diff --git a/src/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime/Drivers/DriverHostActor.cs b/src/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime/Drivers/DriverHostActor.cs
index 00352e15..588e40ee 100644
--- a/src/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime/Drivers/DriverHostActor.cs
+++ b/src/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime/Drivers/DriverHostActor.cs
@@ -3017,6 +3017,20 @@ public sealed class DriverHostActor : ReceiveActor, IWithTimers, IWithUnboundedS
         // Already stopped (a restart racing a reconcile that removed the driver) — nothing to provision.
         if (!_children.TryGetValue(msg.DriverInstanceId, out var entry)) return;
 
+        // Route by INCARNATION, not just by id. This message is delivered asynchronously, so one can still
+        // be in flight from an OLD incarnation after HandleRestartDriver stopped that child and spawned a
+        // replacement under the same DriverInstanceId. Delivered to the new child — which is in Connecting,
+        // where InitializeRequested IS handled — it would start a second, concurrent InitializeAsync,
+        // racing the dispose-before-overwrite that #527's teardown exists to serialise
+        // (ModbusDriver._transport, MqttDriver._connection each leak a transport on that race).
+        if (!Equals(Sender, entry.Actor))
+        {
+            _log.Debug(
+                "DriverHost {Node}: dropping a reprovision for {Id} from a superseded incarnation ({Stale})",
+                _localNode, msg.DriverInstanceId, Sender);
+            return;
+        }
+
         // A crash that Akka silently restarted is otherwise invisible to operators; name it.
         _log.Warning(
             "DriverHost {Node}: driver child {Id} was restarted by supervision after {Reason} — re-provisioning",
diff --git a/tests/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime.Tests/Drivers/DriverHostActorRestartTests.cs b/tests/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime.Tests/Drivers/DriverHostActorRestartTests.cs
index 020e36d4..53652f9f 100644
--- a/tests/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime.Tests/Drivers/DriverHostActorRestartTests.cs
+++ b/tests/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime.Tests/Drivers/DriverHostActorRestartTests.cs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using Xunit;
 using ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Commons.Messages.Admin;
 using ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Commons.Types;
 using ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Configuration;
+using ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime.Drivers;
 using ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime.Tests.Harness;
 
 namespace ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime.Tests.Drivers;
@@ -419,6 +420,64 @@ public sealed class DriverHostActorRestartTests : RuntimeActorTestBase
             duration: PresenceBudget);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     <b>Review finding F2 — a reprovision must be routed by INCARNATION, not just by driver id.</b>
+    ///     <c>ReprovisionRequested</c> is delivered asynchronously, so one can still be in flight from an old
+    ///     incarnation when <c>HandleRestartDriver</c> has already stopped that child and swapped in a new
+    ///     one under the same <c>DriverInstanceId</c>. Routing on the id alone delivers it to the NEW child,
+    ///     which is in <c>Connecting</c> around a healthy driver: it triggers a second, concurrent
+    ///     <c>InitializeAsync</c> that races the very dispose-before-overwrite the #527 teardown exists to
+    ///     serialise (<c>ModbusDriver._transport</c>, <c>MqttDriver._connection</c>).
+    ///     <para>
+    ///         A stale sender is simulated directly — a probe standing in for the dead incarnation — because
+    ///         provoking the real race would be timing-dependent. The assertion is an ABSENCE, so it carries
+    ///         a positive control: the current child is proven alive and provisioned first, and its
+    ///         <c>InitializeCount</c> must then not move.
+    ///     </para>
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public void A_reprovision_from_a_stale_incarnation_is_ignored()
+    {
+        var db = NewInMemoryDbFactory();
+        // The child must be in CONNECTING for this defect to bite: InitializeRequested is unhandled in the
+        // Connected behaviour, so an already-connected child would swallow the stale reprovision for the
+        // wrong reason and the test would pass vacuously. The gated init holds it in Connecting.
+        var factory = new RecordingSubscribableDriverFactory("Modbus", gateInitialize: true);
+        var deploymentId = V3ArtifactSeeder.SeedV3Deployment(
+            db, RevA,
+            new[] { (DriverId, "Modbus", "dev1", "speed", "Float", false) },
+            Array.Empty<(string, string, string, string, string?)>(),
+            enabled: true);
+        var (host, _, _) = V3ArtifactSeeder.SpawnHostAndApply(this, db, TestNode, deploymentId, RevA, factory);
+
+        // Positive control: the current child is alive and has begun its one and only initialise.
+        AwaitAssert(
+            () =>
+            {
+                factory.Created.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+                factory.Created[0].InitializeCount.ShouldBe(1);
+            },
+            duration: PresenceBudget);
+        var driver = factory.Created[0];
+
+        // A ReprovisionRequested that did NOT come from the child the host currently holds.
+        var staleIncarnation = CreateTestProbe();
+        host.Tell(
+            new DriverInstanceActor.ReprovisionRequested(DriverId, "NullReferenceException"),
+            staleIncarnation.Ref);
+
+        // Round-trip a message the host must answer, so the reprovision above is provably processed before
+        // the absence is asserted — otherwise "nothing happened yet" would pass for "it was ignored".
+        var coordinator = CreateTestProbe();
+        host.Tell(new Commons.Messages.Fleet.GetDiagnostics(CorrelationId.NewId()), coordinator.Ref);
+        coordinator.ExpectMsg<Commons.Interfaces.NodeDiagnosticsSnapshot>(PresenceBudget);
+
+        driver.InitializeCount.ShouldBe(
+            1,
+            "a reprovision from a dead incarnation reached the CURRENT child and started a second, " +
+            "concurrent InitializeAsync on a driver that was already connected");
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     ///     The verified negative, pinned so this plan's edits to the restart paths cannot break the one that
     ///     was already correct. Force Reconnect (<c>ReconnectDriver</c>) Tells <c>ForceReconnect</c> to the
diff --git a/tests/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime.Tests/Drivers/StubDrivers.cs b/tests/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime.Tests/Drivers/StubDrivers.cs
index 30a51113..3c4783d0 100644
--- a/tests/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime.Tests/Drivers/StubDrivers.cs
+++ b/tests/Server/ZB.MOM.WW.OtOpcUa.Runtime.Tests/Drivers/StubDrivers.cs
@@ -261,11 +261,19 @@ internal sealed class RecordingSubscribableDriver : IDriver, ISubscribable, IAla
         get { lock (_gate) return _lastSubscribedAlarmRefs; }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     When set, <see cref="InitializeAsync"/> awaits it instead of completing inline — so the actor
+    ///     stays in <c>Connecting</c> for as long as the test wants. Needed because several defects only
+    ///     bite a child that has NOT yet connected (<c>InitializeRequested</c> is unhandled in
+    ///     <c>Connected</c>, so a test built on an already-connected child passes vacuously).
+    /// </summary>
+    public TaskCompletionSource? InitializeGate { get; set; }
+
     /// <inheritdoc />
-    public Task InitializeAsync(string driverConfigJson, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    public async Task InitializeAsync(string driverConfigJson, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         Interlocked.Increment(ref _initializeCount);
-        return Task.CompletedTask;
+        if (InitializeGate is { } gate) await gate.Task.ConfigureAwait(false);
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc />
@@ -359,9 +367,18 @@ internal sealed class RecordingSubscribableDriverFactory : IDriverFactory
     private readonly Lock _gate = new();
     private readonly List<RecordingSubscribableDriver> _created = new();
 
+    private readonly bool _gateInitialize;
+
     /// <summary>Initializes a factory that materialises exactly one driver type.</summary>
     /// <param name="supportedType">The driver type this factory answers for.</param>
-    public RecordingSubscribableDriverFactory(string supportedType) => _supportedType = supportedType;
+    /// <param name="gateInitialize">When true, every created driver gets an un-completed
+    /// <see cref="RecordingSubscribableDriver.InitializeGate"/>, so its child actor stays in
+    /// <c>Connecting</c> until the test completes it.</param>
+    public RecordingSubscribableDriverFactory(string supportedType, bool gateInitialize = false)
+    {
+        _supportedType = supportedType;
+        _gateInitialize = gateInitialize;
+    }
 
     /// <summary>Every driver this factory created, in creation order.</summary>
     public IReadOnlyList<RecordingSubscribableDriver> Created
@@ -374,6 +391,8 @@ internal sealed class RecordingSubscribableDriverFactory : IDriverFactory
     {
         if (!string.Equals(driverType, _supportedType, StringComparison.Ordinal)) return null;
         var driver = new RecordingSubscribableDriver(driverInstanceId, driverType);
+        if (_gateInitialize)
+            driver.InitializeGate = new TaskCompletionSource(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
         lock (_gate) _created.Add(driver);
         return driver;
     }