# Python Client

The Python client package contains generated MXAccess Gateway protobuf
bindings, the async `mxgateway` package, and the `mxgw-py` test CLI. The
package uses the shared proto inputs documented in
`../../docs/ClientProtoGeneration.md` so gateway and client contracts stay in
sync.

## Layout

```text
clients/python/
  pyproject.toml
  generate-proto.ps1
  src/mxgateway/
  src/mxgateway/generated/
  src/mxgateway_cli/
  tests/
```

`src/mxgateway/generated` contains code produced by `grpc_tools.protoc`. Do not
edit generated files by hand.

## Regenerating Protobuf Bindings

Run generation after the shared `.proto` files or the Python output path
changes:

```powershell
./generate-proto.ps1
```

The script uses the Python tool path recorded in
`../../docs/ToolchainLinks.md`.

## Build And Test

Run the Python checks from `clients/python`:

```powershell
python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
python -m pytest
python -m pip wheel . --no-deps --wheel-dir "$env:TEMP\mxgateway-python-wheel"
```

The tests import the generated gateway and worker stubs, run fake async gateway
stubs, verify API key metadata, exercise stream cancellation, load shared value
and command fixtures, and check deterministic CLI output.

## Packaging

Install the package in editable mode for local development:

```powershell
python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
```

Build a wheel from `clients/python`:

```powershell
python -m pip wheel . --no-deps --wheel-dir "$env:TEMP\mxgateway-python-wheel"
```

Install the generated wheel into a target environment:

```powershell
python -m pip install <wheel-path>
```

The wheel exposes the `mxgw-py` console script.

## Library Usage

The library is async-first:

```python
from mxgateway import GatewayClient

async with await GatewayClient.connect(
    endpoint="localhost:5000",
    api_key="<gateway-api-key>",
    plaintext=True,
) as client:
    session = await client.open_session(client_session_name="python-client")
    try:
        server_handle = await session.register("python-client")
        item_handle = await session.add_item(server_handle, "Object.Attribute")
        await session.advise(server_handle, item_handle)
    finally:
        await session.close()
```

`GatewayClient.open_session_raw`, `GatewayClient.invoke_raw`, and
`GatewayClient.stream_events_raw` keep the generated protobuf replies and
events available for parity tests. `Session` helpers call the method-specific
MXAccess commands and preserve raw replies on typed command exceptions.

The full bulk family is available — `add_item_bulk`, `advise_item_bulk`,
`remove_item_bulk`, `unadvise_item_bulk`, `subscribe_bulk`, `unsubscribe_bulk`,
`write_bulk`, `write2_bulk`, `write_secured_bulk`, `write_secured2_bulk`, and
`read_bulk`. Bulk methods carry a list of entries in one round-trip and
return a `list[pb.SubscribeResult]` / `list[pb.BulkWriteResult]` /
`list[pb.BulkReadResult]`; per-entry MXAccess failures appear as result
entries with `was_successful = False` and never raise. `read_bulk` accepts
a per-tag `timeout_ms` (`0` = worker default) and returns cached
`OnDataChange` values when the tag is already advised
(`was_cached = True`) without touching the existing subscription.

`*_raw` methods (`GatewayClient.invoke_raw`, `Session.invoke_raw`) surface
gateway protocol failures by raising the typed `MxGateway*` exceptions, but
they deliberately do **not** run MXAccess-failure detection: an MXAccess
HRESULT or `MxStatusProxy` status failure is left embedded in the returned
reply and no `MxAccessError` is raised. `Session.invoke` adds that check on
top. Parity-test callers using `invoke_raw` must inspect the reply's
`protocol_status`, `hresult`, and `statuses` themselves. The non-raw `Session`
helpers (`register`, `add_item`, `write`, the bulk methods, etc.) run the
check and raise `MxAccessError`.

Value conversion (`to_mx_value`, used by `Session.write`/`write2` and the
bulk helpers) rejects non-finite floats — `nan`, `inf`, and `-inf` raise
`ValueError` rather than being forwarded to MXAccess, which has no defined
wire representation for them. Python `bytes` values are an opaque
`VT_RECORD` pass-through that MXAccess does not interpret.

Canceling a Python task cancels the client-side gRPC call or stream wait. It
does not abort an in-flight MXAccess COM call inside the worker process.

## Galaxy Repository Browse

The `GalaxyRepositoryClient` wraps the read-only `GalaxyRepository` gRPC
service. It lets callers test connectivity to the AVEVA System Platform
Galaxy Repository (ZB SQL database), read the last deploy timestamp, and
enumerate the deployed object hierarchy plus each object's dynamic
attributes:

```python
from mxgateway import GalaxyRepositoryClient

async with await GalaxyRepositoryClient.connect(
    endpoint="localhost:5000",
    api_key="<gateway-api-key>",
    plaintext=True,
) as galaxy:
    if not await galaxy.test_connection():
        raise RuntimeError("gateway cannot reach the Galaxy Repository DB")

    last_deploy = await galaxy.get_last_deploy_time()
    print(f"last deploy: {last_deploy}")

    for obj in await galaxy.discover_hierarchy():
        print(obj.tag_name, obj.contained_name)
        for attr in obj.attributes:
            print("  ", attr.attribute_name, "->", attr.full_tag_reference)
```

The methods return native Python types (`bool`, `datetime | None`, and a
`list[GalaxyObject]` of generated proto messages) so callers can index
into the hierarchy without learning the underlying stub class. The
service requires the `metadata:read` scope on the API key.

`discover_hierarchy` buffers every object (with its full attribute list)
into a single in-memory `list`. For a large Galaxy use `iter_hierarchy`
instead — it is an async generator that fetches one page at a time and
yields objects as they arrive, so peak memory stays bounded by a single
page rather than the whole hierarchy:

```python
async with await GalaxyRepositoryClient.connect(
    endpoint="localhost:5000",
    api_key="<gateway-api-key>",
    plaintext=True,
) as galaxy:
    async for obj in galaxy.iter_hierarchy():
        print(obj.tag_name, obj.contained_name)
```

Pages are fetched lazily: the next page is only requested once the
caller has consumed every object from the current page.

### Watching deploy events

`GalaxyRepositoryClient.watch_deploy_events` opens a server-streaming
subscription that emits the current cached deploy state immediately and
then one `DeployEvent` per new Galaxy deploy. `sequence` is monotonic per
gateway start; gaps mean events were dropped from the per-subscriber
buffer. Pass `last_seen_deploy_time` to suppress the bootstrap event when
the caller already has the current state cached:

```python
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from mxgateway import DeployEvent, GalaxyRepositoryClient

async with await GalaxyRepositoryClient.connect(
    endpoint="localhost:5000",
    api_key="<gateway-api-key>",
    plaintext=True,
) as galaxy:
    last_seen: datetime | None = None
    async for event in galaxy.watch_deploy_events(last_seen_deploy_time=last_seen):
        assert isinstance(event, DeployEvent)
        print(
            f"#{event.sequence} deploy={event.time_of_last_deploy.ToDatetime(tzinfo=timezone.utc)} "
            f"objects={event.object_count} attributes={event.attribute_count}"
        )
        if event.time_of_last_deploy_present:
            last_seen = event.time_of_last_deploy.ToDatetime(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
```

The method returns an async iterator yielding the generated `DeployEvent`
proto. Breaking out of the loop, calling `aclose()` on the iterator, or
cancelling the surrounding task closes the underlying gRPC stream
cleanly. The streaming RPC requires the same `metadata:read` scope as
the other Galaxy methods. The CLI does not currently expose a
streaming `watch-deploy-events` subcommand — use the library API
directly when subscribing to deploy events from Python.

## Authentication And TLS

`ClientOptions.api_key` adds this metadata to unary calls and streams:

```text
authorization: Bearer <api-key>
```

The client supports plaintext channels for local development, TLS with system
roots, TLS with a custom `ca_file`, and an optional test server name override.
API keys are redacted from option repr output and CLI error output.

The CLI defaults to TLS. Pass `--plaintext` explicitly to open an unencrypted
channel — there is no implicit localhost downgrade. `--tls` is accepted but
redundant with the default, and cannot be combined with `--plaintext`. Scripts
that previously relied on a `localhost:` / `127.0.0.1:` endpoint silently
selecting plaintext must now pass `--plaintext` explicitly.

## CLI

The CLI emits deterministic JSON for automation:

```powershell
mxgw-py version --json
mxgw-py open-session --endpoint localhost:5000 --plaintext --json
mxgw-py register --session-id <id> --client-name python-client --json
mxgw-py add-item --session-id <id> --server-handle 1 --item Object.Attribute --json
mxgw-py advise --session-id <id> --server-handle 1 --item-handle 2 --json
mxgw-py stream-events --session-id <id> --max-events 1 --json
mxgw-py write --session-id <id> --server-handle 1 --item-handle 2 --type int32 --value 123 --json
```

Use `--api-key` or `--api-key-env MXGATEWAY_API_KEY` to attach API key
metadata. `smoke` opens a session, registers, adds an item, advises, streams a
bounded event count, and closes the session in a `finally` block.

Use TLS options for a secured gateway:

```powershell
mxgw-py smoke --endpoint mxgateway.example.local:5001 --tls --ca-file C:\certs\mxgateway-ca.pem --server-name-override mxgateway.example.local --api-key-env MXGATEWAY_API_KEY --item Object.Attribute --json
```

### CLI Parity Gaps

The `mxgw-py` CLI does not currently ship the Galaxy Repository
subcommands that the .NET (`mxgw`), Go (`mxgw-go`), Rust (`mxgw`), and
Java (`mxgw-java`) CLIs expose:

- `galaxy-test-connection` — ping the Galaxy Repository SQL DB.
- `galaxy-last-deploy` — fetch the last deploy timestamp.
- `galaxy-discover` — enumerate the deployed object hierarchy with
  attributes.
- `galaxy-watch` — stream `DeployEvent`s as the Galaxy is re-deployed.

The Python `GalaxyRepositoryClient` library wrapper is fully
implemented and exercised by `tests/test_galaxy.py` and
`tests/test_galaxy_iter_hierarchy.py` — use the library API (see
[Galaxy Repository Browse](#galaxy-repository-browse) above) when
calling these RPCs from Python. The four CLI subcommands above are a
forward-looking parity item; see the matching .NET / Go / Rust / Java
CLI implementations for the expected JSON shape when they are added.

The .NET CLI also ships `bench-stream-events`, which is .NET-only today
and not yet present in Go / Rust / Java / Python. It will need
matching coverage if the cross-language benchmark matrix grows a
stream-events driver under `scripts/`.

## Integration Checks

Run live checks only when a gateway and MXAccess-backed worker are available:

```powershell
$env:MXGATEWAY_INTEGRATION = '1'
$env:MXGATEWAY_ENDPOINT = 'localhost:5000'
$env:MXGATEWAY_API_KEY = '<gateway-api-key>'
$env:MXGATEWAY_TEST_ITEM = 'Object.Attribute'
mxgw-py smoke --endpoint $env:MXGATEWAY_ENDPOINT --plaintext --api-key-env MXGATEWAY_API_KEY --item $env:MXGATEWAY_TEST_ITEM --json
```

## Related Documentation

- [Client Packaging](../../docs/ClientPackaging.md)
- [Client Proto Generation](../../docs/ClientProtoGeneration.md)
- [Python Client Detailed Design](./PythonClientDesign.md)