IPAddress.Loopback,
+            allowAnonymousLocalhost: false);
+
+        Assert.False(context.HasSucceeded);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task HandleAsync_AuthenticatedWithAdminScope_Succeeds()
+    {
+        AuthorizationHandlerContext context = await AuthorizeAsync(
+            CreatePrincipal(GatewayScopes.Admin),
+            IPAddress.Parse("10.0.0.5"),
+            allowAnonymousLocalhost: false);
+
+        Assert.True(context.HasSucceeded);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<AuthorizationHandlerContext> AuthorizeAsync(
+        ClaimsPrincipal principal,
+        IPAddress remoteAddress,
+        bool allowAnonymousLocalhost)
+    {
+        DashboardAuthorizationRequirement requirement = new();
+        DefaultHttpContext httpContext = new();
+        httpContext.Connection.RemoteIpAddress = remoteAddress;
+        DashboardAuthorizationHandler handler = new(
+            new HttpContextAccessor { HttpContext = httpContext },
+            Options.Create(new GatewayOptions
+            {
+                Dashboard = new DashboardOptions
+                {
+                    AllowAnonymousLocalhost = allowAnonymousLocalhost,
+                    RequireAdminScope = true
+                }
+            }));
+        AuthorizationHandlerContext context = new([requirement], principal, httpContext);
+
+        await handler.HandleAsync(context);
+
+        return context;
+    }
+
+    private static ClaimsPrincipal CreatePrincipal(string scope)
+    {
+        ClaimsIdentity identity = new(
+            [new Claim(DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.ScopeClaimType, scope)],
+            DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);
+
+        return new ClaimsPrincipal(identity);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Tests/Gateway/Dashboard/DashboardCookieOptionsTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.Cookies;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Server;
+using MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Tests.Gateway.Dashboard;
+
+public sealed class DashboardCookieOptionsTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void Build_ConfiguresSecureDashboardCookie()
+    {
+        WebApplication app = GatewayApplication.Build([]);
+        IOptionsMonitor<CookieAuthenticationOptions> optionsMonitor = app.Services
+            .GetRequiredService<IOptionsMonitor<CookieAuthenticationOptions>>();
+
+        CookieAuthenticationOptions options = optionsMonitor.Get(
+            DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);
+
+        Assert.Equal(DashboardAuthenticationDefaults.CookieName, options.Cookie.Name);
+        Assert.True(options.Cookie.HttpOnly);
+        Assert.Equal(CookieSecurePolicy.Always, options.Cookie.SecurePolicy);
+        Assert.Equal(SameSiteMode.Strict, options.Cookie.SameSite);
+        Assert.Equal("/", options.Cookie.Path);
+        Assert.Equal("/dashboard/login", options.LoginPath);
+        Assert.Equal("/dashboard/logout", options.LogoutPath);
+        Assert.Equal("/dashboard/denied", options.AccessDeniedPath);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Tests/Gateway/Dashboard/DashboardSnapshotServiceTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Dashboard;
+using MxGateway.Server.Metrics;
+using MxGateway.Server.Sessions;
+using MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Tests.Gateway.Dashboard;
+
+public sealed class DashboardSnapshotServiceTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetSnapshot_WhenRegistryEmpty_ReturnsEmptyOperationalState()
+    {
+        using GatewayMetrics metrics = new();
+        DashboardSnapshotService service = CreateService(new SessionRegistry(), metrics);
+
+        DashboardSnapshot snapshot = service.GetSnapshot();
+
+        Assert.Empty(snapshot.Sessions);
+        Assert.Empty(snapshot.Workers);
+        Assert.Empty(snapshot.Faults);
+        Assert.Contains(snapshot.Metrics, metric => metric.Name == "mxgateway.sessions.open" && metric.Value == 0);
+        Assert.Equal("Healthy", snapshot.GatewayStatus);
+        Assert.NotNull(snapshot.Configuration);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetSnapshot_ProjectsActiveAndFaultedSessionsWorkersMetricsAndFaults()
+    {
+        SessionRegistry registry = new();
+        GatewaySession activeSession = CreateSession(
+            "session-active",
+            "client-one",
+            DateTimeOffset.Parse("2026-04-26T10:00:00Z"));
+        activeSession.AttachWorkerClient(new FakeWorkerClient("session-active", 1201, WorkerClientState.Ready));
+        activeSession.MarkReady();
+        GatewaySession faultedSession = CreateSession(
+            "session-faulted",
+            "client-two",
+            DateTimeOffset.Parse("2026-04-26T10:01:00Z"));
+        faultedSession.AttachWorkerClient(new FakeWorkerClient("session-faulted", 1202, WorkerClientState.Faulted));
+        faultedSession.MarkFaulted("worker pipe disconnected");
+        registry.TryAdd(activeSession);
+        registry.TryAdd(faultedSession);
+        using GatewayMetrics metrics = new();
+        metrics.SessionOpened();
+        metrics.SessionOpened();
+        metrics.CommandStarted("Register");
+        metrics.CommandFailed("Register", "WorkerFaulted", TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(7));
+        metrics.EventReceived("session-active", "OnDataChange");
+        metrics.Fault("WorkerFaulted");
+        DashboardSnapshotService service = CreateService(registry, metrics);
+
+        DashboardSnapshot snapshot = service.GetSnapshot();
+
+        Assert.Equal(2, snapshot.Sessions.Count);
+        Assert.Equal("session-faulted", snapshot.Sessions[0].SessionId);
+        Assert.Equal(SessionState.Faulted, snapshot.Sessions[0].State);
+        Assert.Equal(2, snapshot.Workers.Count);
+        Assert.Contains(snapshot.Metrics, metric => metric.Name == "mxgateway.commands.started" && metric.Value == 1);
+        Assert.Contains(
+            snapshot.Metrics,
+            metric => metric.Name == "mxgateway.events.received"
+                && metric.Dimension == "OnDataChange"
+                && metric.Value == 1);
+        DashboardFaultSummary fault = Assert.Single(snapshot.Faults);
+        Assert.Equal("Worker", fault.Source);
+        Assert.Equal("session-faulted", fault.SessionId);
+        Assert.Equal("worker pipe disconnected", fault.Message);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetSnapshot_RedactsSecretsFromSessionAndFaultFields()
+    {
+        SessionRegistry registry = new();
+        GatewaySession session = CreateSession(
+            "session-redacted",
+            "Bearer mxgw_admin_super-secret",
+            DateTimeOffset.Parse("2026-04-26T10:00:00Z"),
+            clientSessionName: "password=hunter2",
+            clientCorrelationId: "token=abc123");
+        session.MarkFaulted("secret=credential-value");
+        registry.TryAdd(session);
+        using GatewayMetrics metrics = new();
+        DashboardSnapshotService service = CreateService(registry, metrics);
+
+        DashboardSnapshot snapshot = service.GetSnapshot();
+
+        DashboardSessionSummary summary = Assert.Single(snapshot.Sessions);
+        Assert.Equal("Bearer mxgw_admin_[redacted]", summary.ClientIdentity);
+        Assert.Equal("[redacted]", summary.ClientSessionName);
+        Assert.Equal("[redacted]", summary.ClientCorrelationId);
+        Assert.Equal("[redacted]", summary.LastFault);
+        Assert.Equal("[redacted]", Assert.Single(snapshot.Faults).Message);
+        Assert.Equal("[redacted]", snapshot.Configuration.Authentication.PepperSecretName);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetSnapshot_DoesNotMutateSessionOrWorkerState()
+    {
+        SessionRegistry registry = new();
+        GatewaySession session = CreateSession(
+            "session-active",
+            "client-one",
+            DateTimeOffset.Parse("2026-04-26T10:00:00Z"));
+        FakeWorkerClient workerClient = new("session-active", 1201, WorkerClientState.Ready);
+        session.AttachWorkerClient(workerClient);
+        session.MarkReady();
+        registry.TryAdd(session);
+        using GatewayMetrics metrics = new();
+        DashboardSnapshotService service = CreateService(registry, metrics);
+
+        service.GetSnapshot();
+        service.GetSnapshot();
+
+        Assert.Equal(1, registry.ActiveCount);
+        Assert.Equal(SessionState.Ready, session.State);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerClientState.Ready, workerClient.State);
+        Assert.Equal(0, workerClient.StartCount);
+        Assert.Equal(0, workerClient.ShutdownCount);
+        Assert.Equal(0, workerClient.KillCount);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetSnapshot_AppliesRecentSessionAndFaultLimits()
+    {
+        SessionRegistry registry = new();
+        GatewaySession olderSession = CreateSession(
+            "session-older",
+            "client-one",
+            DateTimeOffset.Parse("2026-04-26T10:00:00Z"));
+        GatewaySession newerSession = CreateSession(
+            "session-newer",
+            "client-two",
+            DateTimeOffset.Parse("2026-04-26T10:01:00Z"));
+        olderSession.MarkFaulted("older fault");
+        newerSession.MarkFaulted("newer fault");
+        registry.TryAdd(olderSession);
+        registry.TryAdd(newerSession);
+        using GatewayMetrics metrics = new();
+        DashboardSnapshotService service = CreateService(
+            registry,
+            metrics,
+            new GatewayOptions
+            {
+                Dashboard = new DashboardOptions
+                {
+                    SnapshotIntervalMilliseconds = 1,
+                    RecentSessionLimit = 1,
+                    RecentFaultLimit = 1,
+                },
+            });
+
+        DashboardSnapshot snapshot = service.GetSnapshot();
+
+        Assert.Equal("session-newer", Assert.Single(snapshot.Sessions).SessionId);
+        Assert.Equal("session-newer", Assert.Single(snapshot.Faults).SessionId);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task WatchSnapshotsAsync_WhenSubscriberCancels_DisposesCleanly()
+    {
+        using GatewayMetrics metrics = new();
+        DashboardSnapshotService service = CreateService(
+            new SessionRegistry(),
+            metrics,
+            new GatewayOptions
+            {
+                Dashboard = new DashboardOptions
+                {
+                    SnapshotIntervalMilliseconds = 1,
+                },
+            });
+        using CancellationTokenSource cancellation = new();
+        await using IAsyncEnumerator<DashboardSnapshot> enumerator = service
+            .WatchSnapshotsAsync(cancellation.Token)
+            .GetAsyncEnumerator();
+
+        Assert.True(await enumerator.MoveNextAsync().AsTask().WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)));
+        await cancellation.CancelAsync();
+        bool hasNext = await enumerator.MoveNextAsync().AsTask().WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
+
+        Assert.False(hasNext);
+    }
+
+    private static DashboardSnapshotService CreateService(
+        SessionRegistry registry,
+        GatewayMetrics metrics,
+        GatewayOptions? options = null)
+    {
+        GatewayOptions resolvedOptions = options ?? new GatewayOptions
+        {
+            Dashboard = new DashboardOptions
+            {
+                SnapshotIntervalMilliseconds = 1,
+            },
+        };
+        GatewayConfigurationProvider configurationProvider = new(Options.Create(resolvedOptions));
+
+        return new DashboardSnapshotService(
+            registry,
+            metrics,
+            configurationProvider,
+            Options.Create(resolvedOptions));
+    }
+
+    private static GatewaySession CreateSession(
+        string sessionId,
+        string? clientIdentity,
+        DateTimeOffset openedAt,
+        string? clientSessionName = "test-session",
+        string? clientCorrelationId = "client-correlation")
+    {
+        return new GatewaySession(
+            sessionId,
+            "mxaccess",
+            $"mxaccess-gateway-1-{sessionId}",
+            "nonce",
+            clientIdentity,
+            clientSessionName,
+            clientCorrelationId,
+            TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30),
+            TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5),
+            TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5),
+            openedAt);
+    }
+
+    private sealed class FakeWorkerClient(
+        string sessionId,
+        int? processId,
+        WorkerClientState state) : IWorkerClient
+    {
+        public string SessionId { get; } = sessionId;
+
+        public int? ProcessId { get; } = processId;
+
+        public WorkerClientState State { get; private set; } = state;
+
+        public DateTimeOffset LastHeartbeatAt { get; } = DateTimeOffset.Parse("2026-04-26T10:02:00Z");
+
+        public int StartCount { get; private set; }
+
+        public int ShutdownCount { get; private set; }
+
+        public int KillCount { get; private set; }
+
+        public Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            StartCount++;
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        public Task<WorkerCommandReply> InvokeAsync(
+            WorkerCommand command,
+            TimeSpan timeout,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            return Task.FromResult(new WorkerCommandReply());
+        }
+
+        public async IAsyncEnumerable<WorkerEvent> ReadEventsAsync(
+            [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.EnumeratorCancellation] CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            await Task.CompletedTask;
+            yield break;
+        }
+
+        public Task ShutdownAsync(
+            TimeSpan timeout,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            ShutdownCount++;
+            State = WorkerClientState.Closed;
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        public void Kill(string reason)
+        {
+            KillCount++;
+            State = WorkerClientState.Faulted;
+        }
+
+        public ValueTask DisposeAsync()
+        {
+            return ValueTask.CompletedTask;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/Sta/StaCommandDispatcherTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Sta;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.Sta;
+
+public sealed class StaCommandDispatcherTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task DispatchAsync_ExecutesCommandsOnStaInQueueOrder()
+    {
+        using StaRuntime runtime = CreateRuntime();
+        runtime.Start();
+        RecordingCommandExecutor executor = new();
+        StaCommandDispatcher dispatcher = new(runtime, executor);
+
+        Task<MxCommandReply> first = dispatcher.DispatchAsync(CreateCommand("correlation-1", MxCommandKind.Register));
+        Task<MxCommandReply> second = dispatcher.DispatchAsync(CreateCommand("correlation-2", MxCommandKind.AddItem));
+
+        MxCommandReply[] replies = await Task.WhenAll(first, second);
+
+        Assert.Equal(new[] { "correlation-1", "correlation-2" }, executor.CorrelationIds);
+        Assert.All(executor.ThreadIds, threadId => Assert.Equal(runtime.StaThreadId, threadId));
+        Assert.Equal("correlation-1", replies[0].CorrelationId);
+        Assert.Equal("correlation-2", replies[1].CorrelationId);
+        Assert.Equal(ProtocolStatusCode.Ok, replies[0].ProtocolStatus.Code);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task DispatchAsync_WhenExecutorThrows_ReturnsFailureReplyWithHResult()
+    {
+        using StaRuntime runtime = CreateRuntime();
+        runtime.Start();
+        StaCommandDispatcher dispatcher = new(
+            runtime,
+            new ThrowingCommandExecutor(new COMException("provider detail", unchecked((int)0x80070057))));
+
+        MxCommandReply reply = await dispatcher.DispatchAsync(CreateCommand("correlation-1", MxCommandKind.Register));
+
+        Assert.Equal("session-1", reply.SessionId);
+        Assert.Equal("correlation-1", reply.CorrelationId);
+        Assert.Equal(MxCommandKind.Register, reply.Kind);
+        Assert.Equal(ProtocolStatusCode.MxaccessFailure, reply.ProtocolStatus.Code);
+        Assert.Equal(unchecked((int)0x80070057), reply.Hresult);
+        Assert.Contains("0x80070057", reply.DiagnosticMessage);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain("provider detail", reply.DiagnosticMessage);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task DispatchAsync_WhenCanceledBeforeExecution_ReturnsCanceledReplyWithoutExecuting()
+    {
+        using StaRuntime runtime = CreateRuntime();
+        runtime.Start();
+        BlockingCommandExecutor executor = new();
+        StaCommandDispatcher dispatcher = new(runtime, executor);
+        Task<MxCommandReply> blocked = dispatcher.DispatchAsync(CreateCommand("blocked", MxCommandKind.Register));
+        Assert.True(executor.Started.Wait(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2)));
+
+        using CancellationTokenSource cancellation = new();
+        Task<MxCommandReply> canceled = dispatcher.DispatchAsync(
+            CreateCommand("canceled", MxCommandKind.AddItem, cancellation.Token));
+        cancellation.Cancel();
+
+        executor.Release();
+        MxCommandReply canceledReply = await canceled;
+        await blocked;
+
+        Assert.Equal(ProtocolStatusCode.Canceled, canceledReply.ProtocolStatus.Code);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain("canceled", executor.CorrelationIds);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task DispatchAsync_WhenCanceledAfterExecutionStarts_StillReturnsLateReply()
+    {
+        using StaRuntime runtime = CreateRuntime();
+        runtime.Start();
+        BlockingCommandExecutor executor = new();
+        StaCommandDispatcher dispatcher = new(runtime, executor);
+        using CancellationTokenSource cancellation = new();
+
+        Task<MxCommandReply> replyTask = dispatcher.DispatchAsync(
+            CreateCommand("late-reply", MxCommandKind.Register, cancellation.Token));
+
+        Assert.True(executor.Started.Wait(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2)));
+        cancellation.Cancel();
+        executor.Release();
+
+        MxCommandReply reply = await replyTask;
+
+        Assert.Equal(ProtocolStatusCode.Ok, reply.ProtocolStatus.Code);
+        Assert.Contains("late-reply", executor.CorrelationIds);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task DispatchAsync_WhenShutdownRequested_RejectsNewCommands()
+    {
+        using StaRuntime runtime = CreateRuntime();
+        runtime.Start();
+        StaCommandDispatcher dispatcher = new(runtime, new RecordingCommandExecutor());
+
+        dispatcher.RequestShutdown();
+        MxCommandReply reply = await dispatcher.DispatchAsync(CreateCommand("correlation-1", MxCommandKind.Register));
+
+        Assert.Equal(ProtocolStatusCode.WorkerUnavailable, reply.ProtocolStatus.Code);
+        Assert.Equal("correlation-1", reply.CorrelationId);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task PopulateHeartbeat_ReportsCurrentCorrelationAndPendingCount()
+    {
+        using StaRuntime runtime = CreateRuntime();
+        runtime.Start();
+        BlockingCommandExecutor executor = new();
+        StaCommandDispatcher dispatcher = new(runtime, executor);
+
+        Task<MxCommandReply> current = dispatcher.DispatchAsync(CreateCommand("current", MxCommandKind.Register));
+        Assert.True(executor.Started.Wait(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2)));
+        Task<MxCommandReply> pending = dispatcher.DispatchAsync(CreateCommand("pending", MxCommandKind.AddItem));
+
+        WorkerHeartbeat heartbeat = new();
+        dispatcher.PopulateHeartbeat(heartbeat);
+
+        Assert.Equal("current", heartbeat.CurrentCommandCorrelationId);
+        Assert.Equal(1u, heartbeat.PendingCommandCount);
+
+        executor.Release();
+        await Task.WhenAll(current, pending);
+    }
+
+    private static StaCommand CreateCommand(
+        string correlationId,
+        MxCommandKind kind,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        return new StaCommand(
+            "session-1",
+            correlationId,
+            new MxCommand
+            {
+                Kind = kind,
+                Ping = new PingCommand
+                {
+                    Message = correlationId,
+                },
+            },
+            cancellationToken: cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    private static StaRuntime CreateRuntime()
+    {
+        return new StaRuntime(
+            new NoopComApartmentInitializer(),
+            new StaMessagePump(),
+            TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(25));
+    }
+
+    private sealed class RecordingCommandExecutor : IStaCommandExecutor
+    {
+        private readonly object gate = new();
+        private readonly List<string> correlationIds = new();
+        private readonly List<int> threadIds = new();
+
+        public IReadOnlyList<string> CorrelationIds
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                lock (gate)
+                {
+                    return correlationIds.ToArray();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public IReadOnlyList<int> ThreadIds
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                lock (gate)
+                {
+                    return threadIds.ToArray();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public MxCommandReply Execute(StaCommand command)
+        {
+            lock (gate)
+            {
+                correlationIds.Add(command.CorrelationId);
+                threadIds.Add(Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
+            }
+
+            return new MxCommandReply
+            {
+                ProtocolStatus = new ProtocolStatus
+                {
+                    Code = ProtocolStatusCode.Ok,
+                    Message = "OK",
+                },
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class BlockingCommandExecutor : IStaCommandExecutor
+    {
+        private readonly ManualResetEventSlim release = new(false);
+        private readonly object gate = new();
+        private readonly List<string> correlationIds = new();
+
+        public ManualResetEventSlim Started { get; } = new(false);
+
+        public IReadOnlyList<string> CorrelationIds
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                lock (gate)
+                {
+                    return correlationIds.ToArray();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public MxCommandReply Execute(StaCommand command)
+        {
+            lock (gate)
+            {
+                correlationIds.Add(command.CorrelationId);
+            }
+
+            Started.Set();
+            release.Wait(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
+
+            return new MxCommandReply
+            {
+                ProtocolStatus = new ProtocolStatus
+                {
+                    Code = ProtocolStatusCode.Ok,
+                    Message = "OK",
+                },
+            };
+        }
+
+        public void Release()
+        {
+            release.Set();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class ThrowingCommandExecutor : IStaCommandExecutor
+    {
+        private readonly Exception exception;
+
+        public ThrowingCommandExecutor(Exception exception)
+        {
+            this.exception = exception;
+        }
+
+        public MxCommandReply Execute(StaCommand command)
+        {
+            throw exception;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class NoopComApartmentInitializer : IStaComApartmentInitializer
+    {
+        public void Initialize()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public void Uninitialize()
+        {
+        }
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker/Sta/IStaCommandExecutor.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Sta;
+
+public interface IStaCommandExecutor
+{
+    MxCommandReply Execute(StaCommand command);
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker/Sta/StaCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+using System;
+using System.Threading;
+using Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes;
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Sta;
+
+public sealed class StaCommand
+{
+    public StaCommand(
+        string sessionId,
+        string correlationId,
+        MxCommand command,
+        Timestamp? enqueueTimestamp = null,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(sessionId))
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentException("STA command requires a session id.", nameof(sessionId));
+        }
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(correlationId))
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentException("STA command requires a correlation id.", nameof(correlationId));
+        }
+
+        SessionId = sessionId;
+        CorrelationId = correlationId;
+        Command = command ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(command));
+        EnqueueTimestamp = enqueueTimestamp ?? Timestamp.FromDateTime(DateTime.UtcNow);
+        CancellationToken = cancellationToken;
+    }
+
+    public string SessionId { get; }
+
+    public string CorrelationId { get; }
+
+    public MxCommand Command { get; }
+
+    public Timestamp EnqueueTimestamp { get; }
+
+    public CancellationToken CancellationToken { get; }
+
+    public MxCommandKind Kind => Command.Kind;
+
+    public string MethodName => Kind.ToString();
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker/Sta/StaCommandDispatcher.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Conversion;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Sta;
+
+public sealed class StaCommandDispatcher
+{
+    private readonly HResultConverter hresultConverter;
+    private readonly IStaCommandExecutor commandExecutor;
+    private readonly Queue<QueuedStaCommand> commandQueue = new();
+    private readonly StaRuntime staRuntime;
+    private readonly object gate = new();
+    private bool drainActive;
+    private bool shutdownRequested;
+    private string currentCommandCorrelationId = string.Empty;
+
+    public StaCommandDispatcher(
+        StaRuntime staRuntime,
+        IStaCommandExecutor commandExecutor)
+        : this(staRuntime, commandExecutor, new HResultConverter())
+    {
+    }
+
+    public StaCommandDispatcher(
+        StaRuntime staRuntime,
+        IStaCommandExecutor commandExecutor,
+        HResultConverter hresultConverter)
+    {
+        this.staRuntime = staRuntime ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(staRuntime));
+        this.commandExecutor = commandExecutor ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(commandExecutor));
+        this.hresultConverter = hresultConverter ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(hresultConverter));
+    }
+
+    public int PendingCommandCount
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (gate)
+            {
+                return commandQueue.Count;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public string CurrentCommandCorrelationId
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (gate)
+            {
+                return currentCommandCorrelationId;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Task<MxCommandReply> DispatchAsync(StaCommand command)
+    {
+        if (command is null)
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(command));
+        }
+
+        lock (gate)
+        {
+            if (shutdownRequested)
+            {
+                return Task.FromResult(CreateRejectedReply(
+                    command,
+                    ProtocolStatusCode.WorkerUnavailable,
+                    "The STA command dispatcher is shutting down."));
+            }
+
+            QueuedStaCommand queuedCommand = new(command);
+            commandQueue.Enqueue(queuedCommand);
+
+            if (!drainActive)
+            {
+                drainActive = true;
+                _ = DrainAsync();
+            }
+
+            return queuedCommand.Task;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void RequestShutdown()
+    {
+        lock (gate)
+        {
+            shutdownRequested = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void PopulateHeartbeat(WorkerHeartbeat heartbeat)
+    {
+        if (heartbeat is null)
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(heartbeat));
+        }
+
+        lock (gate)
+        {
+            heartbeat.PendingCommandCount = (uint)commandQueue.Count;
+            heartbeat.CurrentCommandCorrelationId = currentCommandCorrelationId;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task DrainAsync()
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            QueuedStaCommand queuedCommand;
+            lock (gate)
+            {
+                if (commandQueue.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    drainActive = false;
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                queuedCommand = commandQueue.Dequeue();
+            }
+
+            await ExecuteQueuedCommandAsync(queuedCommand).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task ExecuteQueuedCommandAsync(QueuedStaCommand queuedCommand)
+    {
+        StaCommand command = queuedCommand.Command;
+        if (command.CancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            queuedCommand.Complete(CreateRejectedReply(
+                command,
+                ProtocolStatusCode.Canceled,
+                "The STA command was canceled before execution."));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        SetCurrentCommand(command.CorrelationId);
+        try
+        {
+            MxCommandReply reply = await staRuntime
+                .InvokeAsync(() => commandExecutor.Execute(command))
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+            queuedCommand.Complete(NormalizeReply(command, reply));
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception)
+        {
+            queuedCommand.Complete(CreateExceptionReply(command, exception));
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            SetCurrentCommand(string.Empty);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void SetCurrentCommand(string correlationId)
+    {
+        lock (gate)
+        {
+            currentCommandCorrelationId = correlationId;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private MxCommandReply NormalizeReply(
+        StaCommand command,
+        MxCommandReply reply)
+    {
+        if (reply is null)
+        {
+            return CreateRejectedReply(
+                command,
+                ProtocolStatusCode.ProtocolViolation,
+                "STA command executor returned null.");
+        }
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(reply.SessionId))
+        {
+            reply.SessionId = command.SessionId;
+        }
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(reply.CorrelationId))
+        {
+            reply.CorrelationId = command.CorrelationId;
+        }
+
+        if (reply.Kind == MxCommandKind.Unspecified)
+        {
+            reply.Kind = command.Kind;
+        }
+
+        if (reply.ProtocolStatus is null)
+        {
+            reply.ProtocolStatus = new ProtocolStatus
+            {
+                Code = ProtocolStatusCode.Ok,
+                Message = "OK",
+            };
+        }
+
+        return reply;
+    }
+
+    private MxCommandReply CreateExceptionReply(
+        StaCommand command,
+        Exception exception)
+    {
+        HResultConversion conversion = hresultConverter.Convert(exception);
+        MxCommandReply reply = CreateBaseReply(command);
+        reply.ProtocolStatus = conversion.ProtocolStatus;
+        reply.Hresult = conversion.HResult;
+        reply.DiagnosticMessage = conversion.DiagnosticMessage;
+
+        return reply;
+    }
+
+    private static MxCommandReply CreateRejectedReply(
+        StaCommand command,
+        ProtocolStatusCode statusCode,
+        string message)
+    {
+        MxCommandReply reply = CreateBaseReply(command);
+        reply.ProtocolStatus = new ProtocolStatus
+        {
+            Code = statusCode,
+            Message = message,
+        };
+        reply.DiagnosticMessage = message;
+
+        return reply;
+    }
+
+    private static MxCommandReply CreateBaseReply(StaCommand command)
+    {
+        return new MxCommandReply
+        {
+            SessionId = command.SessionId,
+            CorrelationId = command.CorrelationId,
+            Kind = command.Kind,
+        };
+    }
+
+    private sealed class QueuedStaCommand
+    {
+        private readonly TaskCompletionSource<MxCommandReply> completion = new(
+            TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+
+        public QueuedStaCommand(StaCommand command)
+        {
+            Command = command;
+        }
+
+        public StaCommand Command { get; }
+
+        public Task<MxCommandReply> Task => completion.Task;
+
+        public void Complete(MxCommandReply reply)
+        {
+            completion.TrySetResult(reply);
+        }
+    }
+}