diff --git a/src/NATS.Server/Subscriptions/SubjectMatch.cs b/src/NATS.Server/Subscriptions/SubjectMatch.cs
index 9bb8153..55310f2 100644
--- a/src/NATS.Server/Subscriptions/SubjectMatch.cs
+++ b/src/NATS.Server/Subscriptions/SubjectMatch.cs
@@ -113,4 +113,112 @@ public static class SubjectMatch
 
         return li >= literal.Length; // both exhausted
     }
+
+    /// <summary>Count dot-delimited tokens. Empty string returns 0.</summary>
+    public static int NumTokens(string subject)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(subject))
+            return 0;
+        int count = 1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < subject.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (subject[i] == Sep)
+                count++;
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Return the 0-based nth token as a span. Returns empty if out of range.</summary>
+    public static ReadOnlySpan<char> TokenAt(string subject, int index)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(subject))
+            return default;
+
+        var span = subject.AsSpan();
+        int current = 0;
+        int start = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < span.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (span[i] == Sep)
+            {
+                if (current == index)
+                    return span[start..i];
+                start = i + 1;
+                current++;
+            }
+        }
+        if (current == index)
+            return span[start..];
+        return default;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Determines if two subject patterns (possibly containing wildcards) can both
+    /// match the same literal subject. Reference: Go sublist.go SubjectsCollide.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool SubjectsCollide(string subj1, string subj2)
+    {
+        if (subj1 == subj2)
+            return true;
+
+        bool lit1 = IsLiteral(subj1);
+        bool lit2 = IsLiteral(subj2);
+
+        if (lit1 && lit2)
+            return false;
+
+        if (lit1 && !lit2)
+            return MatchLiteral(subj1, subj2);
+        if (lit2 && !lit1)
+            return MatchLiteral(subj2, subj1);
+
+        // Both have wildcards
+        int n1 = NumTokens(subj1);
+        int n2 = NumTokens(subj2);
+        bool hasFwc1 = subj1.Contains('>');
+        bool hasFwc2 = subj2.Contains('>');
+
+        if (!hasFwc1 && !hasFwc2 && n1 != n2)
+            return false;
+        if (n1 < n2 && !hasFwc1)
+            return false;
+        if (n2 < n1 && !hasFwc2)
+            return false;
+
+        int stop = Math.Min(n1, n2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < stop; i++)
+        {
+            var t1 = TokenAt(subj1, i);
+            var t2 = TokenAt(subj2, i);
+            if (!TokensCanMatch(t1, t2))
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TokensCanMatch(ReadOnlySpan<char> t1, ReadOnlySpan<char> t2)
+    {
+        if (t1.Length == 1 && (t1[0] == Pwc || t1[0] == Fwc))
+            return true;
+        if (t2.Length == 1 && (t2[0] == Pwc || t2[0] == Fwc))
+            return true;
+        return t1.SequenceEqual(t2);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Validates subject. When checkRunes is true, also rejects null bytes.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool IsValidSubject(string subject, bool checkRunes)
+    {
+        if (!IsValidSubject(subject))
+            return false;
+        if (!checkRunes)
+            return true;
+        for (int i = 0; i < subject.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (subject[i] == '\0')
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/NATS.Server.Tests/SubjectMatchTests.cs b/tests/NATS.Server.Tests/SubjectMatchTests.cs
index a48994f..3c87352 100644
--- a/tests/NATS.Server.Tests/SubjectMatchTests.cs
+++ b/tests/NATS.Server.Tests/SubjectMatchTests.cs
@@ -54,4 +54,50 @@ public class SubjectMatchTests
     {
         SubjectMatch.MatchLiteral(literal, pattern).ShouldBe(expected);
     }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("foo.bar.baz", 3)]
+    [InlineData("foo", 1)]
+    [InlineData("a.b.c.d.e", 5)]
+    [InlineData("", 0)]
+    public void NumTokens(string subject, int expected)
+    {
+        SubjectMatch.NumTokens(subject).ShouldBe(expected);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("foo.bar.baz", 0, "foo")]
+    [InlineData("foo.bar.baz", 1, "bar")]
+    [InlineData("foo.bar.baz", 2, "baz")]
+    [InlineData("foo", 0, "foo")]
+    [InlineData("foo.bar.baz", 5, "")]
+    public void TokenAt(string subject, int index, string expected)
+    {
+        SubjectMatch.TokenAt(subject, index).ToString().ShouldBe(expected);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("foo.bar", "foo.bar", true)]
+    [InlineData("foo.bar", "foo.baz", false)]
+    [InlineData("foo.*", "foo.bar", true)]
+    [InlineData("foo.*", "foo.>", true)]
+    [InlineData("foo.>", "foo.bar.baz", true)]
+    [InlineData(">", "foo.bar", true)]
+    [InlineData("foo.*", "bar.*", false)]
+    [InlineData("foo.*.baz", "foo.bar.*", true)]
+    [InlineData("*.bar", "foo.*", true)]
+    [InlineData("foo.*", "bar.>", false)]
+    public void SubjectsCollide(string subj1, string subj2, bool expected)
+    {
+        SubjectMatch.SubjectsCollide(subj1, subj2).ShouldBe(expected);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("foo\0bar", true, false)]
+    [InlineData("foo\0bar", false, true)]
+    [InlineData("foo.bar", true, true)]
+    public void IsValidSubject_checkRunes(string subject, bool checkRunes, bool expected)
+    {
+        SubjectMatch.IsValidSubject(subject, checkRunes).ShouldBe(expected);
+    }
 }