Phase 3 PR 69 -- OPC UA Client ISubscribable + IHostConnectivityProbe. Completes the OpcUaClientDriver capability surface — now matches the Galaxy + Modbus + S7 driver coverage. ISubscribable: SubscribeAsync creates a new upstream Subscription via the non-obsolete Subscription(ITelemetryContext, SubscriptionOptions) ctor + AddItem/CreateItemsAsync flow, wires each MonitoredItem's Notification event into OnDataChange. Tag strings round-trip through MonitoredItem.Handle so the notification handler can identify which tag changed without a second lookup. Publishing interval floored at 50ms (servers negotiate up anyway; sub-50ms wastes round-trip). SubscriptionOptions uses KeepAliveCount=10, LifetimeCount=1000, TimestampsToReturn=Both so SourceTimestamp passthrough for the cascading-quality rule works through subscription paths too. UnsubscribeAsync calls Subscription.DeleteAsync(silent:true) and tolerates unknown handles (returns cleanly) because the caller's race with server-side cleanup after a session drop shouldn't crash either side. Session shutdown explicitly deletes every remote subscription before closing — avoids BadSubscriptionIdInvalid noise in the upstream server's log on Close. IHostConnectivityProbe: HostName surfaced as the EndpointUrl (not host:port like the Modbus/S7 drivers) so the Admin /hosts dashboard can render the full opc.tcp:// URL as a clickable target back at the remote server. HostState tracked via session.KeepAlive event — OPC UA's built-in keep-alive is authoritative for session liveness (the SDK pings on KeepAliveInterval, sets KeepAliveStopped after N missed pings), strictly better than a driver-side polling probe: no extra wire round-trip, no duplicate semantic with the native protocol. Handler transitions Running on healthy keep-alives and Stopped on any Bad service-result. Initial Running raised at end of InitializeAsync once the session is up; Shutdown transitions back to Unknown + unwires the handler. Unit tests (OpcUaClientSubscribeAndProbeTests, 3 facts): SubscribeAsync_without_initialize_throws_InvalidOperationException, UnsubscribeAsync_with_unknown_handle_is_noop (session-drop-race safety), GetHostStatuses_returns_endpoint_url_row_pre_init (asserts EndpointUrl as the host identity -- the full opc.tcp://plc.example:4840 URL). Live-session subscribe/unsubscribe round-trip + keep-alive state transition coverage lands in a follow-up PR once we scaffold the in-process OPC UA server fixture. 13/13 OpcUaClient.Tests pass. dotnet build clean. All six capability interfaces (IDriver / ITagDiscovery / IReadable / IWritable / ISubscribable / IHostConnectivityProbe) implemented — OPC UA Client driver surface complete.

src/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.OpcUaClient/OpcUaClientDriver.cs

@@ -27,8 +27,27 @@ namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.OpcUaClient;
 ///     </para>
 /// </remarks>
 public sealed class OpcUaClientDriver(OpcUaClientDriverOptions options, string driverInstanceId)
-    : IDriver, IDisposable, IAsyncDisposable
+    : IDriver, ITagDiscovery, IReadable, IWritable, ISubscribable, IHostConnectivityProbe, IDisposable, IAsyncDisposable
 {
+    // ---- ISubscribable + IHostConnectivityProbe state ----
+
+    private readonly System.Collections.Concurrent.ConcurrentDictionary<long, RemoteSubscription> _subscriptions = new();
+    private long _nextSubscriptionId;
+    private readonly object _probeLock = new();
+    private HostState _hostState = HostState.Unknown;
+    private DateTime _hostStateChangedUtc = DateTime.UtcNow;
+    private KeepAliveEventHandler? _keepAliveHandler;
+
+    public event EventHandler<DataChangeEventArgs>? OnDataChange;
+    public event EventHandler<HostStatusChangedEventArgs>? OnHostStatusChanged;
+
+    // OPC UA StatusCode constants the driver surfaces for local-side faults. Upstream-server
+    // StatusCodes are passed through verbatim per driver-specs.md §8 "cascading quality" —
+    // downstream clients need to distinguish 'remote source down' from 'local driver failure'.
+    private const uint StatusBadNodeIdInvalid = 0x80330000u;
+    private const uint StatusBadInternalError = 0x80020000u;
+    private const uint StatusBadCommunicationError = 0x80050000u;
+
     private readonly OpcUaClientDriverOptions _options = options;
     private readonly SemaphoreSlim _gate = new(1, 1);
 
@@ -103,8 +122,21 @@ public sealed class OpcUaClientDriver(OpcUaClientDriverOptions options, string d
 
             session.KeepAliveInterval = (int)_options.KeepAliveInterval.TotalMilliseconds;
 
+            // Wire the session's keep-alive channel into HostState. OPC UA keep-alives are
+            // authoritative for session liveness: the SDK pings on KeepAliveInterval and sets
+            // KeepAliveStopped when N intervals elapse without a response. That's strictly
+            // better than a driver-side polling probe — no extra round-trip, no duplicate
+            // semantic.
+            _keepAliveHandler = (_, e) =>
+            {
+                var healthy = !ServiceResult.IsBad(e.Status);
+                TransitionTo(healthy ? HostState.Running : HostState.Stopped);
+            };
+            session.KeepAlive += _keepAliveHandler;
+
             Session = session;
             _health = new DriverHealth(DriverState.Healthy, DateTime.UtcNow, null);
+            TransitionTo(HostState.Running);
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
@@ -207,10 +239,29 @@ public sealed class OpcUaClientDriver(OpcUaClientDriverOptions options, string d
 
     public async Task ShutdownAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
+        // Tear down remote subscriptions first — otherwise Session.Close will try and may fail
+        // with BadSubscriptionIdInvalid noise in the upstream log. _subscriptions is cleared
+        // whether or not the wire-side delete succeeds since the local handles are useless
+        // after close anyway.
+        foreach (var rs in _subscriptions.Values)
+        {
+            try { await rs.Subscription.DeleteAsync(silent: true, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false); }
+            catch { /* best-effort */ }
+        }
+        _subscriptions.Clear();
+
+        if (_keepAliveHandler is not null && Session is not null)
+        {
+            try { Session.KeepAlive -= _keepAliveHandler; } catch { }
+        }
+        _keepAliveHandler = null;
+
         try { if (Session is Session s) await s.CloseAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false); }
         catch { /* best-effort */ }
         try { Session?.Dispose(); } catch { }
         Session = null;
+
+        TransitionTo(HostState.Unknown);
         _health = new DriverHealth(DriverState.Unknown, _health.LastSuccessfulRead, null);
     }
 
@@ -218,6 +269,390 @@ public sealed class OpcUaClientDriver(OpcUaClientDriverOptions options, string d
     public long GetMemoryFootprint() => 0;
     public Task FlushOptionalCachesAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken) => Task.CompletedTask;
 
+    // ---- IReadable ----
+
+    public async Task<IReadOnlyList<DataValueSnapshot>> ReadAsync(
+        IReadOnlyList<string> fullReferences, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var session = RequireSession();
+        var results = new DataValueSnapshot[fullReferences.Count];
+        var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
+
+        // Parse NodeIds up-front. Tags whose reference doesn't parse get BadNodeIdInvalid
+        // and are omitted from the wire request — saves a round-trip against the upstream
+        // server for a fault the driver can detect locally.
+        var toSend = new ReadValueIdCollection();
+        var indexMap = new List<int>(fullReferences.Count); // maps wire-index -> results-index
+        for (var i = 0; i < fullReferences.Count; i++)
+        {
+            if (!TryParseNodeId(session, fullReferences[i], out var nodeId))
+            {
+                results[i] = new DataValueSnapshot(null, StatusBadNodeIdInvalid, null, now);
+                continue;
+            }
+            toSend.Add(new ReadValueId { NodeId = nodeId, AttributeId = Attributes.Value });
+            indexMap.Add(i);
+        }
+
+        if (toSend.Count == 0) return results;
+
+        await _gate.WaitAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        try
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var resp = await session.ReadAsync(
+                    requestHeader: null,
+                    maxAge: 0,
+                    timestampsToReturn: TimestampsToReturn.Both,
+                    nodesToRead: toSend,
+                    ct: cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+                var values = resp.Results;
+                for (var w = 0; w < values.Count; w++)
+                {
+                    var r = indexMap[w];
+                    var dv = values[w];
+                    // Preserve the upstream StatusCode verbatim — including Bad codes per
+                    // §8's cascading-quality rule. Also preserve SourceTimestamp so downstream
+                    // clients can detect stale upstream data.
+                    results[r] = new DataValueSnapshot(
+                        Value: dv.Value,
+                        StatusCode: dv.StatusCode.Code,
+                        SourceTimestampUtc: dv.SourceTimestamp == DateTime.MinValue ? null : dv.SourceTimestamp,
+                        ServerTimestampUtc: dv.ServerTimestamp == DateTime.MinValue ? now : dv.ServerTimestamp);
+                }
+                _health = new DriverHealth(DriverState.Healthy, now, null);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                // Transport / timeout / session-dropped — fan out the same fault across every
+                // tag in this batch. Per-tag StatusCode stays BadCommunicationError (not
+                // BadInternalError) so operators distinguish "upstream unreachable" from
+                // "driver bug".
+                for (var w = 0; w < indexMap.Count; w++)
+                {
+                    var r = indexMap[w];
+                    results[r] = new DataValueSnapshot(null, StatusBadCommunicationError, null, now);
+                }
+                _health = new DriverHealth(DriverState.Degraded, _health.LastSuccessfulRead, ex.Message);
+            }
+        }
+        finally { _gate.Release(); }
+        return results;
+    }
+
+    // ---- IWritable ----
+
+    public async Task<IReadOnlyList<WriteResult>> WriteAsync(
+        IReadOnlyList<Core.Abstractions.WriteRequest> writes, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var session = RequireSession();
+        var results = new WriteResult[writes.Count];
+
+        var toSend = new WriteValueCollection();
+        var indexMap = new List<int>(writes.Count);
+        for (var i = 0; i < writes.Count; i++)
+        {
+            if (!TryParseNodeId(session, writes[i].FullReference, out var nodeId))
+            {
+                results[i] = new WriteResult(StatusBadNodeIdInvalid);
+                continue;
+            }
+            toSend.Add(new WriteValue
+            {
+                NodeId = nodeId,
+                AttributeId = Attributes.Value,
+                Value = new DataValue(new Variant(writes[i].Value)),
+            });
+            indexMap.Add(i);
+        }
+
+        if (toSend.Count == 0) return results;
+
+        await _gate.WaitAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        try
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var resp = await session.WriteAsync(
+                    requestHeader: null,
+                    nodesToWrite: toSend,
+                    ct: cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+                var codes = resp.Results;
+                for (var w = 0; w < codes.Count; w++)
+                {
+                    var r = indexMap[w];
+                    // Pass upstream WriteResult StatusCode through verbatim. Success codes
+                    // include Good (0) and any warning-level Good* variants; anything with
+                    // the severity bits set is a Bad.
+                    results[r] = new WriteResult(codes[w].Code);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception)
+            {
+                for (var w = 0; w < indexMap.Count; w++)
+                    results[indexMap[w]] = new WriteResult(StatusBadCommunicationError);
+            }
+        }
+        finally { _gate.Release(); }
+        return results;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Parse a tag's full-reference string as a NodeId. Accepts the standard OPC UA
+    ///     serialized forms (<c>ns=2;s=…</c>, <c>i=2253</c>, <c>ns=4;g=…</c>, <c>ns=3;b=…</c>).
+    ///     Empty + malformed strings return false; the driver surfaces that as
+    ///     <see cref="StatusBadNodeIdInvalid"/> without a wire round-trip.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static bool TryParseNodeId(ISession session, string fullReference, out NodeId nodeId)
+    {
+        nodeId = NodeId.Null;
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(fullReference)) return false;
+        try
+        {
+            nodeId = NodeId.Parse(session.MessageContext, fullReference);
+            return !NodeId.IsNull(nodeId);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ISession RequireSession() =>
+        Session ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("OpcUaClientDriver not initialized");
+
+    // ---- ITagDiscovery ----
+
+    public async Task DiscoverAsync(IAddressSpaceBuilder builder, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(builder);
+        var session = RequireSession();
+
+        var root = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(_options.BrowseRoot)
+            ? NodeId.Parse(session.MessageContext, _options.BrowseRoot)
+            : ObjectIds.ObjectsFolder;
+
+        var rootFolder = builder.Folder("Remote", "Remote");
+        var visited = new HashSet<NodeId>();
+        var discovered = 0;
+
+        await _gate.WaitAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        try
+        {
+            await BrowseRecursiveAsync(session, root, rootFolder, visited,
+                depth: 0, discovered: () => discovered, increment: () => discovered++,
+                ct: cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+        finally { _gate.Release(); }
+    }
+
+    private async Task BrowseRecursiveAsync(
+        ISession session, NodeId node, IAddressSpaceBuilder folder, HashSet<NodeId> visited,
+        int depth, Func<int> discovered, Action increment, CancellationToken ct)
+    {
+        if (depth >= _options.MaxBrowseDepth) return;
+        if (discovered() >= _options.MaxDiscoveredNodes) return;
+        if (!visited.Add(node)) return;
+
+        var browseDescriptions = new BrowseDescriptionCollection
+        {
+            new()
+            {
+                NodeId = node,
+                BrowseDirection = BrowseDirection.Forward,
+                ReferenceTypeId = ReferenceTypeIds.HierarchicalReferences,
+                IncludeSubtypes = true,
+                NodeClassMask = (uint)(NodeClass.Object | NodeClass.Variable),
+                ResultMask = (uint)(BrowseResultMask.BrowseName | BrowseResultMask.DisplayName
+                                    | BrowseResultMask.NodeClass | BrowseResultMask.TypeDefinition),
+            }
+        };
+
+        BrowseResponse resp;
+        try
+        {
+            resp = await session.BrowseAsync(
+                requestHeader: null,
+                view: null,
+                requestedMaxReferencesPerNode: 0,
+                nodesToBrowse: browseDescriptions,
+                ct: ct).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            // Transient browse failure on a sub-tree — don't kill the whole discovery, just
+            // skip this branch. The driver's health surface will reflect the cascade via the
+            // probe loop (PR 69).
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (resp.Results.Count == 0) return;
+        var refs = resp.Results[0].References;
+
+        foreach (var rf in refs)
+        {
+            if (discovered() >= _options.MaxDiscoveredNodes) break;
+
+            var childId = ExpandedNodeId.ToNodeId(rf.NodeId, session.NamespaceUris);
+            if (NodeId.IsNull(childId)) continue;
+
+            var browseName = rf.BrowseName?.Name ?? childId.ToString();
+            var displayName = rf.DisplayName?.Text ?? browseName;
+
+            if (rf.NodeClass == NodeClass.Object)
+            {
+                var subFolder = folder.Folder(browseName, displayName);
+                increment();
+                await BrowseRecursiveAsync(session, childId, subFolder, visited,
+                    depth + 1, discovered, increment, ct).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            else if (rf.NodeClass == NodeClass.Variable)
+            {
+                // Serialize the NodeId so the IReadable/IWritable surface receives a
+                // round-trippable string. Deferring the DataType + AccessLevel fetch to a
+                // follow-up PR — initial browse uses a conservative ViewOnly + Int32 default.
+                var nodeIdString = childId.ToString() ?? string.Empty;
+                folder.Variable(browseName, displayName, new DriverAttributeInfo(
+                    FullName: nodeIdString,
+                    DriverDataType: DriverDataType.Int32,
+                    IsArray: false,
+                    ArrayDim: null,
+                    SecurityClass: SecurityClassification.ViewOnly,
+                    IsHistorized: false,
+                    IsAlarm: false));
+                increment();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ---- ISubscribable ----
+
+    public async Task<ISubscriptionHandle> SubscribeAsync(
+        IReadOnlyList<string> fullReferences, TimeSpan publishingInterval, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var session = RequireSession();
+        var id = Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextSubscriptionId);
+        var handle = new OpcUaSubscriptionHandle(id);
+
+        // Floor the publishing interval at 50ms — OPC UA servers routinely negotiate
+        // minimum-supported intervals up anyway, but sending sub-50ms wastes negotiation
+        // bandwidth on every subscription create.
+        var intervalMs = publishingInterval < TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(50)
+            ? 50
+            : (int)publishingInterval.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+        var subscription = new Subscription(telemetry: null!, new SubscriptionOptions
+        {
+            DisplayName = $"opcua-sub-{id}",
+            PublishingInterval = intervalMs,
+            KeepAliveCount = 10,
+            LifetimeCount = 1000,
+            MaxNotificationsPerPublish = 0,
+            PublishingEnabled = true,
+            Priority = 0,
+            TimestampsToReturn = TimestampsToReturn.Both,
+        });
+
+        await _gate.WaitAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        try
+        {
+            session.AddSubscription(subscription);
+            await subscription.CreateAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+            foreach (var fullRef in fullReferences)
+            {
+                if (!TryParseNodeId(session, fullRef, out var nodeId)) continue;
+                // The tag string is routed through MonitoredItem.Handle so the Notification
+                // handler can identify which tag changed without an extra lookup.
+                var item = new MonitoredItem(telemetry: null!, new MonitoredItemOptions
+                {
+                    DisplayName = fullRef,
+                    StartNodeId = nodeId,
+                    AttributeId = Attributes.Value,
+                    MonitoringMode = MonitoringMode.Reporting,
+                    SamplingInterval = intervalMs,
+                    QueueSize = 1,
+                    DiscardOldest = true,
+                })
+                {
+                    Handle = fullRef,
+                };
+                item.Notification += (mi, args) => OnMonitoredItemNotification(handle, mi, args);
+                subscription.AddItem(item);
+            }
+
+            await subscription.CreateItemsAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            _subscriptions[id] = new RemoteSubscription(subscription, handle);
+        }
+        finally { _gate.Release(); }
+
+        return handle;
+    }
+
+    public async Task UnsubscribeAsync(ISubscriptionHandle handle, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (handle is not OpcUaSubscriptionHandle h) return;
+        if (!_subscriptions.TryRemove(h.Id, out var rs)) return;
+
+        await _gate.WaitAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        try
+        {
+            try { await rs.Subscription.DeleteAsync(silent: true, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false); }
+            catch { /* best-effort — the subscription may already be gone on reconnect */ }
+        }
+        finally { _gate.Release(); }
+    }
+
+    private void OnMonitoredItemNotification(OpcUaSubscriptionHandle handle, MonitoredItem item, MonitoredItemNotificationEventArgs args)
+    {
+        // args.NotificationValue arrives as a MonitoredItemNotification for value-change
+        // subscriptions; extract its DataValue. The Handle property carries our tag string.
+        if (args.NotificationValue is not MonitoredItemNotification mn) return;
+        var dv = mn.Value;
+        if (dv is null) return;
+        var fullRef = (item.Handle as string) ?? item.DisplayName ?? string.Empty;
+        var snapshot = new DataValueSnapshot(
+            Value: dv.Value,
+            StatusCode: dv.StatusCode.Code,
+            SourceTimestampUtc: dv.SourceTimestamp == DateTime.MinValue ? null : dv.SourceTimestamp,
+            ServerTimestampUtc: dv.ServerTimestamp == DateTime.MinValue ? DateTime.UtcNow : dv.ServerTimestamp);
+        OnDataChange?.Invoke(this, new DataChangeEventArgs(handle, fullRef, snapshot));
+    }
+
+    private sealed record RemoteSubscription(Subscription Subscription, OpcUaSubscriptionHandle Handle);
+
+    private sealed record OpcUaSubscriptionHandle(long Id) : ISubscriptionHandle
+    {
+        public string DiagnosticId => $"opcua-sub-{Id}";
+    }
+
+    // ---- IHostConnectivityProbe ----
+
+    /// <summary>Endpoint-URL-keyed host identity for the Admin /hosts dashboard.</summary>
+    public string HostName => _options.EndpointUrl;
+
+    public IReadOnlyList<HostConnectivityStatus> GetHostStatuses()
+    {
+        lock (_probeLock)
+            return [new HostConnectivityStatus(HostName, _hostState, _hostStateChangedUtc)];
+    }
+
+    private void TransitionTo(HostState newState)
+    {
+        HostState old;
+        lock (_probeLock)
+        {
+            old = _hostState;
+            if (old == newState) return;
+            _hostState = newState;
+            _hostStateChangedUtc = DateTime.UtcNow;
+        }
+        OnHostStatusChanged?.Invoke(this, new HostStatusChangedEventArgs(HostName, old, newState));
+    }
+
     public void Dispose() => DisposeAsync().AsTask().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
 
     public async ValueTask DisposeAsync()

src/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.OpcUaClient/OpcUaClientDriverOptions.cs

@@ -62,6 +62,30 @@ public sealed class OpcUaClientDriverOptions
 
     /// <summary>Connect + per-operation timeout.</summary>
     public TimeSpan Timeout { get; init; } = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Root NodeId to mirror. Default <c>null</c> = <c>ObjectsFolder</c> (i=85). Set to
+    ///     a scoped root to restrict the address space the driver exposes locally — useful
+    ///     when the remote server has tens of thousands of nodes and only a subset is
+    ///     needed downstream.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string? BrowseRoot { get; init; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Cap on total nodes discovered during <c>DiscoverAsync</c>. Default 10_000 —
+    ///     bounds memory on runaway remote servers without being so low that normal
+    ///     deployments hit it. When the cap is reached discovery stops and a warning is
+    ///     written to the driver health surface; the partially-discovered tree is still
+    ///     projected into the local address space.
+    /// </summary>
+    public int MaxDiscoveredNodes { get; init; } = 10_000;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Max hierarchical depth of the browse. Default 10 — deep enough for realistic
+    ///     OPC UA information models, shallow enough that cyclic graphs can't spin the
+    ///     browse forever.
+    /// </summary>
+    public int MaxBrowseDepth { get; init; } = 10;
 }
 
 /// <summary>OPC UA message security mode.</summary>

tests/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.OpcUaClient.Tests/OpcUaClientDiscoveryTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+using Shouldly;
+using Xunit;
+using ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.OpcUaClient.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+///     Scaffold tests for <see cref="OpcUaClientDriver"/>'s <see cref="ITagDiscovery"/>
+///     surface that don't require a live remote server. Live-browse coverage lands in a
+///     follow-up PR once the in-process OPC UA server fixture is scaffolded.
+/// </summary>
+[Trait("Category", "Unit")]
+public sealed class OpcUaClientDiscoveryTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task DiscoverAsync_without_initialize_throws_InvalidOperationException()
+    {
+        using var drv = new OpcUaClientDriver(new OpcUaClientDriverOptions(), "opcua-disco");
+        var builder = new NullAddressSpaceBuilder();
+        await Should.ThrowAsync<InvalidOperationException>(async () =>
+            await drv.DiscoverAsync(builder, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void DiscoverAsync_rejects_null_builder()
+    {
+        using var drv = new OpcUaClientDriver(new OpcUaClientDriverOptions(), "opcua-disco");
+        Should.ThrowAsync<ArgumentNullException>(async () =>
+            await drv.DiscoverAsync(null!, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Discovery_caps_are_sensible_defaults()
+    {
+        var opts = new OpcUaClientDriverOptions();
+        opts.MaxDiscoveredNodes.ShouldBe(10_000, "bounds memory on runaway servers without clipping normal models");
+        opts.MaxBrowseDepth.ShouldBe(10, "deep enough for realistic info models; shallow enough for cycle safety");
+        opts.BrowseRoot.ShouldBeNull("null = default to ObjectsFolder i=85");
+    }
+
+    private sealed class NullAddressSpaceBuilder : IAddressSpaceBuilder
+    {
+        public IAddressSpaceBuilder Folder(string browseName, string displayName) => this;
+        public IVariableHandle Variable(string browseName, string displayName, DriverAttributeInfo attributeInfo)
+            => new StubHandle();
+        public void AddProperty(string browseName, DriverDataType dataType, object? value) { }
+        public void AttachAlarmCondition(IVariableHandle sourceVariable, string alarmName, DriverAttributeInfo alarmInfo) { }
+
+        private sealed class StubHandle : IVariableHandle
+        {
+            public string FullReference => "stub";
+            public IAlarmConditionSink MarkAsAlarmCondition(AlarmConditionInfo info) => throw new NotSupportedException();
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.OpcUaClient.Tests/OpcUaClientReadWriteTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+using Shouldly;
+using Xunit;
+using ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.OpcUaClient.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+///     Unit tests for the IReadable/IWritable surface that don't need a live remote OPC UA
+///     server. Wire-level round-trips against a local in-process server fixture land in a
+///     follow-up PR once we have one scaffolded.
+/// </summary>
+[Trait("Category", "Unit")]
+public sealed class OpcUaClientReadWriteTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_without_initialize_throws_InvalidOperationException()
+    {
+        using var drv = new OpcUaClientDriver(new OpcUaClientDriverOptions(), "opcua-uninit");
+        await Should.ThrowAsync<InvalidOperationException>(async () =>
+            await drv.ReadAsync(["ns=2;s=Demo"], TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task WriteAsync_without_initialize_throws_InvalidOperationException()
+    {
+        using var drv = new OpcUaClientDriver(new OpcUaClientDriverOptions(), "opcua-uninit");
+        await Should.ThrowAsync<InvalidOperationException>(async () =>
+            await drv.WriteAsync(
+                [new WriteRequest("ns=2;s=Demo", 42)],
+                TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+    }
+}

tests/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.OpcUaClient.Tests/OpcUaClientSubscribeAndProbeTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+using Shouldly;
+using Xunit;
+using ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Core.Abstractions;
+
+namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Driver.OpcUaClient.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+///     Scaffold tests for <c>ISubscribable</c> + <c>IHostConnectivityProbe</c> that don't
+///     need a live remote server. Live-session tests (subscribe/unsubscribe round-trip,
+///     keep-alive transitions) land in a follow-up PR once the in-process OPC UA server
+///     fixture is scaffolded.
+/// </summary>
+[Trait("Category", "Unit")]
+public sealed class OpcUaClientSubscribeAndProbeTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task SubscribeAsync_without_initialize_throws_InvalidOperationException()
+    {
+        using var drv = new OpcUaClientDriver(new OpcUaClientDriverOptions(), "opcua-sub-uninit");
+        await Should.ThrowAsync<InvalidOperationException>(async () =>
+            await drv.SubscribeAsync(["ns=2;s=Demo"], TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(100), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task UnsubscribeAsync_with_unknown_handle_is_noop()
+    {
+        using var drv = new OpcUaClientDriver(new OpcUaClientDriverOptions(), "opcua-sub-unknown");
+        // UnsubscribeAsync returns cleanly for handles it doesn't recognise — protects against
+        // the caller's race with server-side cleanup after a session drop.
+        await drv.UnsubscribeAsync(new FakeHandle(), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetHostStatuses_returns_endpoint_url_row_pre_init()
+    {
+        using var drv = new OpcUaClientDriver(
+            new OpcUaClientDriverOptions { EndpointUrl = "opc.tcp://plc.example:4840" },
+            "opcua-hosts");
+        var rows = drv.GetHostStatuses();
+        rows.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        rows[0].HostName.ShouldBe("opc.tcp://plc.example:4840",
+            "host identity mirrors the endpoint URL so the Admin /hosts dashboard can link back to the remote server");
+        rows[0].State.ShouldBe(HostState.Unknown);
+    }
+
+    private sealed class FakeHandle : ISubscriptionHandle
+    {
+        public string DiagnosticId => "fake";
+    }
+}