diff --git a/src/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Host/OpcUa/BoundedApiKeyStore.cs b/src/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Host/OpcUa/BoundedApiKeyStore.cs
index bb3154ed..6ebb7626 100644
--- a/src/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Host/OpcUa/BoundedApiKeyStore.cs
+++ b/src/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Host/OpcUa/BoundedApiKeyStore.cs
@@ -61,10 +61,22 @@ public sealed class BoundedApiKeyStore : IApiKeyStore
     // R03:3.3 — the known-id set: every ApiKeyId the inner store holds, refreshed every StoreCacheSeconds
     // (single-flight; a refresh that fails or times out keeps the previous set). Null until the first
     // successful load, or when the inner store cannot list ids — then the per-id path runs as before.
-    private volatile IReadOnlySet<string>? _knownIds;
-    private DateTimeOffset _knownIdsStampedUtc = DateTimeOffset.MinValue;
+    // The set and the instant it was loaded are published TOGETHER as one immutable snapshot behind a volatile
+    // reference (fix round 1): a reader on another thread can never pair a new set with an old stamp, or read
+    // a torn DateTimeOffset (a 16-byte struct, not atomically readable), as the separate fields allowed.
+    private volatile KnownIdSnapshot? _knownIds;
     private readonly SemaphoreSlim _knownIdsRefresh = new(1, 1);
 
+    // Set when the inner store reports it cannot list ids. Per-instance on purpose: the guard options object is
+    // shared configuration and is never written (it used to be — `_guard.KnownIdSet = false` — which leaked
+    // one store's capability into every other consumer of the same options).
+    private volatile bool _listingUnsupported;
+
+    /// <summary>The known-id set and the instant it was loaded, published as one unit.</summary>
+    /// <param name="Ids">The ids the inner store holds.</param>
+    /// <param name="StampedUtc">When they were read.</param>
+    private sealed record KnownIdSnapshot(IReadOnlySet<string> Ids, DateTimeOffset StampedUtc);
+
     // R03:3.3 — the miss budget: a token bucket on lookups that REACH the inner store and miss. Guards
     // the path the known-id set cannot (set unavailable), and bounds a flood of unknown ids to the
     // configured rate instead of one SQL round trip per attempt under the SessionManager lock.
@@ -104,7 +116,7 @@ public sealed class BoundedApiKeyStore : IApiKeyStore
     }
 
     /// <summary>The known-id set currently in force, or null when none has loaded. Exposed for tests and wiring guards.</summary>
-    public IReadOnlySet<string>? KnownKeyIds => _knownIds;
+    public IReadOnlySet<string>? KnownKeyIds => _knownIds?.Ids;
 
     /// <summary>The store being bounded.</summary>
     /// <remarks>
@@ -173,26 +185,25 @@ public sealed class BoundedApiKeyStore : IApiKeyStore
     /// <returns>The set, or null.</returns>
     private async Task<IReadOnlySet<string>?> KnownIdsAsync(TimeSpan ttl, CancellationToken ct)
     {
-        if (!_guard.KnownIdSet || ttl <= TimeSpan.Zero) return null;
+        if (!_guard.KnownIdSet || _listingUnsupported || ttl <= TimeSpan.Zero) return null;
 
         var now = _time.GetUtcNow();
         var current = _knownIds;
-        if (current is not null && now - _knownIdsStampedUtc < ttl) return current;
+        if (current is not null && now - current.StampedUtc < ttl) return current.Ids;
 
-        if (!await _knownIdsRefresh.WaitAsync(0, ct).ConfigureAwait(false)) return current;
+        if (!await _knownIdsRefresh.WaitAsync(0, ct).ConfigureAwait(false)) return current?.Ids;
         try
         {
             // Re-check under the gate: another caller may have refreshed while this one waited.
-            if (_knownIds is { } refreshed && now - _knownIdsStampedUtc < ttl) return refreshed;
+            if (_knownIds is { } refreshed && now - refreshed.StampedUtc < ttl) return refreshed.Ids;
             var ids = await BoundAsync(token => _inner.ListKeyIdsAsync(token), ct).ConfigureAwait(false);
             if (ids is null)
             {
-                // Unsupported by the inner store: say so once and stop asking.
-                _guard.KnownIdSet = false;
+                // Unsupported by the inner store: stop asking — for this decorator only.
+                _listingUnsupported = true;
                 return null;
             }
-            _knownIds = ids;
-            _knownIdsStampedUtc = _time.GetUtcNow();
+            _knownIds = new KnownIdSnapshot(ids, _time.GetUtcNow());
             return ids;
         }
         catch (Exception ex) when (ex is not OperationCanceledException || !ct.IsCancellationRequested)
@@ -200,7 +211,7 @@ public sealed class BoundedApiKeyStore : IApiKeyStore
             _log.LogWarning(ex,
                 "ApiKeyStore: refreshing the known key-id set failed; {Mode}",
                 current is null ? "unknown ids reach the store until it loads" : "the previous set stays in force");
-            return current;
+            return current?.Ids;
         }
         finally
         {
diff --git a/tests/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Host.Tests/OpcUa/BoundedApiKeyStoreKnownIdTests.cs b/tests/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Host.Tests/OpcUa/BoundedApiKeyStoreKnownIdTests.cs
index 7051b151..8d08df5e 100644
--- a/tests/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Host.Tests/OpcUa/BoundedApiKeyStoreKnownIdTests.cs
+++ b/tests/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Host.Tests/OpcUa/BoundedApiKeyStoreKnownIdTests.cs
@@ -120,6 +120,36 @@ public sealed class BoundedApiKeyStoreKnownIdTests
         inner.ListCalls.ShouldBe(0);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Fix round 1 minor — an inner store that cannot list ids switches the known-id set off for THIS
+    ///     decorator only. It used to do so by writing <c>KnownIdSet = false</c> into the guard options it was
+    ///     handed, a shared options object, so one store's capability leaked into every other consumer.
+    ///     Positive control: a second decorator over a listing store on the same options instance still uses
+    ///     the set.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task An_unlisting_store_does_not_mutate_the_shared_guard_options()
+    {
+        var guard = new ApiKeyStoreGuardOptions { MissBurst = 100, MissRefillPerSecond = 20 };
+        var options = Options.Create(new ApiKeyOptions
+        {
+            Username = "apikey", Pepper = "unit-test-pepper-xxxx", StoreTimeoutMs = 0, StoreCacheSeconds = 5,
+        });
+        var clock = new FakeClock(T0);
+        var unlisting = new ListingStore("k-real") { SupportsListing = false };
+        var first = new BoundedApiKeyStore(unlisting, options, NullLogger<BoundedApiKeyStore>.Instance, clock, guard);
+
+        (await first.FindAsync("k-guess", T0.UtcDateTime, default)).ShouldBeNull();
+        unlisting.FindCalls.ShouldBe(1, "no set: the per-id path ran");
+        guard.KnownIdSet.ShouldBeTrue("the shared options object is never written");
+
+        var listing = new ListingStore("k-real");
+        var second = new BoundedApiKeyStore(listing, options, NullLogger<BoundedApiKeyStore>.Instance, clock, guard);
+        (await second.FindAsync("k-guess", T0.UtcDateTime, default)).ShouldBeNull();
+        listing.FindCalls.ShouldBe(0, "the second decorator still refuses unknown ids in memory");
+        listing.ListCalls.ShouldBe(1);
+    }
+
     private static BoundedApiKeyStore Bounded(
         IApiKeyStore inner, TimeProvider clock, int cacheSeconds, int missBurst = 100, double refillPerSecond = 20) => new(
         inner,