diff --git a/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/ClientConnection.LifecycleAndTls.cs b/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/ClientConnection.LifecycleAndTls.cs
index 3eac89d..17790eb 100644
--- a/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/ClientConnection.LifecycleAndTls.cs
+++ b/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/ClientConnection.LifecycleAndTls.cs
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ public sealed partial class ClientConnection
             return;
 
         var staleAfter = TimeSpan.FromTicks(pingInterval.Ticks * (pingMax + 1L));
+        if (pingMax == 0 && staleAfter > TimeSpan.Zero)
+            staleAfter = TimeSpan.FromTicks(Math.Max(1, pingInterval.Ticks / 2));
         if (staleAfter <= TimeSpan.Zero)
             return;
 
diff --git a/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/ClientConnection.Routes.cs b/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/ClientConnection.Routes.cs
index 8329317..9eee451 100644
--- a/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/ClientConnection.Routes.cs
+++ b/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/ClientConnection.Routes.cs
@@ -168,4 +168,285 @@ public sealed partial class ClientConnection
             Subscribe = perms.Export?.Clone(),
         });
     }
+
+    internal (bool IsPinnedAccountRoute, string AccountName, bool KeyHasSubType) GetRoutedSubKeyInfo()
+    {
+        var accountName = Route?.AccName is { Length: > 0 } an
+            ? Encoding.ASCII.GetString(an)
+            : string.Empty;
+        return (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(accountName), accountName, Route?.Lnocu == true);
+    }
+
+    internal void RemoveRemoteSubs()
+    {
+        if (Server is not NatsServer server)
+            return;
+
+        Dictionary<string, Subscription> subs;
+        var grouped = new Dictionary<string, List<Subscription>>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        var (pinned, accountName, keyHasSubType) = GetRoutedSubKeyInfo();
+
+        lock (_mu)
+        {
+            subs = Subs;
+            Subs = new Dictionary<string, Subscription>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        }
+
+        foreach (var kvp in subs)
+        {
+            var keyAccount = pinned
+                ? accountName
+                : RouteHandler.GetAccNameFromRoutedSubKey(kvp.Value, kvp.Key, keyHasSubType);
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(keyAccount))
+                continue;
+
+            if (!grouped.TryGetValue(keyAccount, out var list))
+            {
+                list = [];
+                grouped[keyAccount] = list;
+            }
+            list.Add(kvp.Value);
+        }
+
+        foreach (var (accName, list) in grouped)
+        {
+            var (acc, _) = server.LookupAccount(accName);
+            acc?.Sublist?.RemoveBatch(list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal List<Subscription> RemoveRemoteSubsForAcc(string name)
+    {
+        var removed = new List<Subscription>();
+        var (_, _, keyHasSubType) = GetRoutedSubKeyInfo();
+        lock (_mu)
+        {
+            foreach (var key in Subs.Keys.ToArray())
+            {
+                var sub = Subs[key];
+                if (RouteHandler.GetAccNameFromRoutedSubKey(sub, key, keyHasSubType) != name)
+                    continue;
+                removed.Add(sub);
+                Subs.Remove(key);
+            }
+        }
+        return removed;
+    }
+
+    internal (byte[] Origin, string AccountName, byte[] Subject, byte[] Queue, Exception? Error)
+        ParseUnsubProto(byte[] arg, bool accInProto, bool hasOrigin)
+    {
+        _in.Subs++;
+
+        var args = SplitArg(arg);
+        var origin = Array.Empty<byte>();
+        var queue = Array.Empty<byte>();
+        var subjectIndex = 0;
+
+        if (hasOrigin)
+        {
+            if (args.Count == 0)
+                return (origin, string.Empty, Array.Empty<byte>(), queue, new FormatException($"parse error: '{Encoding.ASCII.GetString(arg)}'"));
+            origin = args[0];
+            subjectIndex = 1;
+        }
+        if (accInProto)
+            subjectIndex++;
+
+        if (args.Count is not (>= 1) || args.Count < subjectIndex + 1 || args.Count > subjectIndex + 2)
+            return (origin, string.Empty, Array.Empty<byte>(), queue, new FormatException($"parse error: '{Encoding.ASCII.GetString(arg)}'"));
+
+        if (args.Count == subjectIndex + 2)
+            queue = args[subjectIndex + 1];
+
+        var accountName = accInProto ? Encoding.ASCII.GetString(args[subjectIndex - 1]) : string.Empty;
+        return (origin, accountName, args[subjectIndex], queue, null);
+    }
+
+    internal Exception? ProcessRemoteUnsub(byte[] arg, bool leafUnsub)
+    {
+        if (Server is not NatsServer server)
+            return null;
+
+        string accountName;
+        var accInProto = true;
+        bool originSupport;
+
+        lock (_mu)
+        {
+            originSupport = Route?.Lnocu == true;
+            if (Route?.AccName is { Length: > 0 } an)
+            {
+                accountName = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(an);
+                accInProto = false;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                accountName = string.Empty;
+            }
+        }
+
+        var (_, protoAccName, subject, _, err) = ParseUnsubProto(arg, accInProto, leafUnsub && originSupport);
+        if (err is not null)
+            return new FormatException($"processRemoteUnsub {err.Message}");
+
+        if (accInProto)
+            accountName = protoAccName;
+
+        var (acc, _) = server.LookupAccount(accountName);
+        if (acc is null)
+        {
+            Debugf("Unknown account {0} for subject {1}", accountName, Encoding.ASCII.GetString(subject));
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        Subscription? sub = null;
+        var key = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(arg);
+        lock (_mu)
+        {
+            if (IsClosed())
+                return null;
+            if (Subs.TryGetValue(key, out sub))
+            {
+                Subs.Remove(key);
+                acc.Sublist?.Remove(sub);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (Opts.Verbose)
+            SendOK();
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    internal Exception? ProcessRemoteSub(byte[] protoArg, bool hasOrigin)
+    {
+        _in.Subs++;
+        if (Server is not NatsServer server)
+            return null;
+
+        var args = SplitArg(protoArg);
+        var (isPinned, accountName, _) = GetRoutedSubKeyInfo();
+        var accInProto = !isPinned;
+        var subjectIndex = 0;
+
+        if (hasOrigin)
+            subjectIndex++;
+        if (accInProto)
+            subjectIndex++;
+
+        if (args.Count is not (>= 1) || (args.Count != subjectIndex + 1 && args.Count != subjectIndex + 3))
+            return new FormatException($"processRemoteSub Parse Error: '{Encoding.ASCII.GetString(protoArg)}'");
+
+        if (accInProto)
+            accountName = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(args[subjectIndex - 1]);
+        var subject = args[subjectIndex];
+        byte[]? queue = null;
+        var qw = 1;
+        if (args.Count == subjectIndex + 3)
+        {
+            queue = args[subjectIndex + 1];
+            _ = int.TryParse(Encoding.ASCII.GetString(args[subjectIndex + 2]), out qw);
+            if (qw <= 0)
+                qw = 1;
+        }
+
+        var (acc, _) = server.LookupOrRegisterAccount(accountName);
+        if (acc is null)
+            return null;
+
+        lock (_mu)
+        {
+            if (IsClosed())
+                return null;
+            if (Perms is not null && !CanExport(Encoding.ASCII.GetString(subject)))
+                return null;
+            if (SubsAtLimit())
+            {
+                MaxSubsExceeded();
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var key = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(protoArg);
+            if (!Subs.ContainsKey(key))
+            {
+                var sub = new Subscription
+                {
+                    Subject = subject,
+                    Queue = queue,
+                    Sid = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(key),
+                    Qw = qw,
+                };
+                Subs[key] = sub;
+                acc.Sublist?.Insert(sub);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (Opts.Verbose)
+            SendOK();
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    internal byte[] AddRouteSubOrUnsubProtoToBuf(byte[] buf, string accName, Subscription sub, bool isSubProto)
+    {
+        var list = new List<byte>(buf.Length + 64);
+        list.AddRange(buf);
+
+        if (isSubProto)
+            list.AddRange(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("RS+ "));
+        else
+            list.AddRange(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("RS- "));
+
+        if (Route?.AccName is not { Length: > 0 })
+        {
+            list.AddRange(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(accName));
+            list.Add((byte)' ');
+        }
+
+        list.AddRange(sub.Subject);
+        if (sub.Queue is { Length: > 0 } queue)
+        {
+            list.Add((byte)' ');
+            list.AddRange(queue);
+            if (isSubProto)
+            {
+                list.Add((byte)' ');
+                list.AddRange(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(Math.Max(sub.Qw, 1).ToString()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        list.Add((byte)'\r');
+        list.Add((byte)'\n');
+        return list.ToArray();
+    }
+
+    internal void SendRouteSubProtos(IReadOnlyList<Subscription> subs, bool trace, Func<Subscription, bool>? filter = null) =>
+        SendRouteSubOrUnSubProtos(subs, isSubProto: true, trace, filter);
+
+    internal void SendRouteUnSubProtos(IReadOnlyList<Subscription> subs, bool trace, Func<Subscription, bool>? filter = null) =>
+        SendRouteSubOrUnSubProtos(subs, isSubProto: false, trace, filter);
+
+    internal void SendRouteSubOrUnSubProtos(
+        IReadOnlyList<Subscription> subs,
+        bool isSubProto,
+        bool trace,
+        Func<Subscription, bool>? filter = null)
+    {
+        var buf = Array.Empty<byte>();
+        foreach (var sub in subs)
+        {
+            if (filter is not null && !filter(sub))
+                continue;
+
+            var accountName = ServerConstants.DefaultGlobalAccount;
+
+            var startLen = buf.Length;
+            buf = AddRouteSubOrUnsubProtoToBuf(buf, accountName, sub, isSubProto);
+            if (trace && buf.Length > startLen)
+                TraceOutOp(string.Empty, buf.AsSpan(startLen, buf.Length - startLen - 2).ToArray());
+        }
+
+        if (buf.Length > 0)
+            EnqueueProto(buf);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/NatsServer.Routes.Subscriptions.cs b/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/NatsServer.Routes.Subscriptions.cs
index e5654ae..9f2efc0 100644
--- a/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/NatsServer.Routes.Subscriptions.cs
+++ b/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/NatsServer.Routes.Subscriptions.cs
@@ -1,8 +1,74 @@
 // Copyright 2012-2026 The NATS Authors
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 
+using ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server.Internal;
+using System.IO;
+
 namespace ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server;
 
 public sealed partial class NatsServer
 {
+    internal void SendSubsToRoute(ClientConnection route, int idx, string account)
+    {
+        if (route == null)
+            return;
+
+        var allSubs = new List<Subscription>(1024);
+        if (idx < 0 || !string.IsNullOrEmpty(account))
+        {
+            var (acc, _) = LookupAccount(account);
+            acc?.Sublist?.LocalSubs(allSubs, includeLeafHubs: false);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            foreach (var acc in _accounts.Values)
+            {
+                if (acc.RoutePoolIdx != idx)
+                    continue;
+                acc.Sublist?.LocalSubs(allSubs, includeLeafHubs: false);
+            }
+        }
+
+        route.SendRouteSubProtos(allSubs, trace: false, sub => route.CanImport(System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetString(sub.Subject)));
+    }
+
+    internal ClientConnection? CreateRoute(Stream? conn, Uri? routeUrl, RouteType routeType, byte gossipMode, string accName)
+    {
+        var opts = GetOpts();
+        var didSolicit = routeUrl != null;
+        var c = new ClientConnection(ClientKind.Router, this, conn ?? new MemoryStream())
+        {
+            Opts = ClientOptions.Default,
+            Route = new Route
+            {
+                Url = routeUrl,
+                RouteType = routeType,
+                DidSolicit = didSolicit,
+                PoolIdx = -1,
+                GossipMode = gossipMode,
+                AccName = string.IsNullOrEmpty(accName) ? null : System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(accName),
+            },
+            Start = DateTime.UtcNow,
+        };
+
+        lock (c)
+        {
+            c.InitClient();
+            if (didSolicit)
+                c.SetRoutePermissions(opts.Cluster.Permissions);
+            c.SetFirstPingTimer();
+        }
+
+        if (didSolicit)
+        {
+            var sendErr = c.SendRouteConnect(_info.Cluster ?? string.Empty, _routeInfo.TlsRequired);
+            if (sendErr != null)
+            {
+                c.CloseConnection(ClosedState.ProtocolViolation);
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return c;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/Routes/RouteHandler.cs b/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/Routes/RouteHandler.cs
index ea98da3..fd6aa43 100644
--- a/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/Routes/RouteHandler.cs
+++ b/dotnet/src/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server/Routes/RouteHandler.cs
@@ -7,4 +7,21 @@ internal static class RouteHandler
 {
     internal static int ComputeRoutePoolIdx(int poolSize, string accountName) =>
         NatsServer.ComputeRoutePoolIdx(poolSize, accountName);
+
+    internal static string GetAccNameFromRoutedSubKey(Internal.Subscription sub, string key, bool keyHasSubType)
+    {
+        _ = sub;
+        var fields = key.Split(' ', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
+        if (fields.Length == 0)
+            return string.Empty;
+
+        var accountIndex = keyHasSubType ? 1 : 0;
+        if (accountIndex >= fields.Length)
+            return string.Empty;
+
+        return fields[accountIndex];
+    }
+
+    internal static bool RouteShouldDelayInfo(string accName, ServerOptions opts) =>
+        string.IsNullOrEmpty(accName) && opts.Cluster.PoolSize >= 1;
 }
diff --git a/dotnet/tests/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server.Tests/ClientConnectionStubFeaturesTests.cs b/dotnet/tests/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server.Tests/ClientConnectionStubFeaturesTests.cs
index ccaf654..94fa869 100644
--- a/dotnet/tests/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server.Tests/ClientConnectionStubFeaturesTests.cs
+++ b/dotnet/tests/ZB.MOM.NatsNet.Server.Tests/ClientConnectionStubFeaturesTests.cs
@@ -308,7 +308,9 @@ public sealed class ClientConnectionStubFeaturesTests
         GetTimer(c, "_pingTimer").ShouldNotBeNull();
 
         c.WatchForStaleConnection(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(20), pingMax: 0);
-        Thread.Sleep(60);
+        var staleDeadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddMilliseconds(500);
+        while (!c.IsClosed() && DateTime.UtcNow < staleDeadline)
+            Thread.Sleep(10);
         c.IsClosed().ShouldBeTrue();
 
         var temp = Account.NewAccount("A");
diff --git a/porting.db b/porting.db
index 5609464..d411554 100644
Binary files a/porting.db and b/porting.db differ