diff --git a/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/ConsumerManager.cs b/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/ConsumerManager.cs
index b6023b4..4caa8b7 100644
--- a/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/ConsumerManager.cs
+++ b/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/ConsumerManager.cs
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ public sealed class ConsumerManager
             return false;
 
         handle.AckProcessor.AckAll(sequence);
-        _ackFloors.AddOrUpdate(stream, _ => sequence, (_, existing) => Math.Max(existing, sequence));
+        _ackFloors.AddOrUpdate(stream, _ => handle.AckProcessor.AckFloor, (_, existing) => Math.Max(existing, handle.AckProcessor.AckFloor));
         return true;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/Consumers/AckProcessor.cs b/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/Consumers/AckProcessor.cs
index 88a4289..2a581d1 100644
--- a/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/Consumers/AckProcessor.cs
+++ b/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/Consumers/AckProcessor.cs
@@ -3,9 +3,13 @@ namespace NATS.Server.JetStream.Consumers;
 public sealed class AckProcessor
 {
     private readonly Dictionary<ulong, PendingState> _pending = new();
+    public ulong AckFloor { get; private set; }
 
     public void Register(ulong sequence, int ackWaitMs)
     {
+        if (sequence <= AckFloor)
+            return;
+
         if (_pending.ContainsKey(sequence))
             return;
 
@@ -55,6 +59,9 @@ public sealed class AckProcessor
     {
         foreach (var key in _pending.Keys.Where(k => k <= sequence).ToArray())
             _pending.Remove(key);
+
+        if (sequence > AckFloor)
+            AckFloor = sequence;
     }
 
     private sealed class PendingState
diff --git a/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/Consumers/PullConsumerEngine.cs b/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/Consumers/PullConsumerEngine.cs
index a957dd0..7953844 100644
--- a/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/Consumers/PullConsumerEngine.cs
+++ b/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/Consumers/PullConsumerEngine.cs
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ public sealed class PullConsumerEngine
         {
             if (consumer.AckProcessor.TryGetExpired(out var expiredSequence, out var deliveries))
             {
-                if (consumer.Config.MaxDeliver > 0 && deliveries > consumer.Config.MaxDeliver)
+                if (consumer.Config.MaxDeliver > 0 && deliveries >= consumer.Config.MaxDeliver)
                 {
-                    consumer.AckProcessor.Drop(expiredSequence);
+                    consumer.AckProcessor.AckAll(expiredSequence);
                     return new PullFetchBatch(messages);
                 }
 
@@ -75,6 +75,13 @@ public sealed class PullConsumerEngine
                 continue;
             }
 
+            if (message.Sequence <= consumer.AckProcessor.AckFloor)
+            {
+                sequence++;
+                i--;
+                continue;
+            }
+
             if (consumer.Config.ReplayPolicy == ReplayPolicy.Original)
                 await Task.Delay(60, ct);
 
diff --git a/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/Consumers/PushConsumerEngine.cs b/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/Consumers/PushConsumerEngine.cs
index d937974..735a59b 100644
--- a/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/Consumers/PushConsumerEngine.cs
+++ b/src/NATS.Server/JetStream/Consumers/PushConsumerEngine.cs
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ public sealed class PushConsumerEngine
 {
     public void Enqueue(ConsumerHandle consumer, StoredMessage message)
     {
+        if (message.Sequence <= consumer.AckProcessor.AckFloor)
+            return;
+
         var availableAtUtc = DateTime.UtcNow;
         if (consumer.Config.RateLimitBps > 0)
         {
diff --git a/tests/NATS.Server.Tests/JetStream/JetStreamConsumerStateMachineStrictParityTests.cs b/tests/NATS.Server.Tests/JetStream/JetStreamConsumerStateMachineStrictParityTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab12a8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/NATS.Server.Tests/JetStream/JetStreamConsumerStateMachineStrictParityTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+using NATS.Server.JetStream;
+using NATS.Server.JetStream.Models;
+
+namespace NATS.Server.Tests.JetStream;
+
+public class JetStreamConsumerStateMachineStrictParityTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Ack_redelivery_backoff_and_replay_timing_follow_monotonic_consumer_state_machine_rules()
+    {
+        var streams = new StreamManager();
+        var consumers = new ConsumerManager();
+
+        streams.CreateOrUpdate(new StreamConfig
+        {
+            Name = "ORDERS_SM",
+            Subjects = ["orders.sm"],
+            Retention = RetentionPolicy.Limits,
+            MaxMsgs = 32,
+        }).Error.ShouldBeNull();
+
+        consumers.CreateOrUpdate("ORDERS_SM", new ConsumerConfig
+        {
+            DurableName = "D1",
+            AckPolicy = AckPolicy.Explicit,
+            AckWaitMs = 1,
+            MaxDeliver = 1,
+            BackOffMs = [1],
+        }).Error.ShouldBeNull();
+
+        streams.Capture("orders.sm", "x"u8.ToArray());
+
+        var first = await consumers.FetchAsync("ORDERS_SM", "D1", 1, streams, default);
+        first.Messages.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+
+        await Task.Delay(5);
+        var second = await consumers.FetchAsync("ORDERS_SM", "D1", 1, streams, default);
+
+        // MaxDeliver=1 means the initial delivery is the only allowed delivery.
+        second.Messages.Count.ShouldBe(0);
+    }
+}