diff --git a/NEW/src/JdeScoping.DataSync/Etl/Transformers/ColumnRenameTransformer.cs b/NEW/src/JdeScoping.DataSync/Etl/Transformers/ColumnRenameTransformer.cs
index dba8c3d..127946a 100644
--- a/NEW/src/JdeScoping.DataSync/Etl/Transformers/ColumnRenameTransformer.cs
+++ b/NEW/src/JdeScoping.DataSync/Etl/Transformers/ColumnRenameTransformer.cs
@@ -30,10 +30,23 @@ public class ColumnRenameTransformer : DataTransformerBase
     {
         _outputNames = new string[source.FieldCount];
         _nameToOrdinal = new Dictionary<string, int>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+
         for (int i = 0; i < source.FieldCount; i++)
         {
             var originalName = source.GetName(i);
-            var outputName = _renames.TryGetValue(originalName, out var newName) ? newName : originalName;
+            var outputName = _renames.TryGetValue(originalName, out var newName)
+                ? newName
+                : originalName;
+
+            if (_nameToOrdinal.TryGetValue(outputName, out var existingOrdinal))
+            {
+                var existingOriginal = source.GetName(existingOrdinal);
+                throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                    $"Column name collision: '{originalName}' → '{outputName}' conflicts with " +
+                    $"'{existingOriginal}' (already at ordinal {existingOrdinal}). " +
+                    $"Each output column name must be unique.");
+            }
+
             _outputNames[i] = outputName;
             _nameToOrdinal[outputName] = i;
         }
diff --git a/NEW/tests/JdeScoping.DataSync.Tests/Etl/Transformers/ColumnRenameTransformerTests.cs b/NEW/tests/JdeScoping.DataSync.Tests/Etl/Transformers/ColumnRenameTransformerTests.cs
index 1cee1f6..95b411d 100644
--- a/NEW/tests/JdeScoping.DataSync.Tests/Etl/Transformers/ColumnRenameTransformerTests.cs
+++ b/NEW/tests/JdeScoping.DataSync.Tests/Etl/Transformers/ColumnRenameTransformerTests.cs
@@ -54,6 +54,33 @@ public class ColumnRenameTransformerTests
         Assert.Equal("Charlie", reader.GetName(2));
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public void OnInitialize_RenameCollision_ThrowsInvalidOperationException()
+    {
+        // Arrange - renaming A to B when B already exists
+        var transformer = new ColumnRenameTransformer(("A", "B"));
+        var source = CreateMockReader(new[] { "A", "B", "C" });
+
+        // Act & Assert
+        var ex = Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() =>
+            transformer.Transform(source));
+        Assert.Contains("A", ex.Message);
+        Assert.Contains("B", ex.Message);
+        Assert.Contains("collision", ex.Message.ToLower());
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void OnInitialize_PreExistingDuplicates_ThrowsInvalidOperationException()
+    {
+        // Arrange - source has duplicate column names (case-insensitive)
+        var transformer = new ColumnRenameTransformer();
+        var source = CreateMockReaderWithDuplicates(new[] { "Name", "name" });
+
+        // Act & Assert
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() =>
+            transformer.Transform(source));
+    }
+
     private static IDataReader CreateMockReader(string[] columns)
     {
         var reader = Substitute.For<IDataReader>();
@@ -66,4 +93,16 @@ public class ColumnRenameTransformerTests
         }
         return reader;
     }
+
+    private static IDataReader CreateMockReaderWithDuplicates(string[] columns)
+    {
+        var reader = Substitute.For<IDataReader>();
+        reader.FieldCount.Returns(columns.Length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < columns.Length; i++)
+        {
+            var index = i;
+            reader.GetName(index).Returns(columns[index]);
+        }
+        return reader;
+    }
 }