Issue #30: implement value conversion

Verified with dotnet build src\\MxGateway.sln, dotnet test src\\MxGateway.Worker.Tests\\MxGateway.Worker.Tests.csproj -p:Platform=x86, and dotnet test src\\MxGateway.sln --no-build.

docs/WorkerProcessLauncher.md

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Worker Process Launcher
+
+The gateway uses `WorkerProcessLauncher` to validate and start one worker
+process for a gateway session. The launcher owns process start semantics only;
+pipe handshaking and `WorkerReady` validation remain part of the worker client
+startup path.
+
+## Launch Inputs
+
+`WorkerProcessLaunchRequest` carries the per-session bootstrap values:
+
+- `SessionId`,
+- `PipeName`,
+- `ProtocolVersion`,
+- `Nonce`,
+- optional `PipeReservation` cleanup handle.
+
+The launcher passes `SessionId`, `PipeName`, and `ProtocolVersion` as command
+line arguments:
+
+```text
+--session-id <sessionId> --pipe-name <pipeName> --protocol-version <version>
+```
+
+The launcher sets the nonce through the `MXGATEWAY_WORKER_NONCE` environment
+variable. The nonce is not included in `WorkerProcessCommandLine` so logs and
+diagnostics can report the launch command without exposing the secret.
+
+## Validation And Cleanup
+
+Before starting the process, the launcher validates that the configured worker
+path exists, has a `.exe` extension, contains a valid Windows Portable
+Executable header, and matches the configured `RequiredArchitecture`.
+
+After the process starts, `IWorkerStartupProbe` waits for startup readiness.
+The default probe only verifies that the worker did not exit immediately. The
+worker client replaces this probe when pipe connection, hello, and
+`WorkerReady` handling are implemented.
+
+If startup fails or exceeds `WorkerOptions.StartupTimeoutSeconds`, the launcher
+kills the worker process tree, disposes the process handle, disposes the
+optional pipe reservation, records a worker kill metric, and reports a
+`WorkerProcessLaunchException`.
+
+## Verification
+
+Run the focused launcher tests after changing process launch behavior:
+
+```bash
+dotnet test src/MxGateway.Tests/MxGateway.Tests.csproj --filter WorkerProcessLauncherTests
+```
+
+Run the gateway build because the launcher is part of `MxGateway.Server`:
+
+```bash
+dotnet build src/MxGateway.Server/MxGateway.Server.csproj
+```
+
+## Related Documentation
+
+- [Gateway Process Detailed Design](./gateway-process-design.md)
+- [Worker Frame Protocol](./WorkerFrameProtocol.md)

docs/gateway-process-design.md

@@ -360,6 +360,15 @@ Before launch, validate:
 - worker file version or product version is acceptable,
 - worker is expected to be x86.
 
+`WorkerProcessLauncher` implements the first validation layer now: it resolves
+the worker executable path, requires a `.exe`, validates the Windows Portable
+Executable header, and verifies the configured processor architecture. It passes
+only `--session-id`, `--pipe-name`, and `--protocol-version` on the command
+line. The per-session nonce is set through `MXGATEWAY_WORKER_NONCE` so the
+command line remains safe to log. Startup failures and startup timeouts kill and
+dispose the worker process and the pre-created pipe reservation before the
+session manager observes the failure.
+
 ## Worker IPC
 
 The gateway creates the pipe server before launching the worker.
@@ -402,7 +411,7 @@ session ids as protocol faults and close the session.
 
 `WorkerClient` is the gateway-side object that owns one worker connection.
 
-Suggested public shape:
+Current public shape:
 
 ```csharp
 public interface IWorkerClient : IAsyncDisposable
@@ -410,6 +419,7 @@ public interface IWorkerClient : IAsyncDisposable
     string SessionId { get; }
     int? ProcessId { get; }
     WorkerClientState State { get; }
+    DateTimeOffset LastHeartbeatAt { get; }
 
     Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken);
     Task<WorkerCommandReply> InvokeAsync(
@@ -429,12 +439,17 @@ Internally it owns:
 - pipe stream,
 - read loop,
 - write loop,
-- bounded outbound command/control channel,
+- outbound command/control channel serialized by the write loop,
 - bounded inbound event channel,
 - pending command dictionary keyed by correlation id,
 - heartbeat monitor,
 - terminal fault source.
 
+`StartAsync` sends `GatewayHello`, verifies the `WorkerHello` protocol version
+and nonce, waits for `WorkerReady`, and only then exposes `Ready` state. The
+read loop starts after readiness so the handshake has a single owner for its
+ordered frames.
+
 ### Read Loop
 
 The read loop:
@@ -589,6 +604,29 @@ The gateway should split the key into a stable key id and secret component,
 load the key record by id, hash the presented secret, and compare using a
 constant-time comparison.
 
+`ApiKeyParser` accepts only `authorization: Bearer mxgw_<key-id>_<secret>`.
+Malformed headers fail before any database lookup. The parsed raw secret is
+kept only long enough for `ApiKeySecretHasher` to compute an HMAC-SHA256 hash
+using the configured `Authentication:PepperSecretName` lookup in application
+configuration. The raw secret is not stored in the auth database, identity
+model, logs, or verification result.
+
+`ApiKeyVerifier` loads the stored key record by key id, rejects revoked keys,
+hashes the presented secret, and compares the stored and presented hashes with
+`CryptographicOperations.FixedTimeEquals`. A successful verification returns an
+`ApiKeyIdentity` with key id, key prefix, display name, and scopes. Failure
+results distinguish malformed credentials, missing keys, revoked keys, missing
+pepper configuration, and hash mismatch for internal authorization handling.
+
+`GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptor` enforces this authentication model for
+public gRPC calls. Missing, malformed, revoked, unknown, or mismatched keys fail
+with `Unauthenticated`. Authenticated calls missing the scope required by the
+RPC fail with `PermissionDenied`. The interceptor applies to unary calls and
+server-streaming calls and stores the authenticated `ApiKeyIdentity` in
+`IGatewayRequestIdentityAccessor` for the duration of the request handler.
+`Authentication:Mode` set to `Disabled` bypasses API-key verification for local
+development only.
+
 Recommended scopes:
 
 - `session:open`
@@ -608,10 +646,44 @@ gRPC admin API. It should initialize the auth database, create keys, list keys
 without secrets, revoke keys, rotate keys, and print raw secrets only once at
 creation.
 
+`MxGateway.Server` exposes local API-key administration as an `apikey`
+subcommand before the web host starts:
+
+```bash
+MxGateway.Server apikey init-db --sqlite-path C:\ProgramData\MxGateway\gateway-auth.db
+MxGateway.Server apikey create-key --key-id operator01 --display-name Operator --scopes session:open,events:read
+MxGateway.Server apikey list-keys --json
+MxGateway.Server apikey revoke-key --key-id operator01
+MxGateway.Server apikey rotate-key --key-id operator01 --json
+```
+
+The subcommands accept `--sqlite-path`, `--pepper`, and `--json`. `--pepper`
+sets the local `MxGateway:ApiKeyPepper` configuration value for the command
+process; deployments should normally provide the pepper through the configured
+secret source. `create-key` and `rotate-key` print the full raw API key exactly
+once. `list-keys` never prints raw secrets or `secret_hash` values.
+
 SQLite auth storage should use startup migrations with a `schema_version` table.
 Migrations should run inside transactions and fail startup if the database
 schema is newer than the running binary understands.
 
+The v1 auth store uses `Microsoft.Data.Sqlite` and creates the
+`schema_version`, `api_keys`, and `api_key_audit` tables through
+`SqliteAuthStoreMigrator`. `AuthStoreMigrationHostedService` runs those
+migrations at gateway startup when API-key authentication and
+`Authentication:RunMigrationsOnStartup` are enabled. A database with a newer
+schema version fails startup instead of being modified by an older gateway
+binary.
+
+`IApiKeyStore` reads stored key records and exposes an active-key lookup that
+excludes rows with `revoked_utc` set. Hash verification belongs to the API-key
+hashing layer, but the store preserves the `secret_hash` bytes, display name,
+scopes, timestamps, and revocation state needed by that layer.
+
+`IApiKeyAuditStore` appends audit events to `api_key_audit` and returns recent
+events for diagnostics and future administrative tools. Audit records store key
+ids and event metadata only; they do not store raw API key secrets.
+
 Commands requiring authorization:
 
 - writes,
@@ -620,6 +692,20 @@ Commands requiring authorization:
 - worker shutdown diagnostics,
 - metadata queries if they expose sensitive plant structure.
 
+Current gRPC scope mapping:
+
+- `OpenSession` requires `session:open`.
+- `CloseSession` requires `session:close`.
+- `StreamEvents` and `DrainEvents` require `events:read`.
+- read-style MXAccess commands such as `Register`, `AddItem`, `Advise`, and
+  `Ping` require `invoke:read`.
+- `Write` and `Write2` require `invoke:write`.
+- `WriteSecured`, `WriteSecured2`, and `AuthenticateUser` require
+  `invoke:secure`.
+- metadata commands such as `ArchestrAUserToId`, `GetSessionState`, and
+  `GetWorkerInfo` require `metadata:read`.
+- `ShutdownWorker` requires `admin`.
+
 ### Worker IPC
 
 Named pipes should be local only. Pipe ACLs should restrict access to:
@@ -762,6 +848,9 @@ workers and fake transports.
 Focused tests:
 
 - session state transitions,
+- gRPC API-key authentication for unary and streaming calls,
+- gRPC scope mapping for sessions, invokes, events, metadata, and admin
+  commands,
 - worker startup failures,
 - protocol version mismatch,
 - malformed frame handling,

docs/mxaccess-worker-instance-design.md

@@ -26,6 +26,33 @@ Style guides:
 - [C# Style Guide](./style-guides/CSharpStyleGuide.md)
 - [Protobuf Style Guide](./style-guides/ProtobufStyleGuide.md)
 
+## Build And Test
+
+Build the SDK-style worker project with the .NET SDK MSBuild entry point. The
+project targets .NET Framework 4.8, but the SDK resolver comes from the .NET SDK
+installation:
+
+```powershell
+dotnet msbuild src\MxGateway.Worker\MxGateway.Worker.csproj /restore /p:Configuration=Debug /p:Platform=x86
+```
+
+`docs/toolchain-links.md` records the Visual Studio MSBuild executable for
+classic .NET Framework and COM interop builds:
+
+```powershell
+& "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\BuildTools\MSBuild\Current\Bin\MSBuild.exe" src\MxGateway.Worker\MxGateway.Worker.csproj /p:Configuration=Debug /p:Platform=x86
+```
+
+Run the worker tests with the same platform target:
+
+```powershell
+dotnet test src\MxGateway.Worker.Tests\MxGateway.Worker.Tests.csproj -p:Platform=x86
+```
+
+The only MXAccess interop reference belongs in `MxGateway.Worker`. Gateway and
+test projects may reference the worker project for metadata and scaffold tests,
+but they must not reference `ArchestrA.MXAccess.dll` directly.
+
 ## Responsibilities
 
 The worker owns:
@@ -87,6 +114,21 @@ Startup sequence:
 If validation fails before MXAccess creation, exit quickly with a non-zero exit
 code. If MXAccess creation fails, send `WorkerFault` when possible and exit.
 
+The bootstrap layer returns structured exit codes before it creates pipes,
+starts the STA, or touches MXAccess:
+
+| Exit code | Name | Meaning |
+|-----------|------|---------|
+| `0` | `Success` | Required bootstrap options are valid. |
+| `1` | `UnexpectedFailure` | A non-bootstrap exception reaches the process boundary. |
+| `2` | `InvalidArguments` | Required arguments are missing or unknown arguments are present. |
+| `3` | `InvalidProtocolVersion` | `--protocol-version` is not numeric or does not match the supported worker protocol. |
+| `4` | `MissingNonce` | `MXGATEWAY_WORKER_NONCE` is absent or empty. |
+
+Bootstrap logs use `WorkerConsoleLogger` key/value output. `WorkerLogRedactor`
+redacts fields whose names indicate nonce, secret, password, token,
+credential, or API key values before the message is written.
+
 ## Internal Components
 
 ```text
@@ -208,6 +250,17 @@ The loop should update a heartbeat timestamp after:
 - finishing a command,
 - processing an MXAccess event.
 
+`StaRuntime` implements this runtime boundary in the worker. It starts one
+background thread named `MxGateway.Worker.STA`, sets it to `ApartmentState.STA`,
+initializes COM through `StaComApartmentInitializer`, and runs
+`StaMessagePump`. Commands are scheduled through `InvokeAsync`; the command
+queue signals an `AutoResetEvent` so `MsgWaitForMultipleObjectsEx` can wake the
+STA without busy-waiting. `LastActivityUtc` records pump, command, startup, and
+shutdown activity so the future heartbeat/watchdog can report whether the STA
+is still responsive. Shutdown marks the runtime as closing, wakes the pump,
+rejects new commands, cancels queued work, uninitializes COM on the STA, and
+waits for the thread to exit.
+
 ## COM Creation
 
 The MXAccess analysis source at `C:\Users\dohertj2\Desktop\mxaccess` identifies

gateway.md

@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ Detailed follow-up docs:
   security, observability, and test strategy.
 - `docs/WorkerFrameProtocol.md` covers the gateway-side named-pipe frame
   reader/writer and `WorkerEnvelope` validation rules.
+- `docs/WorkerProcessLauncher.md` covers worker executable validation, process
+  launch arguments, nonce handling, and startup cleanup behavior.
 - `docs/mxaccess-worker-instance-design.md` covers each .NET Framework 4.8 x86
   MXAccess worker instance, including STA ownership, message pumping, COM
   lifetime, command dispatch, event sinks, conversion, and shutdown.
@@ -564,9 +566,13 @@ Because each client owns one worker, a crash or leak affects only that session.
 External gateway:
 
 - use TLS for remote gRPC if crossing machine boundaries,
-- authenticate clients with Windows auth, mTLS, or a deployment-specific token,
+- authenticate v1 gRPC clients with `authorization: Bearer
-- authorize access to commands that can write, authenticate users, or alter
+  mxgw_<key-id>_<secret>` API-key metadata,
-  runtime state.
+- reject missing or invalid API keys with gRPC `Unauthenticated`,
+- reject valid keys that lack the required session, invoke, event, metadata, or
+  admin scope with gRPC `PermissionDenied`,
+- authorize access to commands that can write, authenticate users, expose
+  metadata, stream events, or alter runtime state.
 
 Internal worker IPC:
 

src/MxGateway.Contracts/MxGateway.Contracts.csproj

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
+    <TargetFrameworks>net10.0;net48</TargetFrameworks>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
       <IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers; buildtransitive</IncludeAssets>
       <PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
     </PackageReference>
+    <PackageReference Include="System.Runtime.CompilerServices.Unsafe" Version="6.1.2" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
 </Project>

src/MxGateway.Server/GatewayApplication.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ using MxGateway.Contracts;
 using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
 using MxGateway.Server.Diagnostics;
 using MxGateway.Server.Metrics;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authorization;
+using MxGateway.Server.Workers;
 
 namespace MxGateway.Server;
 
@@ -23,8 +26,11 @@ public static class GatewayApplication
         WebApplicationBuilder builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
 
         builder.Services.AddGatewayConfiguration();
+        builder.Services.AddSqliteAuthStore();
+        builder.Services.AddGatewayGrpcAuthorization();
         builder.Services.AddHealthChecks();
         builder.Services.AddSingleton<GatewayMetrics>();
+        builder.Services.AddWorkerProcessLauncher();
 
         return builder;
     }

src/MxGateway.Server/MxGateway.Server.csproj

@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@
     <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="Grpc.AspNetCore" Version="2.76.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Data.Sqlite" Version="10.0.7" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
   <ItemGroup>
     <ProjectReference Include="..\MxGateway.Contracts\MxGateway.Contracts.csproj" />
   </ItemGroup>

src/MxGateway.Server/Program.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,43 @@
 using MxGateway.Server;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
 
-var app = GatewayApplication.Build(args);
+ApiKeyAdminParseResult apiKeyAdminCommand = ApiKeyAdminCommandLineParser.Parse(args);
+if (apiKeyAdminCommand.IsApiKeyCommand)
+{
+    if (apiKeyAdminCommand.Command is null)
+    {
+        await Console.Error.WriteLineAsync(apiKeyAdminCommand.Error);
+        return 2;
+    }
+
+    WebApplicationBuilder builder = GatewayApplication.CreateBuilder([]);
+    ApplyApiKeyAdminOverrides(builder.Configuration, apiKeyAdminCommand.Command);
+    await using WebApplication cliApp = builder.Build();
+    await using AsyncServiceScope scope = cliApp.Services.CreateAsyncScope();
+
+    ApiKeyAdminCliRunner runner = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ApiKeyAdminCliRunner>();
+
+    return await runner.RunAsync(apiKeyAdminCommand.Command, Console.Out, CancellationToken.None);
+}
+
+WebApplication app = GatewayApplication.Build(args);
 
 app.Run();
 
+return 0;
+
+static void ApplyApiKeyAdminOverrides(IConfiguration configuration, ApiKeyAdminCommand command)
+{
+    if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(command.SqlitePath))
+    {
+        configuration[$"{GatewayOptions.SectionName}:Authentication:SqlitePath"] = command.SqlitePath;
+    }
+
+    if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(command.Pepper))
+    {
+        configuration["MxGateway:ApiKeyPepper"] = command.Pepper;
+    }
+}
+
 public partial class Program;

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyAdminCliRunner.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+using System.Text.Json;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class ApiKeyAdminCliRunner(
+    IAuthStoreMigrator migrator,
+    IApiKeyAdminStore adminStore,
+    IApiKeyAuditStore auditStore,
+    IApiKeySecretHasher hasher)
+{
+    private static readonly JsonSerializerOptions JsonOptions = new()
+    {
+        WriteIndented = true
+    };
+
+    public async Task<int> RunAsync(
+        ApiKeyAdminCommand command,
+        TextWriter output,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        ApiKeyAdminOutput result = command.Kind switch
+        {
+            ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.InitDb => await InitDbAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false),
+            ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.CreateKey => await CreateKeyAsync(command, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false),
+            ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.ListKeys => await ListKeysAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false),
+            ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.RevokeKey => await RevokeKeyAsync(command, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false),
+            ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.RotateKey => await RotateKeyAsync(command, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false),
+            _ => throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unsupported API key command '{command.Kind}'.")
+        };
+
+        await WriteOutputAsync(command, result, output).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    private async Task<ApiKeyAdminOutput> InitDbAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await migrator.MigrateAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        await AppendAuditAsync(null, "init-db", null, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return new ApiKeyAdminOutput("init-db", "initialized", null, []);
+    }
+
+    private async Task<ApiKeyAdminOutput> CreateKeyAsync(
+        ApiKeyAdminCommand command,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await migrator.MigrateAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        string keyId = Required(command.KeyId);
+        string secret = ApiKeySecretGenerator.Generate();
+        string apiKey = FormatApiKey(keyId, secret);
+
+        await adminStore.CreateAsync(
+                new ApiKeyCreateRequest(
+                    KeyId: keyId,
+                    KeyPrefix: $"mxgw_{keyId}",
+                    SecretHash: hasher.HashSecret(secret),
+                    DisplayName: Required(command.DisplayName),
+                    Scopes: command.Scopes,
+                    CreatedUtc: DateTimeOffset.UtcNow),
+                cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        await AppendAuditAsync(keyId, "create-key", null, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return new ApiKeyAdminOutput("create-key", "created", apiKey, []);
+    }
+
+    private async Task<ApiKeyAdminOutput> ListKeysAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await migrator.MigrateAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        IReadOnlyList<ApiKeyRecord> keys = await adminStore.ListAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        await AppendAuditAsync(null, "list-keys", null, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return new ApiKeyAdminOutput(
+            "list-keys",
+            "ok",
+            null,
+            keys.Select(ToListedKey).ToArray());
+    }
+
+    private async Task<ApiKeyAdminOutput> RevokeKeyAsync(
+        ApiKeyAdminCommand command,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await migrator.MigrateAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        string keyId = Required(command.KeyId);
+        bool revoked = await adminStore.RevokeAsync(keyId, DateTimeOffset.UtcNow, cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await AppendAuditAsync(keyId, "revoke-key", revoked ? "revoked" : "not-found-or-already-revoked", cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return new ApiKeyAdminOutput("revoke-key", revoked ? "revoked" : "not-found-or-already-revoked", null, []);
+    }
+
+    private async Task<ApiKeyAdminOutput> RotateKeyAsync(
+        ApiKeyAdminCommand command,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await migrator.MigrateAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        string keyId = Required(command.KeyId);
+        string secret = ApiKeySecretGenerator.Generate();
+        string apiKey = FormatApiKey(keyId, secret);
+
+        bool rotated = await adminStore.RotateAsync(keyId, hasher.HashSecret(secret), DateTimeOffset.UtcNow, cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await AppendAuditAsync(keyId, "rotate-key", rotated ? "rotated" : "not-found", cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return new ApiKeyAdminOutput("rotate-key", rotated ? "rotated" : "not-found", rotated ? apiKey : null, []);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task WriteOutputAsync(
+        ApiKeyAdminCommand command,
+        ApiKeyAdminOutput result,
+        TextWriter output)
+    {
+        if (command.Json)
+        {
+            await output.WriteLineAsync(JsonSerializer.Serialize(result, JsonOptions)).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        await output.WriteLineAsync($"{result.Command}: {result.Status}").ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        if (result.ApiKey is not null)
+        {
+            await output.WriteLineAsync($"API key: {result.ApiKey}").ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+
+        foreach (ApiKeyAdminListedKey key in result.Keys)
+        {
+            string revoked = key.RevokedUtc is null ? "active" : "revoked";
+            await output.WriteLineAsync($"{key.KeyId}\t{key.DisplayName}\t{revoked}\t{string.Join(',', key.Scopes)}")
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task AppendAuditAsync(
+        string? keyId,
+        string eventType,
+        string? details,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await auditStore.AppendAsync(
+                new ApiKeyAuditEntry(
+                    KeyId: keyId,
+                    EventType: eventType,
+                    RemoteAddress: null,
+                    Details: details),
+                cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+    }
+
+    private static ApiKeyAdminListedKey ToListedKey(ApiKeyRecord key)
+    {
+        return new ApiKeyAdminListedKey(
+            KeyId: key.KeyId,
+            KeyPrefix: key.KeyPrefix,
+            DisplayName: key.DisplayName,
+            Scopes: key.Scopes,
+            CreatedUtc: key.CreatedUtc,
+            LastUsedUtc: key.LastUsedUtc,
+            RevokedUtc: key.RevokedUtc);
+    }
+
+    private static string FormatApiKey(string keyId, string secret)
+    {
+        return $"mxgw_{keyId}_{secret}";
+    }
+
+    private static string Required(string? value)
+    {
+        return value ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Required command value was not provided.");
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyAdminCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed record ApiKeyAdminCommand(
+    ApiKeyAdminCommandKind Kind,
+    bool Json,
+    string? SqlitePath,
+    string? Pepper,
+    string? KeyId,
+    string? DisplayName,
+    IReadOnlySet<string> Scopes);

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public enum ApiKeyAdminCommandKind
+{
+    InitDb,
+    CreateKey,
+    ListKeys,
+    RevokeKey,
+    RotateKey
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyAdminCommandLineParser.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public static class ApiKeyAdminCommandLineParser
+{
+    public static ApiKeyAdminParseResult Parse(IReadOnlyList<string> args)
+    {
+        if (args.Count == 0 || !string.Equals(args[0], "apikey", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            return ApiKeyAdminParseResult.NotApiKeyCommand();
+        }
+
+        if (args.Count < 2)
+        {
+            return ApiKeyAdminParseResult.Fail("Missing apikey subcommand.");
+        }
+
+        if (!TryParseKind(args[1], out ApiKeyAdminCommandKind kind))
+        {
+            return ApiKeyAdminParseResult.Fail($"Unknown apikey subcommand '{args[1]}'.");
+        }
+
+        Dictionary<string, string?> options = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        bool json = false;
+
+        for (int index = 2; index < args.Count; index++)
+        {
+            string arg = args[index];
+            if (string.Equals(arg, "--json", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                json = true;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!arg.StartsWith("--", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                return ApiKeyAdminParseResult.Fail($"Unexpected argument '{arg}'.");
+            }
+
+            string name = arg[2..];
+            string? value;
+
+            int equalsIndex = name.IndexOf('=', StringComparison.Ordinal);
+            if (equalsIndex >= 0)
+            {
+                value = name[(equalsIndex + 1)..];
+                name = name[..equalsIndex];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (index + 1 >= args.Count || args[index + 1].StartsWith("--", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+                {
+                    return ApiKeyAdminParseResult.Fail($"Option '--{name}' requires a value.");
+                }
+
+                value = args[++index];
+            }
+
+            options[name] = value;
+        }
+
+        string? keyId = GetOption(options, "key-id");
+        string? displayName = GetOption(options, "display-name");
+        IReadOnlySet<string> scopes = ParseScopes(GetOption(options, "scopes"));
+
+        string? validationError = Validate(kind, keyId, displayName);
+        if (validationError is not null)
+        {
+            return ApiKeyAdminParseResult.Fail(validationError);
+        }
+
+        return ApiKeyAdminParseResult.Success(new ApiKeyAdminCommand(
+            Kind: kind,
+            Json: json,
+            SqlitePath: GetOption(options, "sqlite-path"),
+            Pepper: GetOption(options, "pepper"),
+            KeyId: keyId,
+            DisplayName: displayName,
+            Scopes: scopes));
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryParseKind(string value, out ApiKeyAdminCommandKind kind)
+    {
+        switch (value.ToLowerInvariant())
+        {
+            case "init-db":
+                kind = ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.InitDb;
+                return true;
+            case "create-key":
+                kind = ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.CreateKey;
+                return true;
+            case "list-keys":
+                kind = ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.ListKeys;
+                return true;
+            case "revoke-key":
+                kind = ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.RevokeKey;
+                return true;
+            case "rotate-key":
+                kind = ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.RotateKey;
+                return true;
+            default:
+                kind = default;
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string? Validate(ApiKeyAdminCommandKind kind, string? keyId, string? displayName)
+    {
+        if (kind is ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.CreateKey or ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.RevokeKey or ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.RotateKey
+            && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(keyId))
+        {
+            return $"Subcommand '{KindName(kind)}' requires --key-id.";
+        }
+
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(keyId) && !IsValidKeyId(keyId))
+        {
+            return "API key id may contain only letters, numbers, periods, and hyphens.";
+        }
+
+        if (kind == ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.CreateKey && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(displayName))
+        {
+            return "Subcommand 'create-key' requires --display-name.";
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static string KindName(ApiKeyAdminCommandKind kind)
+    {
+        return kind switch
+        {
+            ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.InitDb => "init-db",
+            ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.CreateKey => "create-key",
+            ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.ListKeys => "list-keys",
+            ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.RevokeKey => "revoke-key",
+            ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.RotateKey => "rotate-key",
+            _ => kind.ToString()
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsValidKeyId(string keyId)
+    {
+        return keyId.All(character =>
+            char.IsAsciiLetterOrDigit(character)
+            || character is '.' or '-');
+    }
+
+    private static string? GetOption(Dictionary<string, string?> options, string name)
+    {
+        return options.TryGetValue(name, out string? value) ? value : null;
+    }
+
+    private static IReadOnlySet<string> ParseScopes(string? scopes)
+    {
+        return new HashSet<string>(
+            (scopes ?? string.Empty)
+                .Split(',', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries),
+            StringComparer.Ordinal);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyAdminListedKey.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed record ApiKeyAdminListedKey(
+    string KeyId,
+    string KeyPrefix,
+    string DisplayName,
+    IReadOnlySet<string> Scopes,
+    DateTimeOffset CreatedUtc,
+    DateTimeOffset? LastUsedUtc,
+    DateTimeOffset? RevokedUtc);

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyAdminOutput.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed record ApiKeyAdminOutput(
+    string Command,
+    string Status,
+    string? ApiKey,
+    IReadOnlyList<ApiKeyAdminListedKey> Keys);

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyAdminParseResult.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed record ApiKeyAdminParseResult(
+    bool IsApiKeyCommand,
+    ApiKeyAdminCommand? Command,
+    string? Error)
+{
+    public static ApiKeyAdminParseResult NotApiKeyCommand()
+    {
+        return new ApiKeyAdminParseResult(false, null, null);
+    }
+
+    public static ApiKeyAdminParseResult Success(ApiKeyAdminCommand command)
+    {
+        return new ApiKeyAdminParseResult(true, command, null);
+    }
+
+    public static ApiKeyAdminParseResult Fail(string error)
+    {
+        return new ApiKeyAdminParseResult(true, null, error);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyAuditEntry.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed record ApiKeyAuditEntry(
+    string? KeyId,
+    string EventType,
+    string? RemoteAddress,
+    string? Details);

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyAuditRecord.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed record ApiKeyAuditRecord(
+    long AuditId,
+    string? KeyId,
+    string EventType,
+    string? RemoteAddress,
+    DateTimeOffset CreatedUtc,
+    string? Details);

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyCreateRequest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed record ApiKeyCreateRequest(
+    string KeyId,
+    string KeyPrefix,
+    byte[] SecretHash,
+    string DisplayName,
+    IReadOnlySet<string> Scopes,
+    DateTimeOffset CreatedUtc);

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyIdentity.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed record ApiKeyIdentity(
+    string KeyId,
+    string KeyPrefix,
+    string DisplayName,
+    IReadOnlySet<string> Scopes);

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyParser.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class ApiKeyParser : IApiKeyParser
+{
+    private const string BearerPrefix = "Bearer ";
+    private const string TokenPrefix = "mxgw_";
+
+    public bool TryParseAuthorizationHeader(string? authorizationHeader, out ParsedApiKey? apiKey)
+    {
+        apiKey = null;
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(authorizationHeader)
+            || !authorizationHeader.StartsWith(BearerPrefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        string token = authorizationHeader[BearerPrefix.Length..].Trim();
+
+        if (!token.StartsWith(TokenPrefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        string keyPayload = token[TokenPrefix.Length..];
+        int separatorIndex = keyPayload.IndexOf('_', StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
+        if (separatorIndex <= 0 || separatorIndex == keyPayload.Length - 1)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        string keyId = keyPayload[..separatorIndex];
+        string secret = keyPayload[(separatorIndex + 1)..];
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(keyId) || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(secret))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        apiKey = new ParsedApiKey(keyId, secret);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyPepperUnavailableException.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class ApiKeyPepperUnavailableException(string pepperSecretName)
+    : InvalidOperationException($"API key pepper secret '{pepperSecretName}' is not configured.");

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyRecord.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed record ApiKeyRecord(
+    string KeyId,
+    string KeyPrefix,
+    byte[] SecretHash,
+    string DisplayName,
+    IReadOnlySet<string> Scopes,
+    DateTimeOffset CreatedUtc,
+    DateTimeOffset? LastUsedUtc,
+    DateTimeOffset? RevokedUtc);

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyRecordReader.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Microsoft.Data.Sqlite;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public static class ApiKeyRecordReader
+{
+    public static ApiKeyRecord Read(SqliteDataReader reader)
+    {
+        return new ApiKeyRecord(
+            KeyId: reader.GetString(0),
+            KeyPrefix: reader.GetString(1),
+            SecretHash: (byte[])reader["secret_hash"],
+            DisplayName: reader.GetString(3),
+            Scopes: ApiKeyScopeSerializer.Deserialize(reader.GetString(4)),
+            CreatedUtc: DateTimeOffset.Parse(reader.GetString(5), System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+            LastUsedUtc: ReadNullableDateTimeOffset(reader, 6),
+            RevokedUtc: ReadNullableDateTimeOffset(reader, 7));
+    }
+
+    private static DateTimeOffset? ReadNullableDateTimeOffset(SqliteDataReader reader, int ordinal)
+    {
+        return reader.IsDBNull(ordinal)
+            ? null
+            : DateTimeOffset.Parse(reader.GetString(ordinal), System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyScopeSerializer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+using System.Text.Json;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public static class ApiKeyScopeSerializer
+{
+    public static string Serialize(IReadOnlySet<string> scopes)
+    {
+        return JsonSerializer.Serialize(scopes.Order(StringComparer.Ordinal));
+    }
+
+    public static IReadOnlySet<string> Deserialize(string value)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
+        {
+            return new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        }
+
+        string[]? scopes = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<string[]>(value);
+
+        return new HashSet<string>(scopes ?? [], StringComparer.Ordinal);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeySecretGenerator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public static class ApiKeySecretGenerator
+{
+    public static string Generate()
+    {
+        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[32];
+        RandomNumberGenerator.Fill(bytes);
+
+        return Convert.ToBase64String(bytes)
+            .TrimEnd('=')
+            .Replace('+', '-')
+            .Replace('/', '_');
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeySecretHasher.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class ApiKeySecretHasher(
+    IConfiguration configuration,
+    IOptions<GatewayOptions> options) : IApiKeySecretHasher
+{
+    public byte[] HashSecret(string secret)
+    {
+        string pepper = GetPepper();
+        byte[] pepperBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(pepper);
+        byte[] secretBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(secret);
+
+        using HMACSHA256 hmac = new(pepperBytes);
+
+        return hmac.ComputeHash(secretBytes);
+    }
+
+    private string GetPepper()
+    {
+        string pepperSecretName = options.Value.Authentication.PepperSecretName;
+        string? pepper = configuration[pepperSecretName];
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(pepper))
+        {
+            throw new ApiKeyPepperUnavailableException(pepperSecretName);
+        }
+
+        return pepper;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyVerificationFailure.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public enum ApiKeyVerificationFailure
+{
+    None,
+    MissingOrMalformedCredentials,
+    PepperUnavailable,
+    KeyNotFound,
+    KeyRevoked,
+    SecretMismatch
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyVerificationResult.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed record ApiKeyVerificationResult(
+    bool Succeeded,
+    ApiKeyIdentity? Identity,
+    ApiKeyVerificationFailure Failure)
+{
+    public static ApiKeyVerificationResult Success(ApiKeyIdentity identity)
+    {
+        return new ApiKeyVerificationResult(
+            Succeeded: true,
+            Identity: identity,
+            Failure: ApiKeyVerificationFailure.None);
+    }
+
+    public static ApiKeyVerificationResult Fail(ApiKeyVerificationFailure failure)
+    {
+        return new ApiKeyVerificationResult(
+            Succeeded: false,
+            Identity: null,
+            Failure: failure);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyVerifier.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class ApiKeyVerifier(
+    IApiKeyParser parser,
+    IApiKeySecretHasher hasher,
+    IApiKeyStore keyStore) : IApiKeyVerifier
+{
+    public async Task<ApiKeyVerificationResult> VerifyAsync(
+        string? authorizationHeader,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (!parser.TryParseAuthorizationHeader(authorizationHeader, out ParsedApiKey? parsedKey)
+            || parsedKey is null)
+        {
+            return ApiKeyVerificationResult.Fail(ApiKeyVerificationFailure.MissingOrMalformedCredentials);
+        }
+
+        ApiKeyRecord? storedKey = await keyStore.FindByKeyIdAsync(parsedKey.KeyId, cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        if (storedKey is null)
+        {
+            return ApiKeyVerificationResult.Fail(ApiKeyVerificationFailure.KeyNotFound);
+        }
+
+        if (storedKey.RevokedUtc is not null)
+        {
+            return ApiKeyVerificationResult.Fail(ApiKeyVerificationFailure.KeyRevoked);
+        }
+
+        byte[] presentedHash;
+        try
+        {
+            presentedHash = hasher.HashSecret(parsedKey.Secret);
+        }
+        catch (ApiKeyPepperUnavailableException)
+        {
+            return ApiKeyVerificationResult.Fail(ApiKeyVerificationFailure.PepperUnavailable);
+        }
+
+        if (!CryptographicOperations.FixedTimeEquals(presentedHash, storedKey.SecretHash))
+        {
+            return ApiKeyVerificationResult.Fail(ApiKeyVerificationFailure.SecretMismatch);
+        }
+
+        await keyStore.MarkKeyUsedAsync(storedKey.KeyId, DateTimeOffset.UtcNow, cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return ApiKeyVerificationResult.Success(new ApiKeyIdentity(
+            KeyId: storedKey.KeyId,
+            KeyPrefix: storedKey.KeyPrefix,
+            DisplayName: storedKey.DisplayName,
+            Scopes: storedKey.Scopes));
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/AuthSqliteConnectionFactory.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+using Microsoft.Data.Sqlite;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class AuthSqliteConnectionFactory(IOptions<GatewayOptions> options)
+{
+    public SqliteConnection CreateConnection()
+    {
+        string sqlitePath = options.Value.Authentication.SqlitePath;
+        string? directory = Path.GetDirectoryName(sqlitePath);
+
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(directory))
+        {
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+        }
+
+        SqliteConnectionStringBuilder builder = new()
+        {
+            DataSource = sqlitePath,
+            Mode = SqliteOpenMode.ReadWriteCreate
+        };
+
+        return new SqliteConnection(builder.ToString());
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/AuthStoreMigrationException.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class AuthStoreMigrationException(string message) : InvalidOperationException(message);

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/AuthStoreMigrationHostedService.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class AuthStoreMigrationHostedService(
+    IOptions<GatewayOptions> options,
+    IAuthStoreMigrator migrator) : IHostedService
+{
+    public async Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        AuthenticationOptions authentication = options.Value.Authentication;
+
+        if (authentication.Mode == AuthenticationMode.ApiKey && authentication.RunMigrationsOnStartup)
+        {
+            await migrator.MigrateAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Task StopAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        return Task.CompletedTask;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/AuthStoreServiceCollectionExtensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public static class AuthStoreServiceCollectionExtensions
+{
+    public static IServiceCollection AddSqliteAuthStore(this IServiceCollection services)
+    {
+        services.AddSingleton<IApiKeyParser, ApiKeyParser>();
+        services.AddSingleton<IApiKeySecretHasher, ApiKeySecretHasher>();
+        services.AddSingleton<IApiKeyVerifier, ApiKeyVerifier>();
+        services.AddSingleton<ApiKeyAdminCliRunner>();
+        services.AddSingleton<AuthSqliteConnectionFactory>();
+        services.AddSingleton<IAuthStoreMigrator, SqliteAuthStoreMigrator>();
+        services.AddSingleton<IApiKeyStore, SqliteApiKeyStore>();
+        services.AddSingleton<IApiKeyAdminStore, SqliteApiKeyAdminStore>();
+        services.AddSingleton<IApiKeyAuditStore, SqliteApiKeyAuditStore>();
+        services.AddHostedService<AuthStoreMigrationHostedService>();
+
+        return services;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/IApiKeyAdminStore.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public interface IApiKeyAdminStore
+{
+    Task CreateAsync(ApiKeyCreateRequest request, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+
+    Task<IReadOnlyList<ApiKeyRecord>> ListAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+
+    Task<bool> RevokeAsync(string keyId, DateTimeOffset revokedUtc, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+
+    Task<bool> RotateAsync(
+        string keyId,
+        byte[] secretHash,
+        DateTimeOffset rotatedUtc,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/IApiKeyAuditStore.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public interface IApiKeyAuditStore
+{
+    Task AppendAsync(ApiKeyAuditEntry entry, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+
+    Task<IReadOnlyList<ApiKeyAuditRecord>> ListRecentAsync(int count, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/IApiKeyParser.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public interface IApiKeyParser
+{
+    bool TryParseAuthorizationHeader(string? authorizationHeader, out ParsedApiKey? apiKey);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/IApiKeySecretHasher.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public interface IApiKeySecretHasher
+{
+    byte[] HashSecret(string secret);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/IApiKeyStore.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public interface IApiKeyStore
+{
+    Task<ApiKeyRecord?> FindByKeyIdAsync(string keyId, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+
+    Task<ApiKeyRecord?> FindActiveByKeyIdAsync(string keyId, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+
+    Task MarkKeyUsedAsync(string keyId, DateTimeOffset usedUtc, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/IApiKeyVerifier.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public interface IApiKeyVerifier
+{
+    Task<ApiKeyVerificationResult> VerifyAsync(
+        string? authorizationHeader,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/IAuthStoreMigrator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public interface IAuthStoreMigrator
+{
+    Task MigrateAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/ParsedApiKey.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed record ParsedApiKey(string KeyId, string Secret);

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/SqliteApiKeyAdminStore.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+using Microsoft.Data.Sqlite;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class SqliteApiKeyAdminStore(AuthSqliteConnectionFactory connectionFactory) : IApiKeyAdminStore
+{
+    public async Task CreateAsync(ApiKeyCreateRequest request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await using SqliteConnection connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection();
+        await connection.OpenAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await using SqliteCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
+        command.CommandText = """
+            INSERT INTO api_keys (
+                key_id,
+                key_prefix,
+                secret_hash,
+                display_name,
+                scopes,
+                created_utc,
+                last_used_utc,
+                revoked_utc)
+            VALUES (
+                $key_id,
+                $key_prefix,
+                $secret_hash,
+                $display_name,
+                $scopes,
+                $created_utc,
+                NULL,
+                NULL);
+            """;
+        AddCreateParameters(command, request);
+
+        await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+    }
+
+    public async Task<IReadOnlyList<ApiKeyRecord>> ListAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await using SqliteConnection connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection();
+        await connection.OpenAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await using SqliteCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
+        command.CommandText = """
+            SELECT key_id, key_prefix, secret_hash, display_name, scopes, created_utc, last_used_utc, revoked_utc
+            FROM api_keys
+            ORDER BY key_id;
+            """;
+
+        List<ApiKeyRecord> records = [];
+
+        await using SqliteDataReader reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync(cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        while (await reader.ReadAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false))
+        {
+            records.Add(ApiKeyRecordReader.Read(reader));
+        }
+
+        return records;
+    }
+
+    public async Task<bool> RevokeAsync(string keyId, DateTimeOffset revokedUtc, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await using SqliteConnection connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection();
+        await connection.OpenAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await using SqliteCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
+        command.CommandText = """
+            UPDATE api_keys
+            SET revoked_utc = $revoked_utc
+            WHERE key_id = $key_id AND revoked_utc IS NULL;
+            """;
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$key_id", keyId);
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$revoked_utc", revokedUtc.ToString("O"));
+
+        int rows = await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return rows > 0;
+    }
+
+    public async Task<bool> RotateAsync(
+        string keyId,
+        byte[] secretHash,
+        DateTimeOffset rotatedUtc,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await using SqliteConnection connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection();
+        await connection.OpenAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await using SqliteCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
+        command.CommandText = """
+            UPDATE api_keys
+            SET secret_hash = $secret_hash,
+                last_used_utc = NULL,
+                revoked_utc = NULL
+            WHERE key_id = $key_id;
+            """;
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$key_id", keyId);
+        command.Parameters.Add("$secret_hash", SqliteType.Blob).Value = secretHash;
+
+        int rows = await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return rows > 0;
+    }
+
+    private static void AddCreateParameters(SqliteCommand command, ApiKeyCreateRequest request)
+    {
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$key_id", request.KeyId);
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$key_prefix", request.KeyPrefix);
+        command.Parameters.Add("$secret_hash", SqliteType.Blob).Value = request.SecretHash;
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$display_name", request.DisplayName);
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$scopes", ApiKeyScopeSerializer.Serialize(request.Scopes));
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$created_utc", request.CreatedUtc.ToString("O"));
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/SqliteApiKeyAuditStore.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+using Microsoft.Data.Sqlite;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class SqliteApiKeyAuditStore(AuthSqliteConnectionFactory connectionFactory) : IApiKeyAuditStore
+{
+    public async Task AppendAsync(ApiKeyAuditEntry entry, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await using SqliteConnection connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection();
+        await connection.OpenAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await using SqliteCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
+        command.CommandText = """
+            INSERT INTO api_key_audit (key_id, event_type, remote_address, created_utc, details)
+            VALUES ($key_id, $event_type, $remote_address, $created_utc, $details);
+            """;
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$key_id", (object?)entry.KeyId ?? DBNull.Value);
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$event_type", entry.EventType);
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$remote_address", (object?)entry.RemoteAddress ?? DBNull.Value);
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$created_utc", DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.ToString("O"));
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$details", (object?)entry.Details ?? DBNull.Value);
+
+        await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+    }
+
+    public async Task<IReadOnlyList<ApiKeyAuditRecord>> ListRecentAsync(int count, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (count <= 0)
+        {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        await using SqliteConnection connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection();
+        await connection.OpenAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await using SqliteCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
+        command.CommandText = """
+            SELECT audit_id, key_id, event_type, remote_address, created_utc, details
+            FROM api_key_audit
+            ORDER BY audit_id DESC
+            LIMIT $count;
+            """;
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$count", count);
+
+        List<ApiKeyAuditRecord> records = [];
+
+        await using SqliteDataReader reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync(cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        while (await reader.ReadAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false))
+        {
+            records.Add(new ApiKeyAuditRecord(
+                AuditId: reader.GetInt64(0),
+                KeyId: reader.IsDBNull(1) ? null : reader.GetString(1),
+                EventType: reader.GetString(2),
+                RemoteAddress: reader.IsDBNull(3) ? null : reader.GetString(3),
+                CreatedUtc: DateTimeOffset.Parse(
+                    reader.GetString(4),
+                    System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+                Details: reader.IsDBNull(5) ? null : reader.GetString(5)));
+        }
+
+        return records;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/SqliteApiKeyStore.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+using Microsoft.Data.Sqlite;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class SqliteApiKeyStore(AuthSqliteConnectionFactory connectionFactory) : IApiKeyStore
+{
+    public Task<ApiKeyRecord?> FindByKeyIdAsync(string keyId, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        return FindByKeyIdAsync(keyId, requireActive: false, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    public Task<ApiKeyRecord?> FindActiveByKeyIdAsync(string keyId, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        return FindByKeyIdAsync(keyId, requireActive: true, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    public async Task MarkKeyUsedAsync(string keyId, DateTimeOffset usedUtc, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await using SqliteConnection connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection();
+        await connection.OpenAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await using SqliteCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
+        command.CommandText = """
+            UPDATE api_keys
+            SET last_used_utc = $last_used_utc
+            WHERE key_id = $key_id AND revoked_utc IS NULL;
+            """;
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$key_id", keyId);
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$last_used_utc", usedUtc.ToString("O"));
+
+        await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+    }
+
+    private async Task<ApiKeyRecord?> FindByKeyIdAsync(
+        string keyId,
+        bool requireActive,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await using SqliteConnection connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection();
+        await connection.OpenAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await using SqliteCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
+        command.CommandText = requireActive
+            ? """
+              SELECT key_id, key_prefix, secret_hash, display_name, scopes, created_utc, last_used_utc, revoked_utc
+              FROM api_keys
+              WHERE key_id = $key_id AND revoked_utc IS NULL;
+              """
+            : """
+              SELECT key_id, key_prefix, secret_hash, display_name, scopes, created_utc, last_used_utc, revoked_utc
+              FROM api_keys
+              WHERE key_id = $key_id;
+              """;
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$key_id", keyId);
+
+        await using SqliteDataReader reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync(cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        if (!await reader.ReadAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return ApiKeyRecordReader.Read(reader);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/SqliteAuthSchema.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public static class SqliteAuthSchema
+{
+    public const int CurrentVersion = 1;
+
+    public const string SchemaVersionTable = "schema_version";
+
+    public const string ApiKeysTable = "api_keys";
+
+    public const string ApiKeyAuditTable = "api_key_audit";
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authentication/SqliteAuthStoreMigrator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+using Microsoft.Data.Sqlite;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class SqliteAuthStoreMigrator(AuthSqliteConnectionFactory connectionFactory) : IAuthStoreMigrator
+{
+    public async Task MigrateAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await using SqliteConnection connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection();
+        await connection.OpenAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await using SqliteTransaction transaction =
+            (SqliteTransaction)await connection.BeginTransactionAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        int existingVersion = await ReadExistingSchemaVersionAsync(connection, transaction, cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        if (existingVersion > SqliteAuthSchema.CurrentVersion)
+        {
+            throw new AuthStoreMigrationException(
+                $"Auth database schema version {existingVersion} is newer than supported version {SqliteAuthSchema.CurrentVersion}.");
+        }
+
+        await ApplyVersionOneAsync(connection, transaction, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await transaction.CommitAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<int> ReadExistingSchemaVersionAsync(
+        SqliteConnection connection,
+        SqliteTransaction transaction,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await using SqliteCommand tableExistsCommand = connection.CreateCommand();
+        tableExistsCommand.Transaction = transaction;
+        tableExistsCommand.CommandText = """
+            SELECT COUNT(*)
+            FROM sqlite_master
+            WHERE type = 'table' AND name = $table_name;
+            """;
+        tableExistsCommand.Parameters.AddWithValue("$table_name", SqliteAuthSchema.SchemaVersionTable);
+
+        long tableCount = (long)(await tableExistsCommand.ExecuteScalarAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false) ?? 0L);
+
+        if (tableCount == 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        await using SqliteCommand versionCommand = connection.CreateCommand();
+        versionCommand.Transaction = transaction;
+        versionCommand.CommandText = """
+            SELECT version
+            FROM schema_version
+            WHERE id = 1;
+            """;
+
+        object? version = await versionCommand.ExecuteScalarAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return version is null || version == DBNull.Value
+            ? 0
+            : Convert.ToInt32(version, System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task ApplyVersionOneAsync(
+        SqliteConnection connection,
+        SqliteTransaction transaction,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await ExecuteNonQueryAsync(
+            connection,
+            transaction,
+            """
+            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schema_version (
+                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY CHECK (id = 1),
+                version INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                applied_utc TEXT NOT NULL
+            );
+
+            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS api_keys (
+                key_id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+                key_prefix TEXT NOT NULL,
+                secret_hash BLOB NOT NULL,
+                display_name TEXT NOT NULL,
+                scopes TEXT NOT NULL,
+                created_utc TEXT NOT NULL,
+                last_used_utc TEXT NULL,
+                revoked_utc TEXT NULL
+            );
+
+            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS api_key_audit (
+                audit_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+                key_id TEXT NULL,
+                event_type TEXT NOT NULL,
+                remote_address TEXT NULL,
+                created_utc TEXT NOT NULL,
+                details TEXT NULL
+            );
+
+            CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ix_api_keys_revoked_utc
+                ON api_keys (revoked_utc);
+
+            CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ix_api_key_audit_key_id_created_utc
+                ON api_key_audit (key_id, created_utc);
+            """,
+            cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await using SqliteCommand versionCommand = connection.CreateCommand();
+        versionCommand.Transaction = transaction;
+        versionCommand.CommandText = """
+            INSERT INTO schema_version (id, version, applied_utc)
+            VALUES (1, $version, $applied_utc)
+            ON CONFLICT(id) DO UPDATE SET
+                version = excluded.version,
+                applied_utc = excluded.applied_utc;
+            """;
+        versionCommand.Parameters.AddWithValue("$version", SqliteAuthSchema.CurrentVersion);
+        versionCommand.Parameters.AddWithValue("$applied_utc", DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.ToString("O"));
+
+        await versionCommand.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task ExecuteNonQueryAsync(
+        SqliteConnection connection,
+        SqliteTransaction transaction,
+        string commandText,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await using SqliteCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
+        command.Transaction = transaction;
+        command.CommandText = commandText;
+
+        await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authorization/GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptor.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+using Grpc.Core;
+using Grpc.Core.Interceptors;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authorization;
+
+public sealed class GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptor(
+    IApiKeyVerifier apiKeyVerifier,
+    GatewayGrpcScopeResolver scopeResolver,
+    IGatewayRequestIdentityAccessor identityAccessor,
+    IOptions<GatewayOptions> options) : Interceptor
+{
+    public override async Task<TResponse> UnaryServerHandler<TRequest, TResponse>(
+        TRequest request,
+        ServerCallContext context,
+        UnaryServerMethod<TRequest, TResponse> continuation)
+    {
+        ApiKeyIdentity? identity = await AuthenticateAndAuthorizeAsync(request, context).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        IDisposable? identityScope = identity is null ? null : identityAccessor.Push(identity);
+        using (identityScope)
+        {
+            return await continuation(request, context).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public override async Task ServerStreamingServerHandler<TRequest, TResponse>(
+        TRequest request,
+        IServerStreamWriter<TResponse> responseStream,
+        ServerCallContext context,
+        ServerStreamingServerMethod<TRequest, TResponse> continuation)
+    {
+        ApiKeyIdentity? identity = await AuthenticateAndAuthorizeAsync(request, context).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        IDisposable? identityScope = identity is null ? null : identityAccessor.Push(identity);
+        using (identityScope)
+        {
+            await continuation(request, responseStream, context).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task<ApiKeyIdentity?> AuthenticateAndAuthorizeAsync<TRequest>(
+        TRequest request,
+        ServerCallContext context)
+        where TRequest : class
+    {
+        if (options.Value.Authentication.Mode == AuthenticationMode.Disabled)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        string? authorizationHeader = context.RequestHeaders.GetValue("authorization");
+        ApiKeyVerificationResult verificationResult = await apiKeyVerifier
+            .VerifyAsync(authorizationHeader, context.CancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        if (!verificationResult.Succeeded || verificationResult.Identity is null)
+        {
+            throw new RpcException(new Status(
+                StatusCode.Unauthenticated,
+                "Missing or invalid API key."));
+        }
+
+        string requiredScope = scopeResolver.ResolveRequiredScope(request);
+        if (!verificationResult.Identity.Scopes.Contains(requiredScope))
+        {
+            throw new RpcException(new Status(
+                StatusCode.PermissionDenied,
+                $"API key is missing required scope '{requiredScope}'."));
+        }
+
+        return verificationResult.Identity;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authorization/GatewayGrpcScopeResolver.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authorization;
+
+public sealed class GatewayGrpcScopeResolver
+{
+    public string ResolveRequiredScope(object request)
+    {
+        return request switch
+        {
+            OpenSessionRequest => GatewayScopes.SessionOpen,
+            CloseSessionRequest => GatewayScopes.SessionClose,
+            StreamEventsRequest => GatewayScopes.EventsRead,
+            MxCommandRequest commandRequest => ResolveCommandScope(commandRequest.Command?.Kind ?? MxCommandKind.Unspecified),
+            _ => GatewayScopes.Admin
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static string ResolveCommandScope(MxCommandKind kind)
+    {
+        return kind switch
+        {
+            MxCommandKind.Write or
+            MxCommandKind.Write2 => GatewayScopes.InvokeWrite,
+
+            MxCommandKind.WriteSecured or
+            MxCommandKind.WriteSecured2 or
+            MxCommandKind.AuthenticateUser => GatewayScopes.InvokeSecure,
+
+            MxCommandKind.ArchestraUserToId or
+            MxCommandKind.GetSessionState or
+            MxCommandKind.GetWorkerInfo => GatewayScopes.MetadataRead,
+
+            MxCommandKind.DrainEvents => GatewayScopes.EventsRead,
+            MxCommandKind.ShutdownWorker => GatewayScopes.Admin,
+
+            _ => GatewayScopes.InvokeRead
+        };
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authorization/GatewayRequestIdentityAccessor.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authorization;
+
+public sealed class GatewayRequestIdentityAccessor : IGatewayRequestIdentityAccessor
+{
+    private readonly AsyncLocal<ApiKeyIdentity?> currentIdentity = new();
+
+    public ApiKeyIdentity? Current => currentIdentity.Value;
+
+    public IDisposable Push(ApiKeyIdentity identity)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(identity);
+
+        ApiKeyIdentity? previousIdentity = currentIdentity.Value;
+        currentIdentity.Value = identity;
+
+        return new IdentityScope(this, previousIdentity);
+    }
+
+    private sealed class IdentityScope(
+        GatewayRequestIdentityAccessor accessor,
+        ApiKeyIdentity? previousIdentity) : IDisposable
+    {
+        private bool disposed;
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            if (disposed)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            accessor.currentIdentity.Value = previousIdentity;
+            disposed = true;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authorization/GatewayScopes.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authorization;
+
+public static class GatewayScopes
+{
+    public const string SessionOpen = "session:open";
+    public const string SessionClose = "session:close";
+    public const string InvokeRead = "invoke:read";
+    public const string InvokeWrite = "invoke:write";
+    public const string InvokeSecure = "invoke:secure";
+    public const string EventsRead = "events:read";
+    public const string MetadataRead = "metadata:read";
+    public const string Admin = "admin";
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authorization/GrpcAuthorizationServiceCollectionExtensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+using Grpc.Core.Interceptors;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authorization;
+
+public static class GrpcAuthorizationServiceCollectionExtensions
+{
+    public static IServiceCollection AddGatewayGrpcAuthorization(this IServiceCollection services)
+    {
+        services.AddSingleton<GatewayGrpcScopeResolver>();
+        services.AddSingleton<IGatewayRequestIdentityAccessor, GatewayRequestIdentityAccessor>();
+        services.AddSingleton<GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptor>();
+        services.AddGrpc(options => options.Interceptors.Add<GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptor>());
+
+        return services;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Security/Authorization/IGatewayRequestIdentityAccessor.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Security.Authorization;
+
+public interface IGatewayRequestIdentityAccessor
+{
+    ApiKeyIdentity? Current { get; }
+
+    IDisposable Push(ApiKeyIdentity identity);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/IWorkerClient.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public interface IWorkerClient : IAsyncDisposable
+{
+    string SessionId { get; }
+
+    int? ProcessId { get; }
+
+    WorkerClientState State { get; }
+
+    DateTimeOffset LastHeartbeatAt { get; }
+
+    Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+
+    Task<WorkerCommandReply> InvokeAsync(
+        WorkerCommand command,
+        TimeSpan timeout,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+
+    IAsyncEnumerable<WorkerEvent> ReadEventsAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+
+    Task ShutdownAsync(TimeSpan timeout, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+
+    void Kill(string reason);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/IWorkerProcess.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public interface IWorkerProcess : IDisposable
+{
+    int Id { get; }
+
+    bool HasExited { get; }
+
+    int? ExitCode { get; }
+
+    ValueTask WaitForExitAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+
+    void Kill(bool entireProcessTree);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/IWorkerProcessFactory.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public interface IWorkerProcessFactory
+{
+    IWorkerProcess Start(ProcessStartInfo startInfo);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/IWorkerProcessLauncher.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public interface IWorkerProcessLauncher
+{
+    Task<WorkerProcessHandle> LaunchAsync(
+        WorkerProcessLaunchRequest request,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/IWorkerStartupProbe.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public interface IWorkerStartupProbe
+{
+    Task WaitUntilReadyAsync(
+        IWorkerProcess process,
+        WorkerProcessLaunchRequest request,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/SystemWorkerProcess.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+internal sealed class SystemWorkerProcess(Process process) : IWorkerProcess
+{
+    public int Id => process.Id;
+
+    public bool HasExited => process.HasExited;
+
+    public int? ExitCode => process.HasExited ? process.ExitCode : null;
+
+    public async ValueTask WaitForExitAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await process.WaitForExitAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+    }
+
+    public void Kill(bool entireProcessTree)
+    {
+        process.Kill(entireProcessTree);
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        process.Dispose();
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/SystemWorkerProcessFactory.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public sealed class SystemWorkerProcessFactory : IWorkerProcessFactory
+{
+    public IWorkerProcess Start(ProcessStartInfo startInfo)
+    {
+        Process process = new()
+        {
+            StartInfo = startInfo,
+        };
+
+        if (!process.Start())
+        {
+            process.Dispose();
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Worker process failed to start.");
+        }
+
+        return new SystemWorkerProcess(process);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerClient.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Threading.Channels;
+using Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
+using MxGateway.Contracts;
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+using MxGateway.Server.Metrics;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public sealed class WorkerClient : IWorkerClient
+{
+    private const string GatewayVersionFallback = "unknown";
+    private readonly object _syncRoot = new();
+    private readonly WorkerClientConnection _connection;
+    private readonly WorkerClientOptions _options;
+    private readonly GatewayMetrics? _metrics;
+    private readonly TimeProvider _timeProvider;
+    private readonly ILogger<WorkerClient> _logger;
+    private readonly WorkerFrameReader _reader;
+    private readonly WorkerFrameWriter _writer;
+    private readonly Channel<WorkerEnvelope> _outboundEnvelopes;
+    private readonly Channel<WorkerEvent> _events;
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, PendingCommand> _pendingCommands = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+    private readonly CancellationTokenSource _stopCts = new();
+    private long _nextSequence;
+    private WorkerClientState _state;
+    private DateTimeOffset _lastHeartbeatAt;
+    private int? _processId;
+    private Task? _readLoopTask;
+    private Task? _writeLoopTask;
+    private Task? _heartbeatLoopTask;
+    private bool _disposed;
+
+    public WorkerClient(
+        WorkerClientConnection connection,
+        WorkerClientOptions? options = null,
+        GatewayMetrics? metrics = null,
+        TimeProvider? timeProvider = null,
+        ILogger<WorkerClient>? logger = null)
+    {
+        _connection = connection ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(connection));
+        _options = options ?? new WorkerClientOptions();
+        _metrics = metrics;
+        _timeProvider = timeProvider ?? TimeProvider.System;
+        _logger = logger ?? NullLogger<WorkerClient>.Instance;
+        _reader = new WorkerFrameReader(connection.Stream, connection.FrameOptions);
+        _writer = new WorkerFrameWriter(connection.Stream, connection.FrameOptions);
+        _outboundEnvelopes = Channel.CreateUnbounded<WorkerEnvelope>(
+            new UnboundedChannelOptions
+            {
+                SingleReader = true,
+                SingleWriter = false,
+                AllowSynchronousContinuations = false,
+            });
+        _events = Channel.CreateBounded<WorkerEvent>(
+            new BoundedChannelOptions(_options.EventChannelCapacity)
+            {
+                SingleReader = false,
+                SingleWriter = true,
+                FullMode = BoundedChannelFullMode.Wait,
+                AllowSynchronousContinuations = false,
+            });
+        _lastHeartbeatAt = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow();
+    }
+
+    public string SessionId => _connection.SessionId;
+
+    public int? ProcessId
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (_syncRoot)
+            {
+                return _processId;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public WorkerClientState State
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (_syncRoot)
+            {
+                return _state;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public DateTimeOffset LastHeartbeatAt
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (_syncRoot)
+            {
+                return _lastHeartbeatAt;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public async Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        ThrowIfDisposed();
+        TransitionFromCreatedToHandshaking();
+
+        _writeLoopTask = Task.Run(WriteLoopAsync);
+        await EnqueueAsync(CreateGatewayHelloEnvelope(), cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        WorkerEnvelope helloEnvelope = await ReadHandshakeEnvelopeAsync(
+            WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.WorkerHello,
+            cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        ValidateWorkerHello(helloEnvelope.WorkerHello);
+
+        WorkerEnvelope readyEnvelope = await ReadHandshakeEnvelopeAsync(
+            WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.WorkerReady,
+            cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        MarkReady(readyEnvelope.WorkerReady);
+
+        _readLoopTask = Task.Run(ReadLoopAsync);
+        _heartbeatLoopTask = Task.Run(HeartbeatLoopAsync);
+    }
+
+    public async Task<WorkerCommandReply> InvokeAsync(
+        WorkerCommand command,
+        TimeSpan timeout,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(command);
+        ThrowIfDisposed();
+        EnsureReady();
+
+        if (timeout <= TimeSpan.Zero)
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(timeout), timeout, "Command timeout must be greater than zero.");
+        }
+
+        string correlationId = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N");
+        string method = GetCommandMethod(command);
+        PendingCommand pendingCommand = new(
+            correlationId,
+            method,
+            _timeProvider.GetTimestamp());
+
+        if (!_pendingCommands.TryAdd(correlationId, pendingCommand))
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Generated a duplicate command correlation id.");
+        }
+
+        _metrics?.CommandStarted(method);
+
+        try
+        {
+            await EnqueueAsync(CreateCommandEnvelope(correlationId, command), cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            using CancellationTokenSource timeoutCts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(cancellationToken);
+            Task timeoutTask = Task.Delay(timeout, timeoutCts.Token);
+            Task<WorkerCommandReply> replyTask = pendingCommand.Task;
+            Task completedTask = await Task.WhenAny(replyTask, timeoutTask).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+            if (completedTask == replyTask)
+            {
+                await timeoutCts.CancelAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+                return await replyTask.ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+
+            if (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+            {
+                RemovePendingCommandAsFailed(
+                    correlationId,
+                    pendingCommand,
+                    WorkerClientErrorCode.GatewayShutdown,
+                    "Command wait was canceled.");
+                cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+            }
+
+            RemovePendingCommandAsFailed(
+                correlationId,
+                pendingCommand,
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.CommandTimeout,
+                $"Worker command {method} timed out after {timeout}.");
+
+            throw new WorkerClientException(
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.CommandTimeout,
+                $"Worker command {method} timed out after {timeout}.");
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            _pendingCommands.TryRemove(correlationId, out _);
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public async IAsyncEnumerable<WorkerEvent> ReadEventsAsync(
+        [EnumeratorCancellation] CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        await foreach (WorkerEvent workerEvent in _events.Reader.ReadAllAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false))
+        {
+            yield return workerEvent;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public async Task ShutdownAsync(TimeSpan timeout, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        ThrowIfDisposed();
+        if (timeout <= TimeSpan.Zero)
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(timeout), timeout, "Shutdown timeout must be greater than zero.");
+        }
+
+        WorkerClientState state = State;
+        if (state is WorkerClientState.Closed or WorkerClientState.Faulted)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        MarkClosing();
+        await EnqueueAsync(CreateShutdownEnvelope(timeout, "gateway-shutdown"), cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        _outboundEnvelopes.Writer.TryComplete();
+
+        using CancellationTokenSource timeoutCts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(cancellationToken);
+        timeoutCts.CancelAfter(timeout);
+        try
+        {
+            await WaitForBackgroundTasksAsync(timeoutCts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            MarkClosed("shutdown");
+        }
+        catch (OperationCanceledException) when (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            SetFaulted(
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.ShutdownTimeout,
+                "Worker shutdown timed out.",
+                null);
+            throw new WorkerClientException(
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.ShutdownTimeout,
+                $"Worker shutdown timed out after {timeout}.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void Kill(string reason)
+    {
+        ThrowIfDisposed();
+        _connection.ProcessHandle?.Process.Kill(entireProcessTree: true);
+        _metrics?.WorkerKilled(reason);
+        SetFaulted(
+            WorkerClientErrorCode.WorkerFaulted,
+            $"Worker was killed by the gateway: {reason}.",
+            null);
+    }
+
+    public async ValueTask DisposeAsync()
+    {
+        if (_disposed)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _disposed = true;
+        _stopCts.Cancel();
+        _outboundEnvelopes.Writer.TryComplete();
+        _events.Writer.TryComplete();
+        CompletePendingCommands(
+            new WorkerClientException(
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.GatewayShutdown,
+                "Worker client was disposed."));
+
+        await WaitForBackgroundTasksAsync(CancellationToken.None).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        await _connection.Stream.DisposeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+        _connection.ProcessHandle?.Dispose();
+        _stopCts.Dispose();
+    }
+
+    private async Task WriteLoopAsync()
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            await foreach (WorkerEnvelope envelope in _outboundEnvelopes.Reader.ReadAllAsync(_stopCts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false))
+            {
+                await _writer.WriteAsync(envelope, _stopCts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (OperationCanceledException) when (_stopCts.IsCancellationRequested || IsTerminalState())
+        {
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception)
+        {
+            SetFaulted(
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.WriteFailed,
+                "Worker pipe write failed.",
+                exception);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task ReadLoopAsync()
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            while (!_stopCts.IsCancellationRequested)
+            {
+                WorkerEnvelope envelope = await _reader.ReadAsync(_stopCts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                await DispatchEnvelopeAsync(envelope, _stopCts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (OperationCanceledException) when (_stopCts.IsCancellationRequested || IsTerminalState())
+        {
+        }
+        catch (WorkerFrameProtocolException exception) when (exception.ErrorCode == WorkerFrameProtocolErrorCode.EndOfStream)
+        {
+            SetFaulted(
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.PipeDisconnected,
+                "Worker pipe disconnected.",
+                exception);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception)
+        {
+            SetFaulted(
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.ProtocolViolation,
+                "Worker read loop failed.",
+                exception);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task HeartbeatLoopAsync()
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            while (!_stopCts.IsCancellationRequested)
+            {
+                await Task.Delay(_options.HeartbeatCheckInterval, _stopCts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                if (State != WorkerClientState.Ready)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                DateTimeOffset lastHeartbeatAt = LastHeartbeatAt;
+                DateTimeOffset now = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow();
+                if (now - lastHeartbeatAt <= _options.HeartbeatGrace)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                _metrics?.HeartbeatFailed(SessionId);
+                SetFaulted(
+                    WorkerClientErrorCode.HeartbeatExpired,
+                    $"Worker heartbeat expired. Last heartbeat was at {lastHeartbeatAt:O}.",
+                    null);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (OperationCanceledException) when (_stopCts.IsCancellationRequested || IsTerminalState())
+        {
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task DispatchEnvelopeAsync(
+        WorkerEnvelope envelope,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        switch (envelope.BodyCase)
+        {
+            case WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.WorkerCommandReply:
+                CompleteCommand(envelope);
+                break;
+            case WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.WorkerEvent:
+                await EnqueueWorkerEventAsync(envelope.WorkerEvent, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                break;
+            case WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.WorkerHeartbeat:
+                MarkHeartbeat(envelope.WorkerHeartbeat);
+                break;
+            case WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.WorkerFault:
+                SetFaulted(
+                    WorkerClientErrorCode.WorkerFaulted,
+                    CreateWorkerFaultMessage(envelope.WorkerFault),
+                    null);
+                break;
+            case WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.WorkerShutdownAck:
+                MarkClosed("worker-shutdown-ack");
+                break;
+            default:
+                SetFaulted(
+                    WorkerClientErrorCode.ProtocolViolation,
+                    $"Worker sent unexpected envelope body {envelope.BodyCase}.",
+                    null);
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task EnqueueWorkerEventAsync(
+        WorkerEvent workerEvent,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (workerEvent.Event is not null)
+        {
+            _metrics?.EventReceived(SessionId, workerEvent.Event.Family.ToString());
+        }
+
+        if (!await _events.Writer.WaitToWriteAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!_events.Writer.TryWrite(workerEvent))
+        {
+            _metrics?.QueueOverflow("worker-events");
+            SetFaulted(
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.ProtocolViolation,
+                "Worker event channel rejected an event.",
+                null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void CompleteCommand(WorkerEnvelope envelope)
+    {
+        string correlationId = envelope.CorrelationId;
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(correlationId))
+        {
+            correlationId = envelope.WorkerCommandReply.Reply?.CorrelationId ?? string.Empty;
+        }
+
+        if (!_pendingCommands.TryRemove(correlationId, out PendingCommand? pendingCommand))
+        {
+            _logger.LogDebug(
+                "Ignoring late or unknown worker command reply for session {SessionId} and correlation {CorrelationId}.",
+                SessionId,
+                correlationId);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        TimeSpan duration = _timeProvider.GetElapsedTime(pendingCommand.StartTimestamp);
+        _metrics?.CommandSucceeded(pendingCommand.Method, duration);
+        pendingCommand.SetResult(envelope.WorkerCommandReply);
+    }
+
+    private void RemovePendingCommandAsFailed(
+        string correlationId,
+        PendingCommand pendingCommand,
+        WorkerClientErrorCode errorCode,
+        string message)
+    {
+        if (!_pendingCommands.TryRemove(correlationId, out _))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        TimeSpan duration = _timeProvider.GetElapsedTime(pendingCommand.StartTimestamp);
+        _metrics?.CommandFailed(pendingCommand.Method, errorCode.ToString(), duration);
+        pendingCommand.SetException(new WorkerClientException(errorCode, message));
+    }
+
+    private async Task<WorkerEnvelope> ReadHandshakeEnvelopeAsync(
+        WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase expectedBody,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        WorkerEnvelope envelope = await _reader.ReadAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        if (envelope.BodyCase != expectedBody)
+        {
+            throw new WorkerClientException(
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.ProtocolViolation,
+                $"Worker handshake expected {expectedBody} but received {envelope.BodyCase}.");
+        }
+
+        return envelope;
+    }
+
+    private void ValidateWorkerHello(WorkerHello workerHello)
+    {
+        if (workerHello.ProtocolVersion != _connection.FrameOptions.ProtocolVersion)
+        {
+            throw new WorkerClientException(
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.ProtocolViolation,
+                "Worker hello protocol version does not match the gateway protocol version.");
+        }
+
+        if (!string.Equals(workerHello.Nonce, _connection.Nonce, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            throw new WorkerClientException(
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.ProtocolViolation,
+                "Worker hello nonce does not match the gateway nonce.");
+        }
+
+        lock (_syncRoot)
+        {
+            _processId = workerHello.WorkerProcessId == 0
+                ? _connection.ProcessHandle?.ProcessId
+                : workerHello.WorkerProcessId;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void MarkReady(WorkerReady ready)
+    {
+        lock (_syncRoot)
+        {
+            _processId = ready.WorkerProcessId == 0
+                ? _processId ?? _connection.ProcessHandle?.ProcessId
+                : ready.WorkerProcessId;
+            _lastHeartbeatAt = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow();
+            _state = WorkerClientState.Ready;
+        }
+
+        DateTimeOffset readyAt = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow();
+        DateTimeOffset launchedAt = _connection.ProcessHandle?.LaunchedAt ?? readyAt;
+        _metrics?.WorkerStarted(readyAt - launchedAt);
+    }
+
+    private void MarkHeartbeat(WorkerHeartbeat heartbeat)
+    {
+        lock (_syncRoot)
+        {
+            _lastHeartbeatAt = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow();
+            if (heartbeat.WorkerProcessId != 0)
+            {
+                _processId = heartbeat.WorkerProcessId;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void MarkClosing()
+    {
+        lock (_syncRoot)
+        {
+            if (_state is WorkerClientState.Closed or WorkerClientState.Faulted)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _state = WorkerClientState.Closing;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void MarkClosed(string reason)
+    {
+        lock (_syncRoot)
+        {
+            if (_state == WorkerClientState.Closed)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _state = WorkerClientState.Closed;
+        }
+
+        _stopCts.Cancel();
+        _outboundEnvelopes.Writer.TryComplete();
+        _events.Writer.TryComplete();
+        CompletePendingCommands(
+            new WorkerClientException(
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.GatewayShutdown,
+                $"Worker client closed because {reason}."));
+        _metrics?.WorkerStopped(reason);
+    }
+
+    private void SetFaulted(
+        WorkerClientErrorCode errorCode,
+        string message,
+        Exception? exception)
+    {
+        WorkerClientException fault = exception is null
+            ? new WorkerClientException(errorCode, message)
+            : new WorkerClientException(errorCode, message, exception);
+
+        lock (_syncRoot)
+        {
+            if (_state is WorkerClientState.Faulted or WorkerClientState.Closed)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _state = WorkerClientState.Faulted;
+        }
+
+        _stopCts.Cancel();
+        _outboundEnvelopes.Writer.TryComplete(fault);
+        _events.Writer.TryComplete(fault);
+        CompletePendingCommands(fault);
+        _metrics?.Fault(errorCode.ToString());
+        _logger.LogWarning(exception, "Worker client faulted for session {SessionId}: {Message}", SessionId, message);
+    }
+
+    private void CompletePendingCommands(Exception exception)
+    {
+        foreach (KeyValuePair<string, PendingCommand> item in _pendingCommands.ToArray())
+        {
+            if (_pendingCommands.TryRemove(item.Key, out PendingCommand? pendingCommand))
+            {
+                TimeSpan duration = _timeProvider.GetElapsedTime(pendingCommand.StartTimestamp);
+                _metrics?.CommandFailed(pendingCommand.Method, exception.GetType().Name, duration);
+                pendingCommand.SetException(exception);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void TransitionFromCreatedToHandshaking()
+    {
+        lock (_syncRoot)
+        {
+            if (_state != WorkerClientState.Created)
+            {
+                throw new WorkerClientException(
+                    WorkerClientErrorCode.InvalidState,
+                    $"Worker client cannot start from state {_state}.");
+            }
+
+            _state = WorkerClientState.Handshaking;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void EnsureReady()
+    {
+        WorkerClientState state = State;
+        if (state != WorkerClientState.Ready)
+        {
+            throw new WorkerClientException(
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.InvalidState,
+                $"Worker client is not ready. Current state is {state}.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private bool IsTerminalState()
+    {
+        WorkerClientState state = State;
+        return state is WorkerClientState.Closing or WorkerClientState.Closed or WorkerClientState.Faulted;
+    }
+
+    private async Task EnqueueAsync(
+        WorkerEnvelope envelope,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            await _outboundEnvelopes.Writer.WriteAsync(envelope, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+        catch (ChannelClosedException exception)
+        {
+            throw new WorkerClientException(
+                WorkerClientErrorCode.WriteFailed,
+                "Worker outbound channel is closed.",
+                exception);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private WorkerEnvelope CreateGatewayHelloEnvelope()
+    {
+        return CreateEnvelope(
+            correlationId: string.Empty,
+            envelope => envelope.GatewayHello = new GatewayHello
+            {
+                SupportedProtocolVersion = _connection.FrameOptions.ProtocolVersion,
+                Nonce = _connection.Nonce,
+                GatewayVersion = typeof(GatewayContractInfo).Assembly.GetName().Version?.ToString() ?? GatewayVersionFallback,
+            });
+    }
+
+    private WorkerEnvelope CreateCommandEnvelope(
+        string correlationId,
+        WorkerCommand command)
+    {
+        return CreateEnvelope(
+            correlationId,
+            envelope => envelope.WorkerCommand = command.Clone());
+    }
+
+    private WorkerEnvelope CreateShutdownEnvelope(
+        TimeSpan timeout,
+        string reason)
+    {
+        return CreateEnvelope(
+            correlationId: string.Empty,
+            envelope => envelope.WorkerShutdown = new WorkerShutdown
+            {
+                GracePeriod = Duration.FromTimeSpan(timeout),
+                Reason = reason,
+            });
+    }
+
+    private WorkerEnvelope CreateEnvelope(
+        string correlationId,
+        Action<WorkerEnvelope> setBody)
+    {
+        WorkerEnvelope envelope = new()
+        {
+            ProtocolVersion = _connection.FrameOptions.ProtocolVersion,
+            SessionId = SessionId,
+            Sequence = (ulong)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextSequence),
+            CorrelationId = correlationId,
+        };
+        setBody(envelope);
+
+        return envelope;
+    }
+
+    private static string GetCommandMethod(WorkerCommand command)
+    {
+        return command.Command?.Kind.ToString() ?? MxCommandKind.Unspecified.ToString();
+    }
+
+    private static string CreateWorkerFaultMessage(WorkerFault fault)
+    {
+        return string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(fault.DiagnosticMessage)
+            ? $"Worker faulted with category {fault.Category}."
+            : $"Worker faulted with category {fault.Category}: {fault.DiagnosticMessage}";
+    }
+
+    private async Task WaitForBackgroundTasksAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        Task[] tasks = new[] { _readLoopTask, _writeLoopTask, _heartbeatLoopTask }
+            .Where(task => task is not null)
+            .Cast<Task>()
+            .ToArray();
+
+        if (tasks.Length == 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        await Task.WhenAll(tasks).WaitAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+    }
+
+    private void ThrowIfDisposed()
+    {
+        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
+    }
+
+    private sealed class PendingCommand
+    {
+        private readonly TaskCompletionSource<WorkerCommandReply> _completion = new(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+
+        public PendingCommand(
+            string correlationId,
+            string method,
+            long startTimestamp)
+        {
+            CorrelationId = correlationId;
+            Method = method;
+            StartTimestamp = startTimestamp;
+        }
+
+        public string CorrelationId { get; }
+
+        public string Method { get; }
+
+        public long StartTimestamp { get; }
+
+        public Task<WorkerCommandReply> Task => _completion.Task;
+
+        public void SetResult(WorkerCommandReply reply)
+        {
+            _completion.TrySetResult(reply);
+        }
+
+        public void SetException(Exception exception)
+        {
+            _completion.TrySetException(exception);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerClientConnection.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public sealed class WorkerClientConnection
+{
+    public WorkerClientConnection(
+        string sessionId,
+        string nonce,
+        Stream stream,
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions frameOptions,
+        WorkerProcessHandle? processHandle = null)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(sessionId))
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentException("Session id is required.", nameof(sessionId));
+        }
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(nonce))
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentException("Worker nonce is required.", nameof(nonce));
+        }
+
+        SessionId = sessionId;
+        Nonce = nonce;
+        Stream = stream ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(stream));
+        FrameOptions = frameOptions ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(frameOptions));
+        ProcessHandle = processHandle;
+    }
+
+    public string SessionId { get; }
+
+    public string Nonce { get; }
+
+    public Stream Stream { get; }
+
+    public WorkerFrameProtocolOptions FrameOptions { get; }
+
+    public WorkerProcessHandle? ProcessHandle { get; }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerClientErrorCode.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public enum WorkerClientErrorCode
+{
+    InvalidState,
+    ProtocolViolation,
+    PipeDisconnected,
+    CommandTimeout,
+    WorkerFaulted,
+    HeartbeatExpired,
+    ShutdownTimeout,
+    GatewayShutdown,
+    WriteFailed,
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerClientException.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public sealed class WorkerClientException : Exception
+{
+    public WorkerClientException(
+        WorkerClientErrorCode errorCode,
+        string message)
+        : base(message)
+    {
+        ErrorCode = errorCode;
+    }
+
+    public WorkerClientException(
+        WorkerClientErrorCode errorCode,
+        string message,
+        Exception innerException)
+        : base(message, innerException)
+    {
+        ErrorCode = errorCode;
+    }
+
+    public WorkerClientErrorCode ErrorCode { get; }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerClientOptions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public sealed class WorkerClientOptions
+{
+    public static readonly TimeSpan DefaultHeartbeatGrace = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15);
+    public static readonly TimeSpan DefaultHeartbeatCheckInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1);
+    public static readonly TimeSpan DefaultEventChannelFullModeTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5);
+
+    public WorkerClientOptions()
+    {
+        HeartbeatGrace = DefaultHeartbeatGrace;
+        HeartbeatCheckInterval = DefaultHeartbeatCheckInterval;
+        EventChannelCapacity = 1_024;
+        EventChannelFullModeTimeout = DefaultEventChannelFullModeTimeout;
+    }
+
+    public TimeSpan HeartbeatGrace { get; init; }
+
+    public TimeSpan HeartbeatCheckInterval { get; init; }
+
+    public int EventChannelCapacity { get; init; }
+
+    public TimeSpan EventChannelFullModeTimeout { get; init; }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerClientState.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public enum WorkerClientState
+{
+    Created,
+    Handshaking,
+    Ready,
+    Closing,
+    Closed,
+    Faulted,
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerExecutableValidator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+internal static class WorkerExecutableValidator
+{
+    private const ushort ImageFileMachineI386 = 0x014c;
+    private const ushort ImageFileMachineAmd64 = 0x8664;
+    private const int DosHeaderSignatureOffset = 0;
+    private const int PeHeaderOffsetPointer = 0x3c;
+    private const int PeSignatureSize = 4;
+    private const int MachineOffsetFromPeHeader = PeSignatureSize;
+    private const int MinimumHeaderSize = 0x40;
+
+    public static void Validate(
+        string executablePath,
+        WorkerArchitecture requiredArchitecture)
+    {
+        ushort machine = ReadMachineType(executablePath);
+        ushort expectedMachine = requiredArchitecture switch
+        {
+            WorkerArchitecture.X86 => ImageFileMachineI386,
+            WorkerArchitecture.X64 => ImageFileMachineAmd64,
+            _ => throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.InvalidExecutable,
+                "Worker executable required architecture is unsupported."),
+        };
+
+        if (machine != expectedMachine)
+        {
+            throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.InvalidExecutable,
+                $"Worker executable architecture does not match required {requiredArchitecture} architecture.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static ushort ReadMachineType(string executablePath)
+    {
+        byte[] header = new byte[MinimumHeaderSize];
+        using FileStream stream = File.OpenRead(executablePath);
+        if (stream.Read(header) < header.Length)
+        {
+            throw InvalidExecutable("Worker executable is too small to contain a valid PE header.");
+        }
+
+        if (header[DosHeaderSignatureOffset] != 'M' || header[DosHeaderSignatureOffset + 1] != 'Z')
+        {
+            throw InvalidExecutable("Worker executable does not contain an MZ header.");
+        }
+
+        int peHeaderOffset = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt32LittleEndian(header.AsSpan(PeHeaderOffsetPointer, sizeof(int)));
+        if (peHeaderOffset < MinimumHeaderSize)
+        {
+            throw InvalidExecutable("Worker executable PE header offset is invalid.");
+        }
+
+        byte[] peHeaderBytes = new byte[PeSignatureSize + sizeof(ushort)];
+        stream.Position = peHeaderOffset;
+        if (stream.Read(peHeaderBytes) < peHeaderBytes.Length)
+        {
+            throw InvalidExecutable("Worker executable PE header is missing.");
+        }
+
+        if (peHeaderBytes[0] != 'P' || peHeaderBytes[1] != 'E' || peHeaderBytes[2] != 0 || peHeaderBytes[3] != 0)
+        {
+            throw InvalidExecutable("Worker executable does not contain a PE header.");
+        }
+
+        return BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt16LittleEndian(
+            peHeaderBytes.AsSpan(MachineOffsetFromPeHeader, sizeof(ushort)));
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerProcessLaunchException InvalidExecutable(string message)
+    {
+        return new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+            WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.InvalidExecutable,
+            message);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerProcessCommandLine.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public sealed class WorkerProcessCommandLine
+{
+    public WorkerProcessCommandLine(
+        string executablePath,
+        IReadOnlyList<string> arguments)
+    {
+        ExecutablePath = executablePath;
+        Arguments = arguments;
+    }
+
+    public string ExecutablePath { get; }
+
+    public IReadOnlyList<string> Arguments { get; }
+
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return string.Join(
+            " ",
+            new[] { Quote(ExecutablePath) }.Concat(Arguments.Select(Quote)));
+    }
+
+    private static string Quote(string value)
+    {
+        return value.Contains(' ', StringComparison.Ordinal)
+            ? $"\"{value}\""
+            : value;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerProcessHandle.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public sealed class WorkerProcessHandle : IDisposable
+{
+    public WorkerProcessHandle(
+        IWorkerProcess process,
+        WorkerProcessCommandLine commandLine,
+        DateTimeOffset launchedAt)
+    {
+        Process = process;
+        ProcessId = process.Id;
+        CommandLine = commandLine;
+        LaunchedAt = launchedAt;
+    }
+
+    public IWorkerProcess Process { get; }
+
+    public int ProcessId { get; }
+
+    public WorkerProcessCommandLine CommandLine { get; }
+
+    public DateTimeOffset LaunchedAt { get; }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        Process.Dispose();
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public enum WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode
+{
+    Unknown = 0,
+    InvalidRequest = 1,
+    ExecutableNotFound = 2,
+    InvalidExecutable = 3,
+    InvalidWorkingDirectory = 4,
+    StartFailed = 5,
+    StartupTimeout = 6,
+    StartupFailed = 7,
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerProcessLaunchException.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public sealed class WorkerProcessLaunchException : Exception
+{
+    public WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+        WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode errorCode,
+        string message)
+        : base(message)
+    {
+        ErrorCode = errorCode;
+    }
+
+    public WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+        WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode errorCode,
+        string message,
+        Exception innerException)
+        : base(message, innerException)
+    {
+        ErrorCode = errorCode;
+    }
+
+    public WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode ErrorCode { get; }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerProcessLaunchRequest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public sealed record WorkerProcessLaunchRequest(
+    string SessionId,
+    string PipeName,
+    uint ProtocolVersion,
+    string Nonce,
+    IDisposable? PipeReservation = null);

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerProcessLauncher.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Metrics;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public sealed class WorkerProcessLauncher : IWorkerProcessLauncher
+{
+    public const string WorkerNonceEnvironmentVariableName = "MXGATEWAY_WORKER_NONCE";
+
+    private readonly IWorkerProcessFactory _processFactory;
+    private readonly IWorkerStartupProbe _startupProbe;
+    private readonly GatewayMetrics _metrics;
+    private readonly TimeProvider _timeProvider;
+    private readonly WorkerOptions _workerOptions;
+
+    public WorkerProcessLauncher(
+        IOptions<GatewayOptions> gatewayOptions,
+        IWorkerProcessFactory processFactory,
+        IWorkerStartupProbe startupProbe,
+        GatewayMetrics metrics,
+        TimeProvider? timeProvider = null)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(gatewayOptions);
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(processFactory);
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(startupProbe);
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(metrics);
+
+        _workerOptions = gatewayOptions.Value.Worker;
+        _processFactory = processFactory;
+        _startupProbe = startupProbe;
+        _metrics = metrics;
+        _timeProvider = timeProvider ?? TimeProvider.System;
+    }
+
+    public async Task<WorkerProcessHandle> LaunchAsync(
+        WorkerProcessLaunchRequest request,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            return await LaunchCoreAsync(request, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            request.PipeReservation?.Dispose();
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task<WorkerProcessHandle> LaunchCoreAsync(
+        WorkerProcessLaunchRequest request,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        ValidateRequest(request);
+
+        DateTimeOffset startedAt = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow();
+        ProcessStartInfo startInfo = CreateStartInfo(request, out WorkerProcessCommandLine commandLine);
+
+        IWorkerProcess process;
+        try
+        {
+            process = _processFactory.Start(startInfo);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is not WorkerProcessLaunchException)
+        {
+            throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.StartFailed,
+                "Worker process failed to start.",
+                exception);
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            using CancellationTokenSource startupTimeout = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(cancellationToken);
+            startupTimeout.CancelAfter(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(_workerOptions.StartupTimeoutSeconds));
+
+            await _startupProbe
+                .WaitUntilReadyAsync(process, request, startupTimeout.Token)
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+            _metrics.WorkerStarted(_timeProvider.GetUtcNow() - startedAt);
+
+            return new WorkerProcessHandle(process, commandLine, startedAt);
+        }
+        catch (OperationCanceledException exception) when (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            KillAndDispose(process, "StartupTimeout");
+            throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.StartupTimeout,
+                "Worker process did not complete startup before the configured timeout.",
+                exception);
+        }
+        catch (OperationCanceledException)
+        {
+            KillAndDispose(process, "LaunchCanceled");
+            throw;
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is not WorkerProcessLaunchException)
+        {
+            KillAndDispose(process, "StartupFailed");
+            throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.StartupFailed,
+                "Worker process failed during startup.",
+                exception);
+        }
+        catch (WorkerProcessLaunchException)
+        {
+            KillAndDispose(process, "StartupFailed");
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ProcessStartInfo CreateStartInfo(
+        WorkerProcessLaunchRequest request,
+        out WorkerProcessCommandLine commandLine)
+    {
+        string executablePath = ResolveExecutablePath();
+        string workingDirectory = ResolveWorkingDirectory(executablePath);
+        string[] arguments =
+        [
+            "--session-id",
+            request.SessionId,
+            "--pipe-name",
+            request.PipeName,
+            "--protocol-version",
+            request.ProtocolVersion.ToString(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+        ];
+
+        ProcessStartInfo startInfo = new()
+        {
+            FileName = executablePath,
+            WorkingDirectory = workingDirectory,
+            UseShellExecute = false,
+            CreateNoWindow = true,
+            ErrorDialog = false,
+        };
+
+        foreach (string argument in arguments)
+        {
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(argument);
+        }
+
+        startInfo.Environment[WorkerNonceEnvironmentVariableName] = request.Nonce;
+
+        commandLine = new WorkerProcessCommandLine(executablePath, arguments);
+
+        return startInfo;
+    }
+
+    private string ResolveExecutablePath()
+    {
+        string executablePath;
+        try
+        {
+            executablePath = Path.GetFullPath(_workerOptions.ExecutablePath);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is ArgumentException or NotSupportedException or PathTooLongException)
+        {
+            throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.InvalidExecutable,
+                "Worker executable path is not a valid filesystem path.",
+                exception);
+        }
+
+        if (!string.Equals(Path.GetExtension(executablePath), ".exe", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.InvalidExecutable,
+                "Worker executable path must point to a .exe file.");
+        }
+
+        if (!File.Exists(executablePath))
+        {
+            throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.ExecutableNotFound,
+                "Worker executable does not exist.");
+        }
+
+        WorkerExecutableValidator.Validate(executablePath, _workerOptions.RequiredArchitecture);
+
+        return executablePath;
+    }
+
+    private string ResolveWorkingDirectory(string executablePath)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(_workerOptions.WorkingDirectory))
+        {
+            return Path.GetDirectoryName(executablePath) ?? Environment.CurrentDirectory;
+        }
+
+        string workingDirectory;
+        try
+        {
+            workingDirectory = Path.GetFullPath(_workerOptions.WorkingDirectory);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is ArgumentException or NotSupportedException or PathTooLongException)
+        {
+            throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.InvalidWorkingDirectory,
+                "Worker working directory is not a valid filesystem path.",
+                exception);
+        }
+
+        if (!Directory.Exists(workingDirectory))
+        {
+            throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.InvalidWorkingDirectory,
+                "Worker working directory does not exist.");
+        }
+
+        return workingDirectory;
+    }
+
+    private void KillAndDispose(IWorkerProcess process, string reason)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            if (!process.HasExited)
+            {
+                process.Kill(entireProcessTree: true);
+                _metrics.WorkerKilled(reason);
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            process.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void ValidateRequest(WorkerProcessLaunchRequest request)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(request.SessionId))
+        {
+            throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.InvalidRequest,
+                "Worker launch requires a session id.");
+        }
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(request.PipeName))
+        {
+            throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.InvalidRequest,
+                "Worker launch requires a pipe name.");
+        }
+
+        if (request.ProtocolVersion == 0)
+        {
+            throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.InvalidRequest,
+                "Worker launch requires a non-zero protocol version.");
+        }
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(request.Nonce))
+        {
+            throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.InvalidRequest,
+                "Worker launch requires a nonce.");
+        }
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerProcessStartedProbe.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public sealed class WorkerProcessStartedProbe : IWorkerStartupProbe
+{
+    public Task WaitUntilReadyAsync(
+        IWorkerProcess process,
+        WorkerProcessLaunchRequest request,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (process.HasExited)
+        {
+            throw new WorkerProcessLaunchException(
+                WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.StartupFailed,
+                $"Worker process exited before startup completed with exit code {process.ExitCode}.");
+        }
+
+        return Task.CompletedTask;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Server/Workers/WorkerServiceCollectionExtensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+namespace MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+public static class WorkerServiceCollectionExtensions
+{
+    public static IServiceCollection AddWorkerProcessLauncher(this IServiceCollection services)
+    {
+        services.AddSingleton<IWorkerProcessFactory, SystemWorkerProcessFactory>();
+        services.AddSingleton<IWorkerStartupProbe, WorkerProcessStartedProbe>();
+        services.AddSingleton<IWorkerProcessLauncher, WorkerProcessLauncher>();
+
+        return services;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Tests/Diagnostics/GatewayLogRedactorTests.cs

@@ -13,6 +13,15 @@ public sealed class GatewayLogRedactorTests
         Assert.DoesNotContain("super-secret", redacted);
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public void RedactApiKey_RemovesSecretContainingUnderscores()
+    {
+        string? redacted = GatewayLogRedactor.RedactApiKey("Bearer mxgw_operator01_super_secret_value");
+
+        Assert.Equal("Bearer mxgw_operator01_[redacted]", redacted);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain("super_secret_value", redacted);
+    }
+
     [Theory]
     [InlineData("AuthenticateUser")]
     [InlineData("WriteSecured")]

src/MxGateway.Tests/Gateway/Workers/WorkerClientTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+using System.IO.Pipes;
+using MxGateway.Contracts;
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+using MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Tests.Gateway.Workers;
+
+public sealed class WorkerClientTests
+{
+    private const string SessionId = "session-worker-client";
+    private const string Nonce = "nonce-worker-client";
+    private const int WorkerProcessId = 4321;
+    private static readonly TimeSpan TestTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5);
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task StartAsync_WithWorkerHelloAndReady_EntersReadyState()
+    {
+        await using PipePair pipePair = await PipePair.CreateAsync();
+        await using WorkerClient client = CreateClient(pipePair);
+
+        await CompleteHandshakeAsync(client, pipePair);
+
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerClientState.Ready, client.State);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerProcessId, client.ProcessId);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task InvokeAsync_WithMatchingReply_CompletesPendingCommand()
+    {
+        await using PipePair pipePair = await PipePair.CreateAsync();
+        await using WorkerClient client = CreateClient(pipePair);
+        await CompleteHandshakeAsync(client, pipePair);
+
+        Task<WorkerCommandReply> invokeTask = client.InvokeAsync(
+            CreateCommand(MxCommandKind.Ping),
+            TestTimeout,
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        WorkerEnvelope commandEnvelope = await pipePair.WorkerReader.ReadAsync().AsTask().WaitAsync(TestTimeout);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.WorkerCommand, commandEnvelope.BodyCase);
+        Assert.False(string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(commandEnvelope.CorrelationId));
+
+        await pipePair.WorkerWriter.WriteAsync(
+            CreateCommandReplyEnvelope(commandEnvelope.CorrelationId, MxCommandKind.Ping));
+
+        WorkerCommandReply reply = await invokeTask.WaitAsync(TestTimeout);
+
+        Assert.Equal(commandEnvelope.CorrelationId, reply.Reply.CorrelationId);
+        Assert.Equal(MxCommandKind.Ping, reply.Reply.Kind);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task InvokeAsync_WithLateReply_IgnoresLateReplyAndKeepsClientReady()
+    {
+        await using PipePair pipePair = await PipePair.CreateAsync();
+        await using WorkerClient client = CreateClient(pipePair);
+        await CompleteHandshakeAsync(client, pipePair);
+
+        Task<WorkerCommandReply> timedOutInvokeTask = client.InvokeAsync(
+            CreateCommand(MxCommandKind.Ping),
+            TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(50),
+            CancellationToken.None);
+        WorkerEnvelope timedOutCommand = await pipePair.WorkerReader.ReadAsync().AsTask().WaitAsync(TestTimeout);
+
+        WorkerClientException exception = await Assert.ThrowsAsync<WorkerClientException>(
+            async () => await timedOutInvokeTask);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerClientErrorCode.CommandTimeout, exception.ErrorCode);
+
+        await pipePair.WorkerWriter.WriteAsync(
+            CreateCommandReplyEnvelope(timedOutCommand.CorrelationId, MxCommandKind.Ping));
+        await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(50));
+
+        Task<WorkerCommandReply> secondInvokeTask = client.InvokeAsync(
+            CreateCommand(MxCommandKind.GetWorkerInfo),
+            TestTimeout,
+            CancellationToken.None);
+        WorkerEnvelope secondCommand = await pipePair.WorkerReader.ReadAsync().AsTask().WaitAsync(TestTimeout);
+        await pipePair.WorkerWriter.WriteAsync(
+            CreateCommandReplyEnvelope(secondCommand.CorrelationId, MxCommandKind.GetWorkerInfo));
+
+        WorkerCommandReply reply = await secondInvokeTask.WaitAsync(TestTimeout);
+
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerClientState.Ready, client.State);
+        Assert.Equal(MxCommandKind.GetWorkerInfo, reply.Reply.Kind);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadEventsAsync_WithWorkerEvents_YieldsEventsInPipeOrder()
+    {
+        await using PipePair pipePair = await PipePair.CreateAsync();
+        await using WorkerClient client = CreateClient(pipePair);
+        await CompleteHandshakeAsync(client, pipePair);
+        using CancellationTokenSource cancellationTokenSource = new(TestTimeout);
+
+        await using IAsyncEnumerator<WorkerEvent> events =
+            client.ReadEventsAsync(cancellationTokenSource.Token).GetAsyncEnumerator(cancellationTokenSource.Token);
+
+        await pipePair.WorkerWriter.WriteAsync(
+            CreateEventEnvelope(sequence: 11, MxEventFamily.OnDataChange));
+        await pipePair.WorkerWriter.WriteAsync(
+            CreateEventEnvelope(sequence: 12, MxEventFamily.OperationComplete));
+
+        Assert.True(await events.MoveNextAsync());
+        Assert.Equal((ulong)11, events.Current.Event.WorkerSequence);
+        Assert.Equal(MxEventFamily.OnDataChange, events.Current.Event.Family);
+
+        Assert.True(await events.MoveNextAsync());
+        Assert.Equal((ulong)12, events.Current.Event.WorkerSequence);
+        Assert.Equal(MxEventFamily.OperationComplete, events.Current.Event.Family);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadLoop_WhenPipeDisconnects_FaultsClient()
+    {
+        await using PipePair pipePair = await PipePair.CreateAsync();
+        await using WorkerClient client = CreateClient(pipePair);
+        await CompleteHandshakeAsync(client, pipePair);
+
+        await pipePair.DisposeWorkerSideAsync();
+
+        await WaitUntilAsync(
+            () => client.State == WorkerClientState.Faulted,
+            TestTimeout);
+
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerClientState.Faulted, client.State);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task HeartbeatMonitor_WhenHeartbeatExpires_FaultsClient()
+    {
+        await using PipePair pipePair = await PipePair.CreateAsync();
+        await using WorkerClient client = CreateClient(
+            pipePair,
+            new WorkerClientOptions
+            {
+                HeartbeatGrace = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(80),
+                HeartbeatCheckInterval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(20),
+                EventChannelCapacity = 8,
+            });
+        await CompleteHandshakeAsync(client, pipePair);
+
+        await WaitUntilAsync(
+            () => client.State == WorkerClientState.Faulted,
+            TestTimeout);
+
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerClientState.Faulted, client.State);
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerClient CreateClient(
+        PipePair pipePair,
+        WorkerClientOptions? options = null)
+    {
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions frameOptions = new(SessionId);
+        WorkerClientConnection connection = new(
+            SessionId,
+            Nonce,
+            pipePair.GatewayStream,
+            frameOptions);
+
+        return new WorkerClient(connection, options);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task CompleteHandshakeAsync(
+        WorkerClient client,
+        PipePair pipePair)
+    {
+        Task startTask = client.StartAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        WorkerEnvelope gatewayHello = await pipePair.WorkerReader.ReadAsync().AsTask().WaitAsync(TestTimeout);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.GatewayHello, gatewayHello.BodyCase);
+        Assert.Equal(Nonce, gatewayHello.GatewayHello.Nonce);
+        Assert.Equal(GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion, gatewayHello.GatewayHello.SupportedProtocolVersion);
+
+        await pipePair.WorkerWriter.WriteAsync(CreateWorkerHelloEnvelope());
+        await pipePair.WorkerWriter.WriteAsync(CreateWorkerReadyEnvelope());
+        await startTask.WaitAsync(TestTimeout);
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerCommand CreateCommand(MxCommandKind kind)
+    {
+        return new WorkerCommand
+        {
+            Command = new MxCommand
+            {
+                Kind = kind,
+            },
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerEnvelope CreateWorkerHelloEnvelope()
+    {
+        return CreateWorkerEnvelope(
+            correlationId: string.Empty,
+            sequence: 1,
+            envelope => envelope.WorkerHello = new WorkerHello
+            {
+                ProtocolVersion = GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion,
+                Nonce = Nonce,
+                WorkerProcessId = WorkerProcessId,
+                WorkerVersion = "fake-worker",
+            });
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerEnvelope CreateWorkerReadyEnvelope()
+    {
+        return CreateWorkerEnvelope(
+            correlationId: string.Empty,
+            sequence: 2,
+            envelope => envelope.WorkerReady = new WorkerReady
+            {
+                WorkerProcessId = WorkerProcessId,
+                MxaccessProgid = "LMXProxy.LMXProxyServer.1",
+                MxaccessClsid = "{C30B52F5-2CB5-4760-AF0A-3A344A7EB5DC}",
+            });
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerEnvelope CreateCommandReplyEnvelope(
+        string correlationId,
+        MxCommandKind kind)
+    {
+        return CreateWorkerEnvelope(
+            correlationId,
+            sequence: 10,
+            envelope => envelope.WorkerCommandReply = new WorkerCommandReply
+            {
+                Reply = new MxCommandReply
+                {
+                    SessionId = SessionId,
+                    CorrelationId = correlationId,
+                    Kind = kind,
+                },
+            });
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerEnvelope CreateEventEnvelope(
+        ulong sequence,
+        MxEventFamily family)
+    {
+        return CreateWorkerEnvelope(
+            correlationId: string.Empty,
+            sequence,
+            envelope => envelope.WorkerEvent = new WorkerEvent
+            {
+                Event = new MxEvent
+                {
+                    SessionId = SessionId,
+                    Family = family,
+                    WorkerSequence = sequence,
+                },
+            });
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerEnvelope CreateWorkerEnvelope(
+        string correlationId,
+        ulong sequence,
+        Action<WorkerEnvelope> setBody)
+    {
+        WorkerEnvelope envelope = new()
+        {
+            ProtocolVersion = GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion,
+            SessionId = SessionId,
+            Sequence = sequence,
+            CorrelationId = correlationId,
+        };
+        setBody(envelope);
+
+        return envelope;
+    }
+
+    private static async Task WaitUntilAsync(
+        Func<bool> predicate,
+        TimeSpan timeout)
+    {
+        using CancellationTokenSource cancellationTokenSource = new(timeout);
+        while (!predicate())
+        {
+            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(10), cancellationTokenSource.Token);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class PipePair : IAsyncDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly NamedPipeClientStream _workerStream;
+        private bool _workerSideDisposed;
+
+        private PipePair(
+            NamedPipeServerStream gatewayStream,
+            NamedPipeClientStream workerStream)
+        {
+            GatewayStream = gatewayStream;
+            _workerStream = workerStream;
+            WorkerReader = new WorkerFrameReader(_workerStream, new WorkerFrameProtocolOptions(SessionId));
+            WorkerWriter = new WorkerFrameWriter(_workerStream, new WorkerFrameProtocolOptions(SessionId));
+        }
+
+        public NamedPipeServerStream GatewayStream { get; }
+
+        public WorkerFrameReader WorkerReader { get; }
+
+        public WorkerFrameWriter WorkerWriter { get; }
+
+        public static async Task<PipePair> CreateAsync()
+        {
+            string pipeName = $"mxaccessgw-workerclient-tests-{Guid.NewGuid():N}";
+            NamedPipeServerStream gatewayStream = new(
+                pipeName,
+                PipeDirection.InOut,
+                maxNumberOfServerInstances: 1,
+                PipeTransmissionMode.Byte,
+                PipeOptions.Asynchronous);
+            NamedPipeClientStream workerStream = new(
+                ".",
+                pipeName,
+                PipeDirection.InOut,
+                PipeOptions.Asynchronous);
+
+            Task waitForConnectionTask = gatewayStream.WaitForConnectionAsync();
+            await workerStream.ConnectAsync();
+            await waitForConnectionTask;
+
+            return new PipePair(gatewayStream, workerStream);
+        }
+
+        public async ValueTask DisposeWorkerSideAsync()
+        {
+            if (_workerSideDisposed)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            await _workerStream.DisposeAsync();
+            _workerSideDisposed = true;
+        }
+
+        public async ValueTask DisposeAsync()
+        {
+            await DisposeWorkerSideAsync();
+            await GatewayStream.DisposeAsync();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Tests/Gateway/Workers/WorkerProcessLauncherTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Contracts;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Metrics;
+using MxGateway.Server.Workers;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Tests.Gateway.Workers;
+
+public sealed class WorkerProcessLauncherTests
+{
+    private const string SessionId = "session-1";
+    private const string PipeName = "mxaccess-gateway-123-session-1";
+    private const string Nonce = "super-secret-nonce";
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task LaunchAsync_WithValidWorker_StartsProcessWithBootstrapArgumentsAndNonceEnvironment()
+    {
+        using TestDirectory directory = TestDirectory.Create();
+        string executablePath = directory.CreateWorkerExecutable(machine: 0x014c);
+        FakeWorkerProcess process = new(processId: 1234);
+        FakePipeReservation pipeReservation = new();
+        FakeWorkerProcessFactory processFactory = new(process);
+        GatewayMetrics metrics = new();
+        WorkerProcessLauncher launcher = CreateLauncher(executablePath, processFactory, new SucceedingStartupProbe(), metrics);
+
+        using WorkerProcessHandle handle = await launcher.LaunchAsync(CreateRequest(pipeReservation));
+
+        Assert.Equal(1234, handle.ProcessId);
+        Assert.Same(process, handle.Process);
+        Assert.NotNull(processFactory.LastStartInfo);
+        Assert.Equal(Path.GetFullPath(executablePath), processFactory.LastStartInfo.FileName);
+        Assert.False(processFactory.LastStartInfo.UseShellExecute);
+        Assert.True(processFactory.LastStartInfo.CreateNoWindow);
+        Assert.Equal(
+            ["--session-id", SessionId, "--pipe-name", PipeName, "--protocol-version", "1"],
+            processFactory.LastStartInfo.ArgumentList);
+        Assert.Equal(Nonce, processFactory.LastStartInfo.Environment[WorkerProcessLauncher.WorkerNonceEnvironmentVariableName]);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain(Nonce, handle.CommandLine.ToString(), StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain(Nonce, string.Join(" ", handle.CommandLine.Arguments), StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        Assert.False(pipeReservation.DisposeCalled);
+        Assert.Equal(1, metrics.GetSnapshot().WorkersRunning);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task LaunchAsync_WhenStartupProbeFails_KillsAndDisposesWorker()
+    {
+        using TestDirectory directory = TestDirectory.Create();
+        string executablePath = directory.CreateWorkerExecutable(machine: 0x014c);
+        FakeWorkerProcess process = new(processId: 1234);
+        FakePipeReservation pipeReservation = new();
+        GatewayMetrics metrics = new();
+        WorkerProcessLauncher launcher = CreateLauncher(
+            executablePath,
+            new FakeWorkerProcessFactory(process),
+            new FailingStartupProbe(),
+            metrics);
+
+        WorkerProcessLaunchException exception =
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<WorkerProcessLaunchException>(
+                async () => await launcher.LaunchAsync(CreateRequest(pipeReservation)));
+
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.StartupFailed, exception.ErrorCode);
+        Assert.True(process.KillCalled);
+        Assert.True(process.DisposeCalled);
+        Assert.True(pipeReservation.DisposeCalled);
+        Assert.Equal(1, metrics.GetSnapshot().WorkerKills);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task LaunchAsync_WhenStartupTimesOut_KillsAndDisposesWorker()
+    {
+        using TestDirectory directory = TestDirectory.Create();
+        string executablePath = directory.CreateWorkerExecutable(machine: 0x014c);
+        FakeWorkerProcess process = new(processId: 1234);
+        GatewayMetrics metrics = new();
+        WorkerProcessLauncher launcher = CreateLauncher(
+            executablePath,
+            new FakeWorkerProcessFactory(process),
+            new WaitingStartupProbe(),
+            metrics,
+            startupTimeoutSeconds: 1);
+
+        WorkerProcessLaunchException exception =
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<WorkerProcessLaunchException>(
+                async () => await launcher.LaunchAsync(CreateRequest()));
+
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.StartupTimeout, exception.ErrorCode);
+        Assert.True(process.KillCalled);
+        Assert.True(process.DisposeCalled);
+        Assert.Equal(1, metrics.GetSnapshot().WorkerKills);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task LaunchAsync_WhenExecutableDoesNotExist_FailsBeforeStartingProcess()
+    {
+        using TestDirectory directory = TestDirectory.Create();
+        string executablePath = Path.Combine(directory.Path, "missing-worker.exe");
+        FakeWorkerProcessFactory processFactory = new(new FakeWorkerProcess(processId: 1234));
+        WorkerProcessLauncher launcher = CreateLauncher(executablePath, processFactory, new SucceedingStartupProbe());
+
+        WorkerProcessLaunchException exception =
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<WorkerProcessLaunchException>(
+                async () => await launcher.LaunchAsync(CreateRequest()));
+
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.ExecutableNotFound, exception.ErrorCode);
+        Assert.Null(processFactory.LastStartInfo);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task LaunchAsync_WhenExecutableArchitectureDoesNotMatch_FailsBeforeStartingProcess()
+    {
+        using TestDirectory directory = TestDirectory.Create();
+        string executablePath = directory.CreateWorkerExecutable(machine: 0x8664);
+        FakeWorkerProcessFactory processFactory = new(new FakeWorkerProcess(processId: 1234));
+        WorkerProcessLauncher launcher = CreateLauncher(executablePath, processFactory, new SucceedingStartupProbe());
+
+        WorkerProcessLaunchException exception =
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<WorkerProcessLaunchException>(
+                async () => await launcher.LaunchAsync(CreateRequest()));
+
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.InvalidExecutable, exception.ErrorCode);
+        Assert.Null(processFactory.LastStartInfo);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task LaunchAsync_WhenWorkerAlreadyExited_FailsAndDisposesWorkerWithoutKill()
+    {
+        using TestDirectory directory = TestDirectory.Create();
+        string executablePath = directory.CreateWorkerExecutable(machine: 0x014c);
+        FakeWorkerProcess process = new(processId: 1234)
+        {
+            HasExited = true,
+            ExitCode = 42,
+        };
+        WorkerProcessLauncher launcher = CreateLauncher(
+            executablePath,
+            new FakeWorkerProcessFactory(process),
+            new WorkerProcessStartedProbe());
+
+        WorkerProcessLaunchException exception =
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<WorkerProcessLaunchException>(
+                async () => await launcher.LaunchAsync(CreateRequest()));
+
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerProcessLaunchErrorCode.StartupFailed, exception.ErrorCode);
+        Assert.False(process.KillCalled);
+        Assert.True(process.DisposeCalled);
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerProcessLauncher CreateLauncher(
+        string executablePath,
+        IWorkerProcessFactory processFactory,
+        IWorkerStartupProbe startupProbe,
+        GatewayMetrics? metrics = null,
+        int startupTimeoutSeconds = 30)
+    {
+        GatewayOptions options = new()
+        {
+            Worker = new WorkerOptions
+            {
+                ExecutablePath = executablePath,
+                RequiredArchitecture = WorkerArchitecture.X86,
+                StartupTimeoutSeconds = startupTimeoutSeconds,
+            },
+        };
+
+        return new WorkerProcessLauncher(
+            Options.Create(options),
+            processFactory,
+            startupProbe,
+            metrics ?? new GatewayMetrics());
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerProcessLaunchRequest CreateRequest(IDisposable? pipeReservation = null)
+    {
+        return new WorkerProcessLaunchRequest(
+            SessionId,
+            PipeName,
+            GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion,
+            Nonce,
+            pipeReservation);
+    }
+
+    private sealed class FakeWorkerProcessFactory(IWorkerProcess process) : IWorkerProcessFactory
+    {
+        public ProcessStartInfo? LastStartInfo { get; private set; }
+
+        public IWorkerProcess Start(ProcessStartInfo startInfo)
+        {
+            LastStartInfo = startInfo;
+            return process;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class FakeWorkerProcess(int processId) : IWorkerProcess
+    {
+        public int Id { get; } = processId;
+
+        public bool HasExited { get; set; }
+
+        public int? ExitCode { get; set; }
+
+        public bool DisposeCalled { get; private set; }
+
+        public bool KillCalled { get; private set; }
+
+        public ValueTask WaitForExitAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            return ValueTask.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        public void Kill(bool entireProcessTree)
+        {
+            Assert.True(entireProcessTree);
+            KillCalled = true;
+            HasExited = true;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            DisposeCalled = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class SucceedingStartupProbe : IWorkerStartupProbe
+    {
+        public Task WaitUntilReadyAsync(
+            IWorkerProcess process,
+            WorkerProcessLaunchRequest request,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class FailingStartupProbe : IWorkerStartupProbe
+    {
+        public Task WaitUntilReadyAsync(
+            IWorkerProcess process,
+            WorkerProcessLaunchRequest request,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Fake worker startup failed.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class WaitingStartupProbe : IWorkerStartupProbe
+    {
+        public async Task WaitUntilReadyAsync(
+            IWorkerProcess process,
+            WorkerProcessLaunchRequest request,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            await Task.Delay(Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan, cancellationToken);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class FakePipeReservation : IDisposable
+    {
+        public bool DisposeCalled { get; private set; }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            DisposeCalled = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class TestDirectory : IDisposable
+    {
+        private TestDirectory(string path)
+        {
+            Path = path;
+        }
+
+        public string Path { get; }
+
+        public static TestDirectory Create()
+        {
+            string path = System.IO.Path.Combine(System.IO.Path.GetTempPath(), $"mxgateway-tests-{Guid.NewGuid():N}");
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(path);
+
+            return new TestDirectory(path);
+        }
+
+        public string CreateWorkerExecutable(ushort machine)
+        {
+            string path = System.IO.Path.Combine(Path, "MxGateway.Worker.exe");
+            byte[] bytes = new byte[0x100];
+            bytes[0] = (byte)'M';
+            bytes[1] = (byte)'Z';
+            BitConverter.GetBytes(0x80).CopyTo(bytes, 0x3c);
+            bytes[0x80] = (byte)'P';
+            bytes[0x81] = (byte)'E';
+            bytes[0x82] = 0;
+            bytes[0x83] = 0;
+            BitConverter.GetBytes(machine).CopyTo(bytes, 0x84);
+            File.WriteAllBytes(path, bytes);
+
+            return path;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Directory.Delete(Path, recursive: true);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Tests/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyAdminCliRunnerTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+using System.Text.Json;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Tests.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class ApiKeyAdminCliRunnerTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task CreateKeyAsync_CreatesAuthenticatingKeyAndAudits()
+    {
+        await using ServiceProvider services = BuildServices(CreateTempDatabasePath());
+        ApiKeyAdminCliRunner runner = services.GetRequiredService<ApiKeyAdminCliRunner>();
+        StringWriter output = new();
+
+        await runner.RunAsync(
+            new ApiKeyAdminCommand(
+                Kind: ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.CreateKey,
+                Json: true,
+                SqlitePath: null,
+                Pepper: null,
+                KeyId: "operator01",
+                DisplayName: "Operator",
+                Scopes: new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal) { "session:open", "events:read" }),
+            output,
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        string apiKey = ReadApiKey(output.ToString());
+
+        IApiKeyVerifier verifier = services.GetRequiredService<IApiKeyVerifier>();
+        ApiKeyVerificationResult verification = await verifier.VerifyAsync($"Bearer {apiKey}", CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.True(verification.Succeeded);
+        Assert.NotNull(verification.Identity);
+        Assert.Equal("operator01", verification.Identity.KeyId);
+        Assert.Contains("session:open", verification.Identity.Scopes);
+
+        IReadOnlyList<ApiKeyAuditRecord> auditRecords = await services
+            .GetRequiredService<IApiKeyAuditStore>()
+            .ListRecentAsync(10, CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.Contains(auditRecords, record => record.EventType == "create-key" && record.KeyId == "operator01");
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ListKeysAsync_DoesNotPrintRawSecret()
+    {
+        await using ServiceProvider services = BuildServices(CreateTempDatabasePath());
+        ApiKeyAdminCliRunner runner = services.GetRequiredService<ApiKeyAdminCliRunner>();
+        string apiKey = await CreateKeyAsync(runner, "operator01");
+        StringWriter listOutput = new();
+
+        await runner.RunAsync(
+            new ApiKeyAdminCommand(
+                Kind: ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.ListKeys,
+                Json: true,
+                SqlitePath: null,
+                Pepper: null,
+                KeyId: null,
+                DisplayName: null,
+                Scopes: new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal)),
+            listOutput,
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        string listJson = listOutput.ToString();
+
+        Assert.Contains("operator01", listJson, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain(apiKey, listJson, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain(ApiKeySecret(apiKey), listJson, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain("secret_hash", listJson, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task RevokeKeyAsync_RevokedKeyFailsVerificationAndAudits()
+    {
+        await using ServiceProvider services = BuildServices(CreateTempDatabasePath());
+        ApiKeyAdminCliRunner runner = services.GetRequiredService<ApiKeyAdminCliRunner>();
+        string apiKey = await CreateKeyAsync(runner, "operator01");
+
+        await runner.RunAsync(
+            new ApiKeyAdminCommand(
+                Kind: ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.RevokeKey,
+                Json: true,
+                SqlitePath: null,
+                Pepper: null,
+                KeyId: "operator01",
+                DisplayName: null,
+                Scopes: new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal)),
+            TextWriter.Null,
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        ApiKeyVerificationResult verification = await services
+            .GetRequiredService<IApiKeyVerifier>()
+            .VerifyAsync($"Bearer {apiKey}", CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.False(verification.Succeeded);
+        Assert.Equal(ApiKeyVerificationFailure.KeyRevoked, verification.Failure);
+
+        IReadOnlyList<ApiKeyAuditRecord> auditRecords = await services
+            .GetRequiredService<IApiKeyAuditStore>()
+            .ListRecentAsync(10, CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.Contains(auditRecords, record => record.EventType == "revoke-key" && record.KeyId == "operator01");
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task RotateKeyAsync_PrintsNewSecretOnceAndInvalidatesOldSecret()
+    {
+        await using ServiceProvider services = BuildServices(CreateTempDatabasePath());
+        ApiKeyAdminCliRunner runner = services.GetRequiredService<ApiKeyAdminCliRunner>();
+        string oldApiKey = await CreateKeyAsync(runner, "operator01");
+        StringWriter rotateOutput = new();
+
+        await runner.RunAsync(
+            new ApiKeyAdminCommand(
+                Kind: ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.RotateKey,
+                Json: true,
+                SqlitePath: null,
+                Pepper: null,
+                KeyId: "operator01",
+                DisplayName: null,
+                Scopes: new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal)),
+            rotateOutput,
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        string rotateJson = rotateOutput.ToString();
+        string newApiKey = ReadApiKey(rotateJson);
+
+        Assert.NotEqual(oldApiKey, newApiKey);
+        Assert.Equal(1, CountOccurrences(rotateJson, newApiKey));
+
+        IApiKeyVerifier verifier = services.GetRequiredService<IApiKeyVerifier>();
+        ApiKeyVerificationResult oldVerification = await verifier.VerifyAsync($"Bearer {oldApiKey}", CancellationToken.None);
+        ApiKeyVerificationResult newVerification = await verifier.VerifyAsync($"Bearer {newApiKey}", CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.False(oldVerification.Succeeded);
+        Assert.Equal(ApiKeyVerificationFailure.SecretMismatch, oldVerification.Failure);
+        Assert.True(newVerification.Succeeded);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task CreateKeyAsync_PrintsRawSecretExactlyOnce()
+    {
+        await using ServiceProvider services = BuildServices(CreateTempDatabasePath());
+        ApiKeyAdminCliRunner runner = services.GetRequiredService<ApiKeyAdminCliRunner>();
+        StringWriter output = new();
+
+        await runner.RunAsync(
+            new ApiKeyAdminCommand(
+                Kind: ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.CreateKey,
+                Json: true,
+                SqlitePath: null,
+                Pepper: null,
+                KeyId: "operator01",
+                DisplayName: "Operator",
+                Scopes: new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal)),
+            output,
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        string json = output.ToString();
+        string apiKey = ReadApiKey(json);
+
+        Assert.Equal(1, CountOccurrences(json, apiKey));
+        Assert.Equal(1, CountOccurrences(json, ApiKeySecret(apiKey)));
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<string> CreateKeyAsync(ApiKeyAdminCliRunner runner, string keyId)
+    {
+        StringWriter output = new();
+        await runner.RunAsync(
+            new ApiKeyAdminCommand(
+                Kind: ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.CreateKey,
+                Json: true,
+                SqlitePath: null,
+                Pepper: null,
+                KeyId: keyId,
+                DisplayName: "Operator",
+                Scopes: new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal) { "session:open" }),
+            output,
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        return ReadApiKey(output.ToString());
+    }
+
+    private static ServiceProvider BuildServices(string databasePath)
+    {
+        IConfigurationRoot configuration = new ConfigurationBuilder()
+            .AddInMemoryCollection(
+                new Dictionary<string, string?>
+                {
+                    ["MxGateway:Authentication:SqlitePath"] = databasePath,
+                    ["MxGateway:ApiKeyPepper"] = "test-pepper"
+                })
+            .Build();
+
+        ServiceCollection services = new();
+        services.AddSingleton<IConfiguration>(configuration);
+        services.AddGatewayConfiguration();
+        services.AddSqliteAuthStore();
+
+        return services.BuildServiceProvider(validateScopes: true);
+    }
+
+    private static string CreateTempDatabasePath()
+    {
+        string directory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "mxgateway-auth-cli-tests", Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N"));
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+
+        return Path.Combine(directory, "gateway-auth.db");
+    }
+
+    private static string ReadApiKey(string json)
+    {
+        using JsonDocument document = JsonDocument.Parse(json);
+
+        return document.RootElement.GetProperty("ApiKey").GetString()
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("API key was not present in command output.");
+    }
+
+    private static string ApiKeySecret(string apiKey)
+    {
+        string[] parts = apiKey.Split('_', 3);
+
+        return parts[2];
+    }
+
+    private static int CountOccurrences(string value, string pattern)
+    {
+        int count = 0;
+        int index = 0;
+
+        while ((index = value.IndexOf(pattern, index, StringComparison.Ordinal)) >= 0)
+        {
+            count++;
+            index += pattern.Length;
+        }
+
+        return count;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Tests/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyAdminCommandLineParserTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Tests.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class ApiKeyAdminCommandLineParserTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void Parse_NonApiKeyCommand_ReturnsNotApiKeyCommand()
+    {
+        ApiKeyAdminParseResult result = ApiKeyAdminCommandLineParser.Parse(["--urls=http://localhost:5000"]);
+
+        Assert.False(result.IsApiKeyCommand);
+        Assert.Null(result.Command);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Parse_CreateKeyCommand_ReturnsOptions()
+    {
+        ApiKeyAdminParseResult result = ApiKeyAdminCommandLineParser.Parse(
+            [
+                "apikey",
+                "create-key",
+                "--key-id",
+                "operator01",
+                "--display-name",
+                "Operator",
+                "--scopes",
+                "session:open,events:read",
+                "--sqlite-path",
+                "auth.db",
+                "--pepper",
+                "pepper",
+                "--json"
+            ]);
+
+        Assert.True(result.IsApiKeyCommand);
+        Assert.Null(result.Error);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.Command);
+        Assert.Equal(ApiKeyAdminCommandKind.CreateKey, result.Command.Kind);
+        Assert.True(result.Command.Json);
+        Assert.Equal("operator01", result.Command.KeyId);
+        Assert.Equal("Operator", result.Command.DisplayName);
+        Assert.Equal("auth.db", result.Command.SqlitePath);
+        Assert.Equal("pepper", result.Command.Pepper);
+        Assert.Contains("session:open", result.Command.Scopes);
+        Assert.Contains("events:read", result.Command.Scopes);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Parse_CreateKeyWithoutDisplayName_ReturnsError()
+    {
+        ApiKeyAdminParseResult result = ApiKeyAdminCommandLineParser.Parse(
+            ["apikey", "create-key", "--key-id", "operator01"]);
+
+        Assert.True(result.IsApiKeyCommand);
+        Assert.Null(result.Command);
+        Assert.Contains("--display-name", result.Error, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Parse_KeyIdWithUnderscore_ReturnsError()
+    {
+        ApiKeyAdminParseResult result = ApiKeyAdminCommandLineParser.Parse(
+            ["apikey", "revoke-key", "--key-id", "operator_01"]);
+
+        Assert.True(result.IsApiKeyCommand);
+        Assert.Null(result.Command);
+        Assert.Contains("letters, numbers, periods, and hyphens", result.Error, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Tests/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyParserTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Tests.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class ApiKeyParserTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryParseAuthorizationHeader_ValidBearerToken_ReturnsKeyIdAndSecret()
+    {
+        ApiKeyParser parser = new();
+
+        bool parsed = parser.TryParseAuthorizationHeader(
+            "Bearer mxgw_operator01_secret_value",
+            out ParsedApiKey? apiKey);
+
+        Assert.True(parsed);
+        Assert.NotNull(apiKey);
+        Assert.Equal("operator01", apiKey.KeyId);
+        Assert.Equal("secret_value", apiKey.Secret);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(null)]
+    [InlineData("")]
+    [InlineData("mxgw_operator01_secret")]
+    [InlineData("Bearer not-a-gateway-key")]
+    [InlineData("Bearer mxgw__secret")]
+    [InlineData("Bearer mxgw_operator01_")]
+    public void TryParseAuthorizationHeader_MalformedToken_ReturnsFalse(string? authorizationHeader)
+    {
+        ApiKeyParser parser = new();
+
+        bool parsed = parser.TryParseAuthorizationHeader(authorizationHeader, out ParsedApiKey? apiKey);
+
+        Assert.False(parsed);
+        Assert.Null(apiKey);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Tests/Security/Authentication/ApiKeySecretHasherTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Tests.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class ApiKeySecretHasherTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void HashSecret_SamePepperAndSecret_ReturnsSameHash()
+    {
+        ApiKeySecretHasher hasher = CreateHasher("pepper-one");
+
+        byte[] firstHash = hasher.HashSecret("raw-secret");
+        byte[] secondHash = hasher.HashSecret("raw-secret");
+
+        Assert.Equal(firstHash, secondHash);
+        Assert.NotEqual("raw-secret"u8.ToArray(), firstHash);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void HashSecret_DifferentPepper_ReturnsDifferentHash()
+    {
+        byte[] firstHash = CreateHasher("pepper-one").HashSecret("raw-secret");
+        byte[] secondHash = CreateHasher("pepper-two").HashSecret("raw-secret");
+
+        Assert.NotEqual(firstHash, secondHash);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void HashSecret_MissingPepper_Throws()
+    {
+        ApiKeySecretHasher hasher = CreateHasher(pepper: null);
+
+        Assert.Throws<ApiKeyPepperUnavailableException>(() => hasher.HashSecret("raw-secret"));
+    }
+
+    private static ApiKeySecretHasher CreateHasher(string? pepper)
+    {
+        Dictionary<string, string?> values = [];
+
+        if (pepper is not null)
+        {
+            values["TestPepper"] = pepper;
+        }
+
+        IConfigurationRoot configuration = new ConfigurationBuilder()
+            .AddInMemoryCollection(values)
+            .Build();
+
+        GatewayOptions options = new()
+        {
+            Authentication = new AuthenticationOptions
+            {
+                PepperSecretName = "TestPepper"
+            }
+        };
+
+        return new ApiKeySecretHasher(configuration, Options.Create(options));
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Tests/Security/Authentication/ApiKeyVerifierTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+using System.Text.Json;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Tests.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class ApiKeyVerifierTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task VerifyAsync_ValidKey_ReturnsIdentityAndScopes()
+    {
+        ApiKeySecretHasher hasher = CreateHasher("pepper");
+        FakeApiKeyStore store = new(CreateRecord(hasher, revokedUtc: null));
+        ApiKeyVerifier verifier = new(new ApiKeyParser(), hasher, store);
+
+        ApiKeyVerificationResult result = await verifier.VerifyAsync(
+            "Bearer mxgw_operator01_correct-secret",
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.True(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.Identity);
+        Assert.Equal("operator01", result.Identity.KeyId);
+        Assert.Equal("Operator Key", result.Identity.DisplayName);
+        Assert.Contains("session:open", result.Identity.Scopes);
+        Assert.Contains("events:read", result.Identity.Scopes);
+        Assert.True(store.MarkedUsed);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task VerifyAsync_ValidKey_DoesNotExposeRawSecretInResult()
+    {
+        ApiKeySecretHasher hasher = CreateHasher("pepper");
+        FakeApiKeyStore store = new(CreateRecord(hasher, revokedUtc: null));
+        ApiKeyVerifier verifier = new(new ApiKeyParser(), hasher, store);
+
+        ApiKeyVerificationResult result = await verifier.VerifyAsync(
+            "Bearer mxgw_operator01_correct-secret",
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        string serialized = JsonSerializer.Serialize(result);
+
+        Assert.DoesNotContain("correct-secret", serialized, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(null)]
+    [InlineData("Bearer mxgw_operator01")]
+    [InlineData("Bearer wrong")]
+    public async Task VerifyAsync_MalformedKey_FailsUnauthenticated(string? authorizationHeader)
+    {
+        ApiKeyVerifier verifier = new(
+            new ApiKeyParser(),
+            CreateHasher("pepper"),
+            new FakeApiKeyStore(storedKey: null));
+
+        ApiKeyVerificationResult result = await verifier.VerifyAsync(
+            authorizationHeader,
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.False(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.Equal(ApiKeyVerificationFailure.MissingOrMalformedCredentials, result.Failure);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task VerifyAsync_UnknownKey_Fails()
+    {
+        ApiKeyVerifier verifier = new(
+            new ApiKeyParser(),
+            CreateHasher("pepper"),
+            new FakeApiKeyStore(storedKey: null));
+
+        ApiKeyVerificationResult result = await verifier.VerifyAsync(
+            "Bearer mxgw_missing_secret",
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.False(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.Equal(ApiKeyVerificationFailure.KeyNotFound, result.Failure);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task VerifyAsync_WrongSecret_Fails()
+    {
+        ApiKeySecretHasher hasher = CreateHasher("pepper");
+        FakeApiKeyStore store = new(CreateRecord(hasher, revokedUtc: null));
+        ApiKeyVerifier verifier = new(new ApiKeyParser(), hasher, store);
+
+        ApiKeyVerificationResult result = await verifier.VerifyAsync(
+            "Bearer mxgw_operator01_wrong-secret",
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.False(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.Equal(ApiKeyVerificationFailure.SecretMismatch, result.Failure);
+        Assert.False(store.MarkedUsed);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task VerifyAsync_RevokedKey_Fails()
+    {
+        ApiKeySecretHasher hasher = CreateHasher("pepper");
+        FakeApiKeyStore store = new(CreateRecord(hasher, DateTimeOffset.UtcNow));
+        ApiKeyVerifier verifier = new(new ApiKeyParser(), hasher, store);
+
+        ApiKeyVerificationResult result = await verifier.VerifyAsync(
+            "Bearer mxgw_operator01_correct-secret",
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.False(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.Equal(ApiKeyVerificationFailure.KeyRevoked, result.Failure);
+        Assert.False(store.MarkedUsed);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task VerifyAsync_MissingPepper_Fails()
+    {
+        FakeApiKeyStore store = new(CreateRecord(CreateHasher("pepper"), revokedUtc: null));
+        ApiKeyVerifier verifier = new(new ApiKeyParser(), CreateHasher(pepper: null), store);
+
+        ApiKeyVerificationResult result = await verifier.VerifyAsync(
+            "Bearer mxgw_operator01_correct-secret",
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.False(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.Equal(ApiKeyVerificationFailure.PepperUnavailable, result.Failure);
+    }
+
+    private static ApiKeyRecord CreateRecord(ApiKeySecretHasher hasher, DateTimeOffset? revokedUtc)
+    {
+        return new ApiKeyRecord(
+            KeyId: "operator01",
+            KeyPrefix: "mxgw_operator01",
+            SecretHash: hasher.HashSecret("correct-secret"),
+            DisplayName: "Operator Key",
+            Scopes: new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal)
+            {
+                "session:open",
+                "events:read"
+            },
+            CreatedUtc: DateTimeOffset.UtcNow,
+            LastUsedUtc: null,
+            RevokedUtc: revokedUtc);
+    }
+
+    private static ApiKeySecretHasher CreateHasher(string? pepper)
+    {
+        Dictionary<string, string?> values = [];
+
+        if (pepper is not null)
+        {
+            values["TestPepper"] = pepper;
+        }
+
+        IConfigurationRoot configuration = new ConfigurationBuilder()
+            .AddInMemoryCollection(values)
+            .Build();
+
+        GatewayOptions options = new()
+        {
+            Authentication = new AuthenticationOptions
+            {
+                PepperSecretName = "TestPepper"
+            }
+        };
+
+        return new ApiKeySecretHasher(configuration, Options.Create(options));
+    }
+
+    private sealed class FakeApiKeyStore(ApiKeyRecord? storedKey) : IApiKeyStore
+    {
+        public bool MarkedUsed { get; private set; }
+
+        public Task<ApiKeyRecord?> FindByKeyIdAsync(string keyId, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            return Task.FromResult(storedKey?.KeyId == keyId ? storedKey : null);
+        }
+
+        public Task<ApiKeyRecord?> FindActiveByKeyIdAsync(string keyId, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            return Task.FromResult(
+                storedKey?.KeyId == keyId && storedKey.RevokedUtc is null
+                    ? storedKey
+                    : null);
+        }
+
+        public Task MarkKeyUsedAsync(string keyId, DateTimeOffset usedUtc, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            MarkedUsed = storedKey?.KeyId == keyId;
+
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Tests/Security/Authentication/SqliteAuthStoreTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
+using Microsoft.Data.Sqlite;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using MxGateway.Server;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Tests.Security.Authentication;
+
+public sealed class SqliteAuthStoreTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task MigrateAsync_EmptyDatabase_InitializesCurrentSchema()
+    {
+        string databasePath = CreateTempDatabasePath();
+        await using ServiceProvider services = BuildAuthServices(databasePath);
+
+        IAuthStoreMigrator migrator = services.GetRequiredService<IAuthStoreMigrator>();
+
+        await migrator.MigrateAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.Equal(SqliteAuthSchema.CurrentVersion, await ReadSchemaVersionAsync(databasePath));
+        Assert.True(await TableExistsAsync(databasePath, SqliteAuthSchema.ApiKeysTable));
+        Assert.True(await TableExistsAsync(databasePath, SqliteAuthSchema.ApiKeyAuditTable));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task MigrateAsync_ExistingVersionZeroDatabase_MigratesIdempotently()
+    {
+        string databasePath = CreateTempDatabasePath();
+        await CreateVersionZeroDatabaseAsync(databasePath);
+        await using ServiceProvider services = BuildAuthServices(databasePath);
+
+        IAuthStoreMigrator migrator = services.GetRequiredService<IAuthStoreMigrator>();
+
+        await migrator.MigrateAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+        await migrator.MigrateAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.Equal(SqliteAuthSchema.CurrentVersion, await ReadSchemaVersionAsync(databasePath));
+        Assert.True(await TableExistsAsync(databasePath, SqliteAuthSchema.ApiKeysTable));
+        Assert.True(await TableExistsAsync(databasePath, SqliteAuthSchema.ApiKeyAuditTable));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task StartAsync_NewerSchemaVersion_BlocksStartup()
+    {
+        string databasePath = CreateTempDatabasePath();
+        await CreateSchemaVersionDatabaseAsync(databasePath, SqliteAuthSchema.CurrentVersion + 1);
+
+        await using WebApplication app = GatewayApplication.Build(
+            [
+                $"--MxGateway:Authentication:SqlitePath={databasePath}",
+                "--urls=http://127.0.0.1:0"
+            ]);
+
+        AuthStoreMigrationException exception = await Assert.ThrowsAsync<AuthStoreMigrationException>(
+            () => app.StartAsync(CancellationToken.None));
+
+        Assert.Contains("newer than supported version", exception.Message, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task FindActiveByKeyIdAsync_ExistingActiveKey_ReturnsKey()
+    {
+        string databasePath = CreateTempDatabasePath();
+        await using ServiceProvider services = BuildAuthServices(databasePath);
+        await services.GetRequiredService<IAuthStoreMigrator>().MigrateAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+        await InsertApiKeyAsync(databasePath, revokedUtc: null);
+
+        IApiKeyStore store = services.GetRequiredService<IApiKeyStore>();
+
+        ApiKeyRecord? key = await store.FindActiveByKeyIdAsync("test-key", CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.NotNull(key);
+        Assert.Equal("test-key", key.KeyId);
+        Assert.Equal("mxgw_test", key.KeyPrefix);
+        Assert.Equal([1, 2, 3, 4], key.SecretHash);
+        Assert.Contains("session:open", key.Scopes);
+        Assert.Null(key.RevokedUtc);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task FindActiveByKeyIdAsync_RevokedKey_ReturnsNull()
+    {
+        string databasePath = CreateTempDatabasePath();
+        await using ServiceProvider services = BuildAuthServices(databasePath);
+        await services.GetRequiredService<IAuthStoreMigrator>().MigrateAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+        await InsertApiKeyAsync(databasePath, DateTimeOffset.UtcNow);
+
+        IApiKeyStore store = services.GetRequiredService<IApiKeyStore>();
+
+        ApiKeyRecord? activeKey = await store.FindActiveByKeyIdAsync(
+            "test-key",
+            CancellationToken.None);
+        ApiKeyRecord? storedKey = await store.FindByKeyIdAsync("test-key", CancellationToken.None);
+
+        Assert.Null(activeKey);
+        Assert.NotNull(storedKey);
+        Assert.NotNull(storedKey.RevokedUtc);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ApiKeyAuditStore_AppendAsync_PersistsAuditEvent()
+    {
+        string databasePath = CreateTempDatabasePath();
+        await using ServiceProvider services = BuildAuthServices(databasePath);
+        await services.GetRequiredService<IAuthStoreMigrator>().MigrateAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        IApiKeyAuditStore auditStore = services.GetRequiredService<IApiKeyAuditStore>();
+
+        await auditStore.AppendAsync(
+            new ApiKeyAuditEntry(
+                KeyId: "test-key",
+                EventType: "lookup",
+                RemoteAddress: "127.0.0.1",
+                Details: "matched active key"),
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        IReadOnlyList<ApiKeyAuditRecord> records = await auditStore.ListRecentAsync(
+            10,
+            CancellationToken.None);
+
+        ApiKeyAuditRecord record = Assert.Single(records);
+        Assert.Equal("test-key", record.KeyId);
+        Assert.Equal("lookup", record.EventType);
+        Assert.Equal("127.0.0.1", record.RemoteAddress);
+        Assert.Equal("matched active key", record.Details);
+    }
+
+    private static ServiceProvider BuildAuthServices(string databasePath)
+    {
+        IConfigurationRoot configuration = new ConfigurationBuilder()
+            .AddInMemoryCollection(
+                new Dictionary<string, string?>
+                {
+                    ["MxGateway:Authentication:SqlitePath"] = databasePath
+                })
+            .Build();
+
+        ServiceCollection services = new();
+        services.AddSingleton<IConfiguration>(configuration);
+        services.AddGatewayConfiguration();
+        services.AddSqliteAuthStore();
+
+        return services.BuildServiceProvider(validateScopes: true);
+    }
+
+    private static string CreateTempDatabasePath()
+    {
+        string directory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "mxgateway-auth-tests", Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N"));
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+
+        return Path.Combine(directory, "gateway-auth.db");
+    }
+
+    private static async Task CreateVersionZeroDatabaseAsync(string databasePath)
+    {
+        await using SqliteConnection connection = CreateConnection(databasePath);
+        await connection.OpenAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        await using SqliteCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
+        command.CommandText = """
+            CREATE TABLE schema_version (
+                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY CHECK (id = 1),
+                version INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                applied_utc TEXT NOT NULL
+            );
+
+            INSERT INTO schema_version (id, version, applied_utc)
+            VALUES (1, 0, $applied_utc);
+            """;
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$applied_utc", DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.ToString("O"));
+
+        await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task CreateSchemaVersionDatabaseAsync(string databasePath, int version)
+    {
+        await using SqliteConnection connection = CreateConnection(databasePath);
+        await connection.OpenAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        await using SqliteCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
+        command.CommandText = """
+            CREATE TABLE schema_version (
+                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY CHECK (id = 1),
+                version INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                applied_utc TEXT NOT NULL
+            );
+
+            INSERT INTO schema_version (id, version, applied_utc)
+            VALUES (1, $version, $applied_utc);
+            """;
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$version", version);
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$applied_utc", DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.ToString("O"));
+
+        await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task InsertApiKeyAsync(string databasePath, DateTimeOffset? revokedUtc)
+    {
+        await using SqliteConnection connection = CreateConnection(databasePath);
+        await connection.OpenAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        await using SqliteCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
+        command.CommandText = """
+            INSERT INTO api_keys (
+                key_id,
+                key_prefix,
+                secret_hash,
+                display_name,
+                scopes,
+                created_utc,
+                last_used_utc,
+                revoked_utc)
+            VALUES (
+                $key_id,
+                $key_prefix,
+                $secret_hash,
+                $display_name,
+                $scopes,
+                $created_utc,
+                NULL,
+                $revoked_utc);
+            """;
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$key_id", "test-key");
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$key_prefix", "mxgw_test");
+        command.Parameters.Add("$secret_hash", SqliteType.Blob).Value = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$display_name", "Test Key");
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue(
+            "$scopes",
+            ApiKeyScopeSerializer.Serialize(new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal) { "session:open", "events:read" }));
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$created_utc", DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.ToString("O"));
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$revoked_utc", revokedUtc?.ToString("O") ?? (object)DBNull.Value);
+
+        await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<int> ReadSchemaVersionAsync(string databasePath)
+    {
+        await using SqliteConnection connection = CreateConnection(databasePath);
+        await connection.OpenAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        await using SqliteCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
+        command.CommandText = "SELECT version FROM schema_version WHERE id = 1;";
+
+        object? result = await command.ExecuteScalarAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        return Convert.ToInt32(result, System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<bool> TableExistsAsync(string databasePath, string tableName)
+    {
+        await using SqliteConnection connection = CreateConnection(databasePath);
+        await connection.OpenAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        await using SqliteCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
+        command.CommandText = """
+            SELECT COUNT(*)
+            FROM sqlite_master
+            WHERE type = 'table' AND name = $table_name;
+            """;
+        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("$table_name", tableName);
+
+        long result = (long)(await command.ExecuteScalarAsync(CancellationToken.None) ?? 0L);
+
+        return result == 1;
+    }
+
+    private static SqliteConnection CreateConnection(string databasePath)
+    {
+        SqliteConnectionStringBuilder builder = new()
+        {
+            DataSource = databasePath,
+            Mode = SqliteOpenMode.ReadWriteCreate
+        };
+
+        return new SqliteConnection(builder.ToString());
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Tests/Security/Authorization/GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptorTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+using Grpc.Core;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+using MxGateway.Server.Configuration;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authentication;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authorization;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Tests.Security.Authorization;
+
+public sealed class GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptorTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task UnaryServerHandler_MissingApiKey_ReturnsUnauthenticated()
+    {
+        GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptor interceptor = CreateInterceptor(
+            new FakeApiKeyVerifier(ApiKeyVerificationResult.Fail(
+                ApiKeyVerificationFailure.MissingOrMalformedCredentials)),
+            new GatewayRequestIdentityAccessor());
+
+        RpcException exception = await Assert.ThrowsAsync<RpcException>(
+            () => interceptor.UnaryServerHandler(
+                new OpenSessionRequest(),
+                new TestServerCallContext([]),
+                (_, _) => Task.FromResult(new OpenSessionReply())));
+
+        Assert.Equal(StatusCode.Unauthenticated, exception.StatusCode);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain("secret", exception.Status.Detail, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task UnaryServerHandler_InvalidApiKey_DoesNotExposeRawCredentialInStatus()
+    {
+        GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptor interceptor = CreateInterceptor(
+            new FakeApiKeyVerifier(ApiKeyVerificationResult.Fail(ApiKeyVerificationFailure.SecretMismatch)),
+            new GatewayRequestIdentityAccessor());
+
+        RpcException exception = await Assert.ThrowsAsync<RpcException>(
+            () => interceptor.UnaryServerHandler(
+                new OpenSessionRequest(),
+                ContextWithAuthorization("Bearer mxgw_operator01_super-secret"),
+                (_, _) => Task.FromResult(new OpenSessionReply())));
+
+        Assert.Equal(StatusCode.Unauthenticated, exception.StatusCode);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain("super-secret", exception.Status.Detail, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task UnaryServerHandler_ValidApiKeyMissingScope_ReturnsPermissionDenied()
+    {
+        GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptor interceptor = CreateInterceptor(
+            new FakeApiKeyVerifier(SuccessWithScopes(GatewayScopes.EventsRead)),
+            new GatewayRequestIdentityAccessor());
+
+        RpcException exception = await Assert.ThrowsAsync<RpcException>(
+            () => interceptor.UnaryServerHandler(
+                new OpenSessionRequest(),
+                ContextWithAuthorization("Bearer mxgw_operator01_secret"),
+                (_, _) => Task.FromResult(new OpenSessionReply())));
+
+        Assert.Equal(StatusCode.PermissionDenied, exception.StatusCode);
+        Assert.Contains(GatewayScopes.SessionOpen, exception.Status.Detail, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task UnaryServerHandler_ValidApiKeyWithScope_SetsRequestIdentity()
+    {
+        GatewayRequestIdentityAccessor identityAccessor = new();
+        ApiKeyIdentity? identitySeenByHandler = null;
+        GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptor interceptor = CreateInterceptor(
+            new FakeApiKeyVerifier(SuccessWithScopes(GatewayScopes.SessionOpen)),
+            identityAccessor);
+
+        OpenSessionReply reply = await interceptor.UnaryServerHandler(
+            new OpenSessionRequest(),
+            ContextWithAuthorization("Bearer mxgw_operator01_secret"),
+            (_, _) =>
+            {
+                identitySeenByHandler = identityAccessor.Current;
+
+                return Task.FromResult(new OpenSessionReply { SessionId = "session-1" });
+            });
+
+        Assert.Equal("session-1", reply.SessionId);
+        Assert.NotNull(identitySeenByHandler);
+        Assert.Equal("operator01", identitySeenByHandler.KeyId);
+        Assert.Null(identityAccessor.Current);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ServerStreamingServerHandler_ValidApiKeyMissingScope_ReturnsPermissionDenied()
+    {
+        GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptor interceptor = CreateInterceptor(
+            new FakeApiKeyVerifier(SuccessWithScopes(GatewayScopes.SessionOpen)),
+            new GatewayRequestIdentityAccessor());
+
+        RpcException exception = await Assert.ThrowsAsync<RpcException>(
+            () => interceptor.ServerStreamingServerHandler(
+                new StreamEventsRequest(),
+                new TestServerStreamWriter<MxEvent>(),
+                ContextWithAuthorization("Bearer mxgw_operator01_secret"),
+                (_, _, _) => Task.CompletedTask));
+
+        Assert.Equal(StatusCode.PermissionDenied, exception.StatusCode);
+        Assert.Contains(GatewayScopes.EventsRead, exception.Status.Detail, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ServerStreamingServerHandler_ValidApiKeyWithScope_AllowsStream()
+    {
+        GatewayRequestIdentityAccessor identityAccessor = new();
+        GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptor interceptor = CreateInterceptor(
+            new FakeApiKeyVerifier(SuccessWithScopes(GatewayScopes.EventsRead)),
+            identityAccessor);
+        TestServerStreamWriter<MxEvent> streamWriter = new();
+
+        await interceptor.ServerStreamingServerHandler(
+            new StreamEventsRequest(),
+            streamWriter,
+            ContextWithAuthorization("Bearer mxgw_operator01_secret"),
+            async (_, writer, _) =>
+            {
+                Assert.Equal("operator01", identityAccessor.Current?.KeyId);
+                await writer.WriteAsync(new MxEvent { SessionId = "session-1" });
+            });
+
+        MxEvent eventMessage = Assert.Single(streamWriter.Messages);
+        Assert.Equal("session-1", eventMessage.SessionId);
+        Assert.Null(identityAccessor.Current);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task UnaryServerHandler_AuthenticationDisabled_SkipsApiKeyVerification()
+    {
+        GatewayRequestIdentityAccessor identityAccessor = new();
+        FakeApiKeyVerifier verifier = new(ApiKeyVerificationResult.Fail(
+            ApiKeyVerificationFailure.MissingOrMalformedCredentials));
+        GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptor interceptor = CreateInterceptor(
+            verifier,
+            identityAccessor,
+            AuthenticationMode.Disabled);
+
+        OpenSessionReply reply = await interceptor.UnaryServerHandler(
+            new OpenSessionRequest(),
+            new TestServerCallContext([]),
+            (_, _) => Task.FromResult(new OpenSessionReply { SessionId = "session-1" }));
+
+        Assert.Equal("session-1", reply.SessionId);
+        Assert.False(verifier.WasCalled);
+        Assert.Null(identityAccessor.Current);
+    }
+
+    private static GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptor CreateInterceptor(
+        IApiKeyVerifier apiKeyVerifier,
+        IGatewayRequestIdentityAccessor identityAccessor,
+        AuthenticationMode authenticationMode = AuthenticationMode.ApiKey)
+    {
+        return new GatewayGrpcAuthorizationInterceptor(
+            apiKeyVerifier,
+            new GatewayGrpcScopeResolver(),
+            identityAccessor,
+            Options.Create(new GatewayOptions
+            {
+                Authentication = new AuthenticationOptions
+                {
+                    Mode = authenticationMode
+                }
+            }));
+    }
+
+    private static ApiKeyVerificationResult SuccessWithScopes(params string[] scopes)
+    {
+        return ApiKeyVerificationResult.Success(new ApiKeyIdentity(
+            KeyId: "operator01",
+            KeyPrefix: "mxgw_operator01",
+            DisplayName: "Operator Key",
+            Scopes: new HashSet<string>(scopes, StringComparer.Ordinal)));
+    }
+
+    private static TestServerCallContext ContextWithAuthorization(string authorizationHeader)
+    {
+        return new TestServerCallContext([new Metadata.Entry("authorization", authorizationHeader)]);
+    }
+
+    private sealed class FakeApiKeyVerifier(ApiKeyVerificationResult result) : IApiKeyVerifier
+    {
+        public bool WasCalled { get; private set; }
+
+        public string? LastAuthorizationHeader { get; private set; }
+
+        public Task<ApiKeyVerificationResult> VerifyAsync(
+            string? authorizationHeader,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            WasCalled = true;
+            LastAuthorizationHeader = authorizationHeader;
+
+            return Task.FromResult(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class TestServerStreamWriter<T> : IServerStreamWriter<T>
+    {
+        public List<T> Messages { get; } = [];
+
+        public WriteOptions? WriteOptions { get; set; }
+
+        public Task WriteAsync(T message)
+        {
+            Messages.Add(message);
+
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class TestServerCallContext(
+        Metadata requestHeaders,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) : ServerCallContext
+    {
+        private readonly Metadata responseTrailers = [];
+        private readonly Dictionary<object, object> userState = [];
+        private Status status;
+        private WriteOptions? writeOptions;
+
+        protected override string MethodCore => "/mxaccess_gateway.v1.MxAccessGateway/Test";
+
+        protected override string HostCore => "localhost";
+
+        protected override string PeerCore => "ipv4:127.0.0.1:5000";
+
+        protected override DateTime DeadlineCore => DateTime.UtcNow.AddMinutes(1);
+
+        protected override Metadata RequestHeadersCore => requestHeaders;
+
+        protected override CancellationToken CancellationTokenCore => cancellationToken;
+
+        protected override Metadata ResponseTrailersCore => responseTrailers;
+
+        protected override Status StatusCore
+        {
+            get => status;
+            set => status = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override WriteOptions? WriteOptionsCore
+        {
+            get => writeOptions;
+            set => writeOptions = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override AuthContext AuthContextCore { get; } = new(
+            string.Empty,
+            new Dictionary<string, List<AuthProperty>>(StringComparer.Ordinal));
+
+        protected override IDictionary<object, object> UserStateCore => userState;
+
+        protected override Task WriteResponseHeadersAsyncCore(Metadata responseHeaders)
+        {
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        protected override ContextPropagationToken CreatePropagationTokenCore(
+            ContextPropagationOptions? options)
+        {
+            throw new NotSupportedException();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Tests/Security/Authorization/GatewayGrpcScopeResolverTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+using MxGateway.Server.Security.Authorization;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Tests.Security.Authorization;
+
+public sealed class GatewayGrpcScopeResolverTests
+{
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(typeof(OpenSessionRequest), GatewayScopes.SessionOpen)]
+    [InlineData(typeof(CloseSessionRequest), GatewayScopes.SessionClose)]
+    [InlineData(typeof(StreamEventsRequest), GatewayScopes.EventsRead)]
+    public void ResolveRequiredScope_KnownRpcRequest_ReturnsExpectedScope(
+        Type requestType,
+        string expectedScope)
+    {
+        GatewayGrpcScopeResolver resolver = new();
+        object request = Activator.CreateInstance(requestType)!;
+
+        string scope = resolver.ResolveRequiredScope(request);
+
+        Assert.Equal(expectedScope, scope);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(MxCommandKind.Register, GatewayScopes.InvokeRead)]
+    [InlineData(MxCommandKind.AddItem, GatewayScopes.InvokeRead)]
+    [InlineData(MxCommandKind.Advise, GatewayScopes.InvokeRead)]
+    [InlineData(MxCommandKind.Write, GatewayScopes.InvokeWrite)]
+    [InlineData(MxCommandKind.Write2, GatewayScopes.InvokeWrite)]
+    [InlineData(MxCommandKind.WriteSecured, GatewayScopes.InvokeSecure)]
+    [InlineData(MxCommandKind.WriteSecured2, GatewayScopes.InvokeSecure)]
+    [InlineData(MxCommandKind.AuthenticateUser, GatewayScopes.InvokeSecure)]
+    [InlineData(MxCommandKind.ArchestraUserToId, GatewayScopes.MetadataRead)]
+    [InlineData(MxCommandKind.GetSessionState, GatewayScopes.MetadataRead)]
+    [InlineData(MxCommandKind.GetWorkerInfo, GatewayScopes.MetadataRead)]
+    [InlineData(MxCommandKind.DrainEvents, GatewayScopes.EventsRead)]
+    [InlineData(MxCommandKind.ShutdownWorker, GatewayScopes.Admin)]
+    public void ResolveRequiredScope_InvokeCommand_ReturnsExpectedScope(
+        MxCommandKind commandKind,
+        string expectedScope)
+    {
+        GatewayGrpcScopeResolver resolver = new();
+
+        string scope = resolver.ResolveRequiredScope(new MxCommandRequest
+        {
+            Command = new MxCommand
+            {
+                Kind = commandKind
+            }
+        });
+
+        Assert.Equal(expectedScope, scope);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/Bootstrap/MemoryWorkerEnvironment.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Bootstrap;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.Bootstrap;
+
+internal sealed class MemoryWorkerEnvironment : IWorkerEnvironment
+{
+    private readonly Dictionary<string, string> _values = new();
+    private readonly Exception? _exception;
+
+    public MemoryWorkerEnvironment()
+    {
+    }
+
+    public MemoryWorkerEnvironment(Exception exception)
+    {
+        _exception = exception;
+    }
+
+    public void Set(string name, string value)
+    {
+        _values[name] = value;
+    }
+
+    public string? GetEnvironmentVariable(string name)
+    {
+        if (_exception is not null)
+        {
+            throw _exception;
+        }
+
+        return _values.TryGetValue(name, out string value)
+            ? value
+            : null;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/Bootstrap/MemoryWorkerLogEntry.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.Bootstrap;
+
+internal sealed class MemoryWorkerLogEntry
+{
+    public MemoryWorkerLogEntry(
+        string level,
+        string eventName,
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?> fields)
+    {
+        Level = level;
+        EventName = eventName;
+        Fields = fields;
+    }
+
+    public string Level { get; }
+
+    public string EventName { get; }
+
+    public IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?> Fields { get; }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/Bootstrap/MemoryWorkerLogger.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Bootstrap;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.Bootstrap;
+
+internal sealed class MemoryWorkerLogger : IWorkerLogger
+{
+    public List<MemoryWorkerLogEntry> Entries { get; } = new();
+
+    public void Information(string eventName, IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?> fields)
+    {
+        Entries.Add(new MemoryWorkerLogEntry("Information", eventName, WorkerLogRedactor.RedactFields(fields)));
+    }
+
+    public void Error(string eventName, IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?> fields)
+    {
+        Entries.Add(new MemoryWorkerLogEntry("Error", eventName, WorkerLogRedactor.RedactFields(fields)));
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/Bootstrap/WorkerApplicationTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+using System;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using MxGateway.Contracts;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Bootstrap;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Ipc;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.Bootstrap;
+
+public sealed class WorkerApplicationTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void Run_WithValidBootstrapArguments_ReturnsSuccessAndLogsRedactedNonce()
+    {
+        MemoryWorkerEnvironment environment = CreateEnvironment("nonce-secret");
+        MemoryWorkerLogger logger = new();
+
+        int exitCode = MxGateway.Worker.WorkerApplication.Run(
+            ValidArgs(),
+            environment,
+            logger,
+            new SucceedingPipeClient());
+
+        Assert.Equal((int)WorkerExitCode.Success, exitCode);
+        Assert.Equal(2, logger.Entries.Count);
+        MemoryWorkerLogEntry entry = logger.Entries[0];
+        Assert.Equal("Information", entry.Level);
+        Assert.Equal("WorkerBootstrapSucceeded", entry.EventName);
+        Assert.Equal("session-1", entry.Fields["session_id"]);
+        Assert.Equal("mxaccess-gateway-123-session-1", entry.Fields["pipe_name"]);
+        Assert.Equal(GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion, entry.Fields["protocol_version"]);
+        Assert.Equal("[redacted]", entry.Fields["nonce"]);
+        Assert.Equal("WorkerPipeHandshakeSucceeded", logger.Entries[1].EventName);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Run_WithMissingRequiredArguments_ReturnsInvalidArguments()
+    {
+        MemoryWorkerEnvironment environment = CreateEnvironment("nonce-secret");
+        MemoryWorkerLogger logger = new();
+
+        int exitCode = MxGateway.Worker.WorkerApplication.Run(
+            [],
+            environment,
+            logger);
+
+        Assert.Equal((int)WorkerExitCode.InvalidArguments, exitCode);
+        MemoryWorkerLogEntry entry = Assert.Single(logger.Entries);
+        Assert.Equal("Error", entry.Level);
+        Assert.Equal("WorkerBootstrapFailed", entry.EventName);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerExitCode.InvalidArguments, entry.Fields["exit_code"]);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Run_WithInvalidProtocolVersion_ReturnsInvalidProtocolVersion()
+    {
+        MemoryWorkerEnvironment environment = CreateEnvironment("nonce-secret");
+        MemoryWorkerLogger logger = new();
+
+        int exitCode = MxGateway.Worker.WorkerApplication.Run(
+            ValidArgs(protocolVersion: "999"),
+            environment,
+            logger);
+
+        Assert.Equal((int)WorkerExitCode.InvalidProtocolVersion, exitCode);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Run_WithMissingNonce_ReturnsMissingNonce()
+    {
+        MemoryWorkerEnvironment environment = new();
+        MemoryWorkerLogger logger = new();
+
+        int exitCode = MxGateway.Worker.WorkerApplication.Run(
+            ValidArgs(),
+            environment,
+            logger);
+
+        Assert.Equal((int)WorkerExitCode.MissingNonce, exitCode);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Run_WithPipeProtocolFailure_ReturnsProtocolViolation()
+    {
+        MemoryWorkerEnvironment environment = CreateEnvironment("nonce-secret");
+        MemoryWorkerLogger logger = new();
+
+        int exitCode = MxGateway.Worker.WorkerApplication.Run(
+            ValidArgs(),
+            environment,
+            logger,
+            new ThrowingPipeClient(new WorkerFrameProtocolException(
+                WorkerFrameProtocolErrorCode.NonceMismatch,
+                "Bad nonce.")));
+
+        Assert.Equal((int)WorkerExitCode.ProtocolViolation, exitCode);
+        Assert.Equal("WorkerPipeProtocolFailure", logger.Entries[1].EventName);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Run_WithUnexpectedBootstrapFailure_ReturnsUnexpectedFailure()
+    {
+        MemoryWorkerEnvironment environment = new(new InvalidOperationException("environment failed"));
+        MemoryWorkerLogger logger = new();
+
+        int exitCode = MxGateway.Worker.WorkerApplication.Run(
+            ValidArgs(),
+            environment,
+            logger);
+
+        Assert.Equal((int)WorkerExitCode.UnexpectedFailure, exitCode);
+        MemoryWorkerLogEntry entry = Assert.Single(logger.Entries);
+        Assert.Equal("WorkerBootstrapUnexpectedFailure", entry.EventName);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerExitCode.UnexpectedFailure, entry.Fields["exit_code"]);
+        Assert.Equal(typeof(InvalidOperationException).FullName, entry.Fields["exception_type"]);
+    }
+
+    private static string[] ValidArgs(string? protocolVersion = null)
+    {
+        return
+        [
+            "--session-id",
+            "session-1",
+            "--pipe-name",
+            "mxaccess-gateway-123-session-1",
+            "--protocol-version",
+            protocolVersion ?? GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion.ToString(),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private static MemoryWorkerEnvironment CreateEnvironment(string nonce)
+    {
+        MemoryWorkerEnvironment environment = new();
+        environment.Set(WorkerOptions.NonceEnvironmentVariableName, nonce);
+        return environment;
+    }
+
+    private sealed class SucceedingPipeClient : IWorkerPipeClient
+    {
+        public Task RunAsync(
+            WorkerOptions options,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+        {
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class ThrowingPipeClient : IWorkerPipeClient
+    {
+        private readonly Exception _exception;
+
+        public ThrowingPipeClient(Exception exception)
+        {
+            _exception = exception;
+        }
+
+        public Task RunAsync(
+            WorkerOptions options,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+        {
+            throw _exception;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/Bootstrap/WorkerConsoleLoggerTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Bootstrap;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.Bootstrap;
+
+public sealed class WorkerConsoleLoggerTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void Information_RedactsNonceInStructuredOutput()
+    {
+        StringWriter writer = new();
+        WorkerConsoleLogger logger = new(writer);
+
+        logger.Information("WorkerBootstrapSucceeded", new Dictionary<string, object?>
+        {
+            ["session_id"] = "session-1",
+            ["nonce"] = "nonce-secret",
+        });
+
+        string output = writer.ToString();
+
+        Assert.Contains("event=WorkerBootstrapSucceeded", output);
+        Assert.Contains("session_id=session-1", output);
+        Assert.Contains("nonce=[redacted]", output);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain("nonce-secret", output);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/Bootstrap/WorkerLogRedactorTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Bootstrap;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.Bootstrap;
+
+public sealed class WorkerLogRedactorTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void RedactFields_RedactsNonceSecretPasswordTokenCredentialAndApiKeyFields()
+    {
+        Dictionary<string, object?> fields = new()
+        {
+            ["nonce"] = "nonce-secret",
+            ["client_secret"] = "secret",
+            ["password"] = "password",
+            ["auth_token"] = "token",
+            ["credential_value"] = "credential",
+            ["api_key"] = "key",
+            ["session_id"] = "session-1",
+        };
+
+        Dictionary<string, object?> redacted = WorkerLogRedactor.RedactFields(fields);
+
+        Assert.Equal("[redacted]", redacted["nonce"]);
+        Assert.Equal("[redacted]", redacted["client_secret"]);
+        Assert.Equal("[redacted]", redacted["password"]);
+        Assert.Equal("[redacted]", redacted["auth_token"]);
+        Assert.Equal("[redacted]", redacted["credential_value"]);
+        Assert.Equal("[redacted]", redacted["api_key"]);
+        Assert.Equal("session-1", redacted["session_id"]);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/Bootstrap/WorkerOptionsParserTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+using MxGateway.Contracts;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Bootstrap;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.Bootstrap;
+
+public sealed class WorkerOptionsParserTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void Parse_WithAllRequiredInputs_ReturnsWorkerOptions()
+    {
+        WorkerOptionsParser parser = new(CreateEnvironment("nonce-secret"));
+
+        WorkerBootstrapResult result = parser.Parse(ValidArgs());
+
+        Assert.True(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerExitCode.Success, result.ExitCode);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.Options);
+        Assert.Equal("session-1", result.Options.SessionId);
+        Assert.Equal("mxaccess-gateway-123-session-1", result.Options.PipeName);
+        Assert.Equal(GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion, result.Options.ProtocolVersion);
+        Assert.Equal("nonce-secret", result.Options.Nonce);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Parse_WithMissingSessionId_ReturnsInvalidArguments()
+    {
+        WorkerOptionsParser parser = new(CreateEnvironment("nonce-secret"));
+
+        WorkerBootstrapResult result = parser.Parse(
+        [
+            "--pipe-name",
+            "mxaccess-gateway-123-session-1",
+            "--protocol-version",
+            GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion.ToString(),
+        ]);
+
+        Assert.False(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerExitCode.InvalidArguments, result.ExitCode);
+        Assert.Contains(result.Errors, error => error.Contains("--session-id"));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Parse_WithUnknownOption_ReturnsInvalidArguments()
+    {
+        WorkerOptionsParser parser = new(CreateEnvironment("nonce-secret"));
+
+        WorkerBootstrapResult result = parser.Parse(
+        [
+            "--session-id",
+            "session-1",
+            "--pipe-name",
+            "mxaccess-gateway-123-session-1",
+            "--protocol-version",
+            GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion.ToString(),
+            "--unexpected",
+            "value",
+        ]);
+
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerExitCode.InvalidArguments, result.ExitCode);
+        Assert.Contains(result.Errors, error => error.Contains("Unknown option"));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Parse_WithNonNumericProtocolVersion_ReturnsInvalidProtocolVersion()
+    {
+        WorkerOptionsParser parser = new(CreateEnvironment("nonce-secret"));
+
+        WorkerBootstrapResult result = parser.Parse(ValidArgs(protocolVersion: "abc"));
+
+        Assert.False(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerExitCode.InvalidProtocolVersion, result.ExitCode);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Parse_WithUnsupportedProtocolVersion_ReturnsInvalidProtocolVersion()
+    {
+        WorkerOptionsParser parser = new(CreateEnvironment("nonce-secret"));
+
+        WorkerBootstrapResult result = parser.Parse(ValidArgs(protocolVersion: "999"));
+
+        Assert.False(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerExitCode.InvalidProtocolVersion, result.ExitCode);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Parse_WithMissingNonce_ReturnsMissingNonce()
+    {
+        WorkerOptionsParser parser = new(new MemoryWorkerEnvironment());
+
+        WorkerBootstrapResult result = parser.Parse(ValidArgs());
+
+        Assert.False(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerExitCode.MissingNonce, result.ExitCode);
+    }
+
+    private static string[] ValidArgs(string? protocolVersion = null)
+    {
+        return
+        [
+            "--session-id",
+            "session-1",
+            "--pipe-name",
+            "mxaccess-gateway-123-session-1",
+            "--protocol-version",
+            protocolVersion ?? GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion.ToString(),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private static MemoryWorkerEnvironment CreateEnvironment(string nonce)
+    {
+        MemoryWorkerEnvironment environment = new();
+        environment.Set(WorkerOptions.NonceEnvironmentVariableName, nonce);
+        return environment;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/Contracts/WorkerContractInfoTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+using MxGateway.Contracts;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Ipc;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.Contracts;
+
+public sealed class WorkerContractInfoTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void SupportedProtocolVersion_UsesSharedGatewayContractVersion()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion, WorkerContractInfo.SupportedProtocolVersion);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void WorkerEnvelopeDescriptorName_UsesGeneratedWorkerContract()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal("mxaccess_worker.v1.WorkerEnvelope", WorkerContractInfo.WorkerEnvelopeDescriptorName);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/Conversion/VariantConverterTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+using System;
+using Google.Protobuf;
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Bootstrap;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Conversion;
+using ProtobufTimestamp = Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes.Timestamp;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.Conversion;
+
+public sealed class VariantConverterTests
+{
+    private readonly VariantConverter _converter = new();
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(true, MxDataType.Boolean, MxValue.KindOneofCase.BoolValue)]
+    [InlineData(42, MxDataType.Integer, MxValue.KindOneofCase.Int32Value)]
+    [InlineData(42L, MxDataType.Integer, MxValue.KindOneofCase.Int64Value)]
+    [InlineData(1.25f, MxDataType.Float, MxValue.KindOneofCase.FloatValue)]
+    [InlineData(2.5d, MxDataType.Double, MxValue.KindOneofCase.DoubleValue)]
+    [InlineData("value", MxDataType.String, MxValue.KindOneofCase.StringValue)]
+    public void Convert_WithSupportedScalar_ProjectsTypedValue(
+        object value,
+        MxDataType expectedDataType,
+        MxValue.KindOneofCase expectedKind)
+    {
+        MxValue converted = _converter.Convert(value);
+
+        Assert.Equal(expectedDataType, converted.DataType);
+        Assert.Equal(expectedKind, converted.KindCase);
+        Assert.False(string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(converted.VariantType));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Convert_WithDateTime_ProjectsTimestamp()
+    {
+        DateTime dateTime = new(2026, 4, 26, 17, 45, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
+
+        MxValue converted = _converter.Convert(dateTime);
+
+        Assert.Equal(MxDataType.Time, converted.DataType);
+        Assert.Equal(ProtobufTimestamp.FromDateTime(dateTime), converted.TimestampValue);
+        Assert.Equal("VT_DATE", converted.VariantType);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Convert_WithFileTimeAndExpectedTime_ProjectsTimestamp()
+    {
+        DateTime dateTime = new(2026, 4, 26, 17, 45, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
+
+        MxValue converted = _converter.Convert(dateTime.ToFileTimeUtc(), MxDataType.Time);
+
+        Assert.Equal(MxDataType.Time, converted.DataType);
+        Assert.Equal(ProtobufTimestamp.FromDateTime(dateTime), converted.TimestampValue);
+        Assert.Equal("VT_I8", converted.VariantType);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(null, "VT_EMPTY")]
+    [InlineData(typeof(DBNull), "VT_NULL")]
+    public void Convert_WithNullLikeValue_PreservesNull(
+        object? value,
+        string expectedVariantType)
+    {
+        object? actualValue = value is System.Type ? DBNull.Value : value;
+
+        MxValue converted = _converter.Convert(actualValue);
+
+        Assert.True(converted.IsNull);
+        Assert.Equal(MxDataType.NoData, converted.DataType);
+        Assert.Equal(expectedVariantType, converted.VariantType);
+        Assert.Equal(MxValue.KindOneofCase.None, converted.KindCase);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ConvertArray_WithSupportedArrays_ProjectsTypedValuesAndDimensions()
+    {
+        MxValue bools = _converter.Convert(new[] { true, false });
+        MxValue ints = _converter.Convert(new[] { 1, 2, 3 });
+        MxValue floats = _converter.Convert(new[] { 1.25f, 2.5f });
+        MxValue doubles = _converter.Convert(new[] { 1.25d, 2.5d });
+        MxValue strings = _converter.Convert(new[] { "one", "two" });
+        MxValue times = _converter.Convert(new[]
+        {
+            new DateTime(2026, 4, 26, 17, 45, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc),
+            new DateTime(2026, 4, 26, 17, 46, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc),
+        });
+
+        Assert.Equal(new[] { true, false }, bools.ArrayValue.BoolValues.Values);
+        Assert.Equal(new[] { 1, 2, 3 }, ints.ArrayValue.Int32Values.Values);
+        Assert.Equal(new[] { 1.25f, 2.5f }, floats.ArrayValue.FloatValues.Values);
+        Assert.Equal(new[] { 1.25d, 2.5d }, doubles.ArrayValue.DoubleValues.Values);
+        Assert.Equal(new[] { "one", "two" }, strings.ArrayValue.StringValues.Values);
+        Assert.Equal(2, times.ArrayValue.TimestampValues.Values.Count);
+        Assert.Equal(new uint[] { 2 }, bools.ArrayValue.Dimensions);
+        Assert.Equal(MxDataType.Boolean, bools.ArrayValue.ElementDataType);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ConvertArray_WithMultidimensionalArray_PreservesRankAndDimensions()
+    {
+        int[,] values =
+        {
+            { 1, 2, 3 },
+            { 4, 5, 6 },
+        };
+
+        MxValue converted = _converter.Convert(values);
+
+        Assert.Equal(new uint[] { 2, 3 }, converted.ArrayValue.Dimensions);
+        Assert.Equal(new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }, converted.ArrayValue.Int32Values.Values);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ConvertArray_WithExpectedTimeAndFileTimeValues_ProjectsTimestampArray()
+    {
+        DateTime first = new(2026, 4, 26, 17, 45, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
+        DateTime second = new(2026, 4, 26, 17, 46, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
+
+        MxValue converted = _converter.Convert(
+            new[] { first.ToFileTimeUtc(), second.ToFileTimeUtc() },
+            MxDataType.Time);
+
+        Assert.Equal(MxDataType.Time, converted.ArrayValue.ElementDataType);
+        Assert.Equal(
+            new[] { ProtobufTimestamp.FromDateTime(first), ProtobufTimestamp.FromDateTime(second) },
+            converted.ArrayValue.TimestampValues.Values);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Convert_WithUnknownScalar_PreservesRawMetadata()
+    {
+        UnsupportedVariant value = new("opaque");
+
+        MxValue converted = _converter.Convert(value);
+
+        Assert.Equal(MxDataType.Unknown, converted.DataType);
+        Assert.Equal(MxValue.KindOneofCase.RawValue, converted.KindCase);
+        Assert.Contains(typeof(UnsupportedVariant).FullName!, converted.VariantType);
+        Assert.Contains(typeof(UnsupportedVariant).FullName!, converted.RawDiagnostic);
+        Assert.Equal(ByteString.CopyFromUtf8("opaque"), converted.RawValue);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ConvertArray_WithUnknownArray_PreservesRawMetadata()
+    {
+        UnsupportedVariant[] values =
+        [
+            new("first"),
+            new("second"),
+        ];
+
+        MxValue converted = _converter.Convert(values);
+
+        Assert.Equal(MxDataType.Unknown, converted.ArrayValue.ElementDataType);
+        Assert.Equal(MxArray.ValuesOneofCase.RawValues, converted.ArrayValue.ValuesCase);
+        Assert.Equal(new uint[] { 2 }, converted.ArrayValue.Dimensions);
+        Assert.Equal("first", converted.ArrayValue.RawValues.Values[0].ToStringUtf8());
+        Assert.Contains(typeof(UnsupportedVariant).FullName!, converted.ArrayValue.RawDiagnostic);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Redactor_WithCredentialBearingValueFields_RedactsBeforeLogging()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerLogRedactor.RedactedValue, WorkerLogRedactor.RedactValue("credential_value", "secret"));
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerLogRedactor.RedactedValue, WorkerLogRedactor.RedactValue("password_value", "secret"));
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerLogRedactor.RedactedValue, WorkerLogRedactor.RedactValue("secured_write_token", "secret"));
+    }
+
+    private sealed class UnsupportedVariant
+    {
+        private readonly string _value;
+
+        public UnsupportedVariant(string value)
+        {
+            _value = value;
+        }
+
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return _value;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/Ipc/WorkerFrameProtocolTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Google.Protobuf;
+using MxGateway.Contracts;
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Ipc;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.Ipc;
+
+public sealed class WorkerFrameProtocolTests
+{
+    private const string SessionId = "session-1";
+    private const string Nonce = "nonce-secret";
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task WriteAndReadAsync_WithValidEnvelope_RoundTripsFrame()
+    {
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions options = CreateOptions();
+        MemoryStream stream = new();
+        WorkerEnvelope original = CreateGatewayHelloEnvelope();
+
+        WorkerFrameWriter writer = new(stream, options);
+        await writer.WriteAsync(original);
+        stream.Position = 0;
+
+        WorkerFrameReader reader = new(stream, options);
+        WorkerEnvelope parsed = await reader.ReadAsync();
+
+        Assert.Equal(original, parsed);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_WithWrongProtocolVersion_ThrowsProtocolVersionMismatch()
+    {
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions options = CreateOptions();
+        WorkerEnvelope envelope = CreateGatewayHelloEnvelope();
+        envelope.ProtocolVersion++;
+        MemoryStream stream = new(CreateFrame(envelope));
+
+        WorkerFrameReader reader = new(stream, options);
+        WorkerFrameProtocolException exception =
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<WorkerFrameProtocolException>(
+                async () => await reader.ReadAsync());
+
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerFrameProtocolErrorCode.ProtocolVersionMismatch, exception.ErrorCode);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_WithWrongSessionId_ThrowsSessionMismatch()
+    {
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions options = CreateOptions();
+        WorkerEnvelope envelope = CreateGatewayHelloEnvelope();
+        envelope.SessionId = "different-session";
+        MemoryStream stream = new(CreateFrame(envelope));
+
+        WorkerFrameReader reader = new(stream, options);
+        WorkerFrameProtocolException exception =
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<WorkerFrameProtocolException>(
+                async () => await reader.ReadAsync());
+
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerFrameProtocolErrorCode.SessionMismatch, exception.ErrorCode);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_WithMalformedLength_ThrowsMalformedLength()
+    {
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions options = CreateOptions();
+        MemoryStream stream = new(new byte[sizeof(uint)]);
+
+        WorkerFrameReader reader = new(stream, options);
+        WorkerFrameProtocolException exception =
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<WorkerFrameProtocolException>(
+                async () => await reader.ReadAsync());
+
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerFrameProtocolErrorCode.MalformedLength, exception.ErrorCode);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReadAsync_WithMalformedPayload_ThrowsInvalidEnvelope()
+    {
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions options = CreateOptions();
+        MemoryStream stream = new(CreateFrame(new byte[] { 0x80 }));
+
+        WorkerFrameReader reader = new(stream, options);
+        WorkerFrameProtocolException exception =
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<WorkerFrameProtocolException>(
+                async () => await reader.ReadAsync());
+
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerFrameProtocolErrorCode.InvalidEnvelope, exception.ErrorCode);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task WriteAsync_WithConcurrentCalls_SerializesCompleteFrames()
+    {
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions options = CreateOptions();
+        MemoryStream stream = new();
+        WorkerFrameWriter writer = new(stream, options);
+
+        await Task.WhenAll(
+            writer.WriteAsync(CreateGatewayHelloEnvelope(sequence: 1)),
+            writer.WriteAsync(CreateGatewayHelloEnvelope(sequence: 2)),
+            writer.WriteAsync(CreateGatewayHelloEnvelope(sequence: 3)));
+
+        stream.Position = 0;
+        WorkerFrameReader reader = new(stream, options);
+
+        WorkerEnvelope first = await reader.ReadAsync();
+        WorkerEnvelope second = await reader.ReadAsync();
+        WorkerEnvelope third = await reader.ReadAsync();
+
+        Assert.Equal(new ulong[] { 1, 2, 3 }, new[] { first.Sequence, second.Sequence, third.Sequence }.OrderBy(sequence => sequence));
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerFrameProtocolOptions CreateOptions()
+    {
+        return new WorkerFrameProtocolOptions(
+            SessionId,
+            GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion,
+            Nonce);
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerEnvelope CreateGatewayHelloEnvelope(ulong sequence = 1)
+    {
+        return new WorkerEnvelope
+        {
+            ProtocolVersion = GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion,
+            SessionId = SessionId,
+            Sequence = sequence,
+            GatewayHello = new GatewayHello
+            {
+                SupportedProtocolVersion = GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion,
+                Nonce = Nonce,
+                GatewayVersion = "test-gateway",
+            },
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] CreateFrame(IMessage message)
+    {
+        return CreateFrame(message.ToByteArray());
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] CreateFrame(byte[] payload)
+    {
+        byte[] frame = new byte[sizeof(uint) + payload.Length];
+        WriteUInt32LittleEndian(frame, (uint)payload.Length);
+        payload.CopyTo(frame, sizeof(uint));
+
+        return frame;
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteUInt32LittleEndian(
+        byte[] buffer,
+        uint value)
+    {
+        buffer[0] = (byte)value;
+        buffer[1] = (byte)(value >> 8);
+        buffer[2] = (byte)(value >> 16);
+        buffer[3] = (byte)(value >> 24);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/Ipc/WorkerPipeClientTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO.Pipes;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using MxGateway.Contracts;
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Bootstrap;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Ipc;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.Ipc;
+
+public sealed class WorkerPipeClientTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task RunAsync_ConnectsToPipeAndCompletesHandshake()
+    {
+        string pipeName = $"mxaccess-gateway-test-{Guid.NewGuid():N}";
+        WorkerOptions workerOptions = new(
+            "session-1",
+            pipeName,
+            GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion,
+            "nonce-secret");
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions frameOptions = new(workerOptions);
+
+        using NamedPipeServerStream server = new(
+            pipeName,
+            PipeDirection.InOut,
+            1,
+            PipeTransmissionMode.Byte,
+            PipeOptions.Asynchronous);
+
+        WorkerPipeClient client = new(connectTimeoutMilliseconds: 5000);
+        Task clientTask = client.RunAsync(workerOptions);
+
+        await Task.Factory.FromAsync(server.BeginWaitForConnection, server.EndWaitForConnection, null);
+
+        WorkerFrameReader reader = new(server, frameOptions);
+        WorkerFrameWriter writer = new(server, frameOptions);
+
+        await writer.WriteAsync(new WorkerEnvelope
+        {
+            ProtocolVersion = GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion,
+            SessionId = "session-1",
+            Sequence = 1,
+            GatewayHello = new GatewayHello
+            {
+                SupportedProtocolVersion = GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion,
+                Nonce = "nonce-secret",
+                GatewayVersion = "test-gateway",
+            },
+        });
+
+        WorkerEnvelope hello = await reader.ReadAsync();
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.WorkerHello, hello.BodyCase);
+        Assert.Equal("nonce-secret", hello.WorkerHello.Nonce);
+
+        WorkerEnvelope ready = await reader.ReadAsync();
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.WorkerReady, ready.BodyCase);
+
+        await clientTask;
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/Ipc/WorkerPipeSessionTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using MxGateway.Contracts;
+using MxGateway.Contracts.Proto;
+using MxGateway.Worker.Ipc;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.Ipc;
+
+public sealed class WorkerPipeSessionTests
+{
+    private const string SessionId = "session-1";
+    private const string Nonce = "nonce-secret";
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task CompleteStartupHandshakeAsync_WithValidGatewayHello_SendsHelloThenReady()
+    {
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions options = CreateOptions();
+        MemoryStream inbound = new();
+        await new WorkerFrameWriter(inbound, options).WriteAsync(CreateGatewayHelloEnvelope());
+        inbound.Position = 0;
+        MemoryStream outbound = new();
+        WorkerPipeSession session = CreateSession(inbound, outbound, options);
+        bool initialized = false;
+
+        await session.CompleteStartupHandshakeAsync(
+            _ =>
+            {
+                initialized = true;
+                return Task.CompletedTask;
+            });
+
+        Assert.True(initialized);
+        WorkerEnvelope[] written = ReadWrittenFrames(outbound, options);
+        Assert.Equal(2, written.Length);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.WorkerHello, written[0].BodyCase);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.WorkerReady, written[1].BodyCase);
+        Assert.Equal(Nonce, written[0].WorkerHello.Nonce);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task CompleteStartupHandshakeAsync_WithWrongNonce_FaultsBeforeInitialization()
+    {
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions options = CreateOptions();
+        MemoryStream inbound = new();
+        await new WorkerFrameWriter(inbound, options).WriteAsync(CreateGatewayHelloEnvelope(nonce: "wrong"));
+        inbound.Position = 0;
+        MemoryStream outbound = new();
+        WorkerPipeSession session = CreateSession(inbound, outbound, options);
+        bool initialized = false;
+
+        WorkerFrameProtocolException exception =
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<WorkerFrameProtocolException>(
+                async () => await session.CompleteStartupHandshakeAsync(
+                    _ =>
+                    {
+                        initialized = true;
+                        return Task.CompletedTask;
+                    }));
+
+        Assert.False(initialized);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerFrameProtocolErrorCode.NonceMismatch, exception.ErrorCode);
+        WorkerEnvelope fault = Assert.Single(ReadWrittenFrames(outbound, options));
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.WorkerFault, fault.BodyCase);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerFaultCategory.ProtocolViolation, fault.WorkerFault.Category);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task CompleteStartupHandshakeAsync_WithWrongProtocol_FaultsBeforeInitialization()
+    {
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions options = CreateOptions();
+        MemoryStream inbound = new();
+        await new WorkerFrameWriter(inbound, options).WriteAsync(CreateGatewayHelloEnvelope(supportedProtocolVersion: 999));
+        inbound.Position = 0;
+        MemoryStream outbound = new();
+        WorkerPipeSession session = CreateSession(inbound, outbound, options);
+        bool initialized = false;
+
+        WorkerFrameProtocolException exception =
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<WorkerFrameProtocolException>(
+                async () => await session.CompleteStartupHandshakeAsync(
+                    _ =>
+                    {
+                        initialized = true;
+                        return Task.CompletedTask;
+                    }));
+
+        Assert.False(initialized);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerFrameProtocolErrorCode.ProtocolVersionMismatch, exception.ErrorCode);
+        WorkerEnvelope fault = Assert.Single(ReadWrittenFrames(outbound, options));
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerFaultCategory.ProtocolMismatch, fault.WorkerFault.Category);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task CompleteStartupHandshakeAsync_WithMalformedFrame_WritesWorkerFault()
+    {
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions options = CreateOptions();
+        MemoryStream inbound = new(CreateFrame(new byte[] { 0x80 }));
+        MemoryStream outbound = new();
+        WorkerPipeSession session = CreateSession(inbound, outbound, options);
+        bool initialized = false;
+
+        WorkerFrameProtocolException exception =
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<WorkerFrameProtocolException>(
+                async () => await session.CompleteStartupHandshakeAsync(
+                    _ =>
+                    {
+                        initialized = true;
+                        return Task.CompletedTask;
+                    }));
+
+        Assert.False(initialized);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerFrameProtocolErrorCode.InvalidEnvelope, exception.ErrorCode);
+        WorkerEnvelope fault = Assert.Single(ReadWrittenFrames(outbound, options));
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerEnvelope.BodyOneofCase.WorkerFault, fault.BodyCase);
+        Assert.Equal(WorkerFaultCategory.ProtocolViolation, fault.WorkerFault.Category);
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerPipeSession CreateSession(
+        Stream inbound,
+        Stream outbound,
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions options)
+    {
+        return new WorkerPipeSession(
+            new WorkerFrameReader(inbound, options),
+            new WorkerFrameWriter(outbound, options),
+            options,
+            () => 1234);
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerFrameProtocolOptions CreateOptions()
+    {
+        return new WorkerFrameProtocolOptions(
+            SessionId,
+            GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion,
+            Nonce);
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerEnvelope CreateGatewayHelloEnvelope(
+        string nonce = Nonce,
+        uint supportedProtocolVersion = GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion)
+    {
+        return new WorkerEnvelope
+        {
+            ProtocolVersion = GatewayContractInfo.WorkerProtocolVersion,
+            SessionId = SessionId,
+            Sequence = 1,
+            GatewayHello = new GatewayHello
+            {
+                SupportedProtocolVersion = supportedProtocolVersion,
+                Nonce = nonce,
+                GatewayVersion = "test-gateway",
+            },
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static WorkerEnvelope[] ReadWrittenFrames(
+        MemoryStream stream,
+        WorkerFrameProtocolOptions options)
+    {
+        stream.Position = 0;
+        WorkerFrameReader reader = new(stream, options);
+        List<WorkerEnvelope> envelopes = new();
+
+        while (stream.Position < stream.Length)
+        {
+            envelopes.Add(reader.ReadAsync(CancellationToken.None).GetAwaiter().GetResult());
+        }
+
+        return envelopes.ToArray();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] CreateFrame(byte[] payload)
+    {
+        byte[] frame = new byte[sizeof(uint) + payload.Length];
+        WriteUInt32LittleEndian(frame, (uint)payload.Length);
+        payload.CopyTo(frame, sizeof(uint));
+
+        return frame;
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteUInt32LittleEndian(
+        byte[] buffer,
+        uint value)
+    {
+        buffer[0] = (byte)value;
+        buffer[1] = (byte)(value >> 8);
+        buffer[2] = (byte)(value >> 16);
+        buffer[3] = (byte)(value >> 24);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/MxAccess/MxAccessInteropInfoTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+using MxGateway.Worker.MxAccess;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.MxAccess;
+
+public sealed class MxAccessInteropInfoTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void InteropInfo_IdentifiesInstalledMxAccessComTarget()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal("LMXProxy.LMXProxyServer.1", MxAccessInteropInfo.ProgId);
+        Assert.Equal("LMXProxy.LMXProxyServer", MxAccessInteropInfo.VersionIndependentProgId);
+        Assert.Equal("{C30B52F5-2CB5-4760-AF0A-3A344A7EB5DC}", MxAccessInteropInfo.Clsid);
+        Assert.Equal("ArchestrA.MxAccess.LMXProxyServerClass", MxAccessInteropInfo.ComClassName);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void InteropAssemblyName_ComesFromReferencedMxAccessAssembly()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal("ArchestrA.MxAccess", MxAccessInteropInfo.InteropAssemblyName);
+        Assert.Equal(3, MxAccessInteropInfo.InteropAssemblyVersion.Major);
+        Assert.Equal(2, MxAccessInteropInfo.InteropAssemblyVersion.Minor);
+    }
+}

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/MxGateway.Worker.Tests.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>net48</TargetFramework>
+    <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
+    <PlatformTarget>x86</PlatformTarget>
+    <Prefer32Bit>true</Prefer32Bit>
+    <ImplicitUsings>disable</ImplicitUsings>
+    <AutoGenerateBindingRedirects>true</AutoGenerateBindingRedirects>
+    <GenerateBindingRedirectsOutputType>true</GenerateBindingRedirectsOutputType>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.14.1" />
+    <PackageReference Include="System.Runtime.CompilerServices.Unsafe" Version="6.1.2" />
+    <PackageReference Include="xunit" Version="2.9.3" />
+    <PackageReference Include="xunit.runner.visualstudio" Version="3.1.4" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Using Include="Xunit" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\MxGateway.Worker\MxGateway.Worker.csproj" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>

src/MxGateway.Worker.Tests/ProjectStructure/WorkerProjectReferenceTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Xml.Linq;
+
+namespace MxGateway.Worker.Tests.ProjectStructure;
+
+public sealed class WorkerProjectReferenceTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void WorkerProject_TargetsNet48AndX86()
+    {
+        XDocument project = LoadProject("MxGateway.Worker");
+
+        Assert.Equal("net48", ElementValue(project, "TargetFramework"));
+        Assert.Equal("x86", ElementValue(project, "PlatformTarget"));
+        Assert.Equal("true", ElementValue(project, "Prefer32Bit"));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void WorkerTestProject_TargetsNet48AndX86()
+    {
+        XDocument project = LoadProject("MxGateway.Worker.Tests");
+
+        Assert.Equal("net48", ElementValue(project, "TargetFramework"));
+        Assert.Equal("x86", ElementValue(project, "PlatformTarget"));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void MxAccessInteropReference_ExistsOnlyInWorkerProject()
+    {
+        DirectoryInfo repositoryRoot = FindRepositoryRoot();
+        string[] projectFiles = Directory.GetFiles(repositoryRoot.FullName, "*.csproj", SearchOption.AllDirectories)
+            .Where(path => path.IndexOf($"{Path.DirectorySeparatorChar}bin{Path.DirectorySeparatorChar}", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) < 0)
+            .Where(path => path.IndexOf($"{Path.DirectorySeparatorChar}obj{Path.DirectorySeparatorChar}", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) < 0)
+            .ToArray();
+
+        IReadOnlyList<string> projectsWithMxAccessReference = projectFiles
+            .Where(ProjectReferencesMxAccess)
+            .Select(path => Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(path))
+            .ToArray();
+
+        Assert.Equal(["MxGateway.Worker"], projectsWithMxAccessReference);
+    }
+
+    private static bool ProjectReferencesMxAccess(string projectPath)
+    {
+        XDocument project = XDocument.Load(projectPath);
+
+        return project
+            .Descendants()
+            .Where(element => element.Name.LocalName is "Reference" or "COMReference" or "COMFileReference" or "PackageReference")
+            .Select(element => (string?)element.Attribute("Include") ?? string.Empty)
+            .Concat(project.Descendants().Where(element => element.Name.LocalName == "HintPath").Select(element => element.Value))
+            .Any(reference =>
+                reference.IndexOf("MxAccess", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) >= 0
+                || reference.IndexOf("ArchestrA.MXAccess", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) >= 0
+                || reference.IndexOf("LMXProxy", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) >= 0);
+    }
+
+    private static XDocument LoadProject(string projectName)
+    {
+        DirectoryInfo repositoryRoot = FindRepositoryRoot();
+        string projectPath = Path.Combine(repositoryRoot.FullName, projectName, $"{projectName}.csproj");
+
+        return XDocument.Load(projectPath);
+    }
+
+    private static string ElementValue(XDocument project, string elementName)
+    {
+        return project
+            .Descendants()
+            .Single(element => element.Name.LocalName == elementName)
+            .Value;
+    }
+
+    private static DirectoryInfo FindRepositoryRoot()
+    {
+        DirectoryInfo? current = new(AppContext.BaseDirectory);
+
+        while (current is not null)
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(Path.Combine(current.FullName, "MxGateway.sln")))
+            {
+                return current;
+            }
+
+            current = current.Parent;
+        }
+
+        throw new DirectoryNotFoundException("Could not locate src/MxGateway.sln from the test output directory.");
+    }
+}