Merge pull request 'feat(wcf): C2 spike + ConnectViaAddress/connmode — WCF transport viable, rows server-gated' (#1) from feat/c2-wcf-event-spike into main

Overturns the earlier wrong "WCF not served on 2023 R2" conclusion (that was a
test error: wrong port/transport for the reverse tunnel). Corrected: the cert
(TLS) transport + NegotiateAuthentication auth reach the 2023 R2 historian
cross-platform; the 0x501 event connection mode makes CM_EVENT RegisterTags
succeed; yet StartEventQuery returns a 0-row buffer + long-polls over a window
that has events. Registration and window ruled out -> the same server-side
per-connection row gate as gRPC. Event reads stay server-gated over BOTH
transports; not client-fixable. Evidence doc rewritten; gRPC + WCF orchestrator
gating messages corrected.

Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_012SDSQ3AcaXqPcBtDESBRii

CLAUDE.md

@@ -18,9 +18,10 @@ Reads (the original required surface, all working live as of 2026-05-04):
 
 Writes (added 2026-05-04 by explicit user request — do not extend further without one):
 
-- `EnsureTagAsync` for analog types: Float, Double, Int2, Int4, UInt4 (live-verified end-to-end). Other types (SingleByteString/DoubleByteString/Int1/Int8/UInt8) fail at native AddTag — likely require a different path and are intentionally not supported. `MinEU`/`MaxEU`/`MinRaw`/`MaxRaw` all round-trip into the DB. By default `ApplyScaling=false` and the server mirrors MinRaw→MinEU and sets `AnalogTag.Scaling=0`; set `ApplyScaling=true` on the definition to persist distinct raw bounds with `AnalogTag.Scaling=1`. The wire encoding is the trailer's second byte (`FE 00` vs `FE 01`).
+- `EnsureTagAsync` for analog types: Float, Double, Int2, Int4, UInt4, **Int8, UInt8** (all live-verified end-to-end; `Int8`/`UInt8` added 2026-06-25 — same analog `CTagMetadata` layout, type codes `0x19`/`0x39`). **`UInt1` is NOT supported**: the server accepts `EnsureTags(UInt1)` but stores a *degenerate* analog tag (`GetTagInfosFromName` returns a 31-byte stub — descriptor type byte `0x00`, no GUID), so the write fails on the `GetTagInfo` path; re-gated fail-closed. SingleByteString/DoubleByteString and special/event types require a different (non-analog) path and are intentionally not supported. `MinEU`/`MaxEU`/`MinRaw`/`MaxRaw` all round-trip into the DB. By default `ApplyScaling=false` and the server mirrors MinRaw→MinEU and sets `AnalogTag.Scaling=0`; set `ApplyScaling=true` on the definition to persist distinct raw bounds with `AnalogTag.Scaling=1`. The wire encoding is the trailer's second byte (`FE 00` vs `FE 01`).
 - `DeleteTagAsync`
-- `AddHistoricalValuesAsync` (added 2026-06-21 by explicit user request — M3 historical/backfill writes). **gRPC-only** (`HistorianTransport.RemoteGrpc`); non-gRPC transports throw `ProtocolEvidenceMissingException`. Reverse-engineered by capturing the native 2023 R2 client: the historical write rides `HistoryService.AddStreamValues` with an "ON" storage-sample buffer (`HistorianHistoricalWriteProtocol`, golden-tested), NOT the TransactionService `AddNonStreamValues` path the static decompile suggested. Orchestrator (`HistorianGrpcHistoricalWriteOrchestrator`): write-enabled session → `GetTagInfosFromName` (resolves the per-tag GUID = the tag-info `TypeId`, and maps the data type via `MapDataType`) → `AddStreamValues`. Tag must pre-exist (`EnsureTagAsync`). Supports all five analog types `EnsureTagAsync` does — **Float, Double, Int2, Int4, UInt4** (all captured live + golden-tested + write/read-back validated). The 4-byte value descriptor is constant (`C0 10 01 00`); the value is `u32(0) + native-width value` (float32 / double64 / int16 / int32 / uint32) selected by the tag's declared type. Other tag types throw `ProtocolEvidenceMissingException`. Live-validated end-to-end against the 2023 R2 server. The D2/`AddS2` cache gate (err 129) does NOT block the primed 2023 R2 client. See `docs/plans/revision-write-path.md` §"R3.1 CAPTURED".
+- `AddHistoricalValuesAsync` (added 2026-06-21 by explicit user request — M3 historical/backfill writes). **gRPC-only** (`HistorianTransport.RemoteGrpc`); non-gRPC transports throw `ProtocolEvidenceMissingException`. Reverse-engineered by capturing the native 2023 R2 client: the historical write rides `HistoryService.AddStreamValues` with an "ON" storage-sample buffer (`HistorianHistoricalWriteProtocol`, golden-tested), NOT the TransactionService `AddNonStreamValues` path the static decompile suggested. Orchestrator (`HistorianGrpcHistoricalWriteOrchestrator`): write-enabled session → `GetTagInfosFromName` (resolves the per-tag GUID = the tag-info `TypeId`, and maps the data type via `MapDataType`) → `AddStreamValues`. Tag must pre-exist (`EnsureTagAsync`). Supports the analog types `EnsureTagAsync` does — **Float, Double, Int2, Int4, UInt4, Int8, UInt8** (all captured live + golden-tested + write/read-back validated; `Int8`/`UInt8` added 2026-06-25, value = native-width LE int64/uint64). The 4-byte value descriptor is constant (`C0 10 01 00`); the value is `u32(0) + native-width value` (float32 / double64 / int16 / int32 / uint32 / int64 / uint64) selected by the tag's declared type. Other tag types throw `ProtocolEvidenceMissingException` (incl. `UInt1` — server-degenerate, see `EnsureTagAsync` above). Live-validated end-to-end against the 2023 R2 server. The D2/`AddS2` cache gate (err 129) does NOT block the primed 2023 R2 client. See `docs/plans/revision-write-path.md` §"R3.1 CAPTURED".
+- `SendEventAsync` (M2 event-send; added by explicit user request). Appends a single `HistorianEvent` to the built-in `CM_EVENT` tag, readable back via `ReadEventsAsync` / `v_AlarmEventHistory2`. Works on **both transports**, routed by `HistorianClientOptions.Transport`: WCF runs Open2 event-mode (`0x501`) → CM_EVENT registration (RTag2 + EnsT2) → `AddS2` (`AddStreamValues2`); gRPC (`RemoteGrpc`, `HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator`, added 2026-06-23) runs the v8 Event `OpenConnection` (ExchangeKey ECDH) → CM_EVENT registration → `HistoryService.AddStreamValues`. **Both carry the same `"OS"` (0x534F) event VTQ buffer** (`HistorianEventWriteProtocol`, the managed `PackToVtq` equivalent) — there is NO distinct event-send RPC and it is NOT the historical write's `"ON"` buffer (captured live from the native 2023 R2 client; the write-enabled Event open is byte-identical to the read-only one). The gRPC path is **live-validated end-to-end** (send → `BSuccess` → event reads back from the server). Only **original events** (`RevisionVersion = 0`) with **string-valued properties** have a captured encoding; revision/update/delete events and non-string property values throw `ProtocolEvidenceMissingException`. Registration buffers are golden-tested against the live capture (`GrpcEventSendProtocolTests`); gated live test `SendEventAsync_OverGrpc_AcceptsEvent` (opt-in `HISTORIAN_GRPC_EVENT_SEND=1`).
 
 `AddS2` (streaming process-sample writes for user tags) remains architecturally blocked — the server cache only ingests from configured IOServers/ApplicationServer pipelines. Do not add streaming write-samples support. (`AddHistoricalValuesAsync` is the distinct *non-streamed original/backfill* path and is supported.)
 

docs/reverse-engineering/event-session-reuse-spike-results.md

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# Event-session reuse spike — live results
+
+> **Question:** does the 2023 R2 historian honor REUSING one authenticated **v8 Event**
+> session (ECDH `ExchangeKey` → RC4 token → `ConnectionType=Event`, then `RegisterCmEventTag`)
+> across multiple `SendEvent` ops, instead of the per-op open+register the SDK does today?
+> This is the precondition for amortizing the EVENT path (HistorianGateway `pending.md` A1
+> broadening, Stage B0 / B1).
+>
+> **Verdict: GREEN — a v8 Event session reuses across sends, register-once is sufficient,
+> and the amortization is ~10–16×. Event READS stay gated (C2) and are not a reuse signal.**
+
+**Date:** 2026-06-25
+**Branch:** `feat/amortization-broadening`
+**Server:** live 2023 R2 (`wonder-sql-vd03`), RemoteGrpc transport.
+**Sandbox identity:** `HISTORIAN_EVENT_SANDBOX_TAG=HistGW.LiveTest.EventSpike` — the CM_EVENT send
+buffer has **no per-tag routing field** (it registers against a fixed system tag), so the sandbox
+value is stamped into the event `Type`/`SourceName`/`Namespace` + a `SpikeMarker` property as an
+**identity marker**; no real tag is written or overwritten.
+**Harness:** `tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/EventSessionReuseSpikeTests.cs` driving the B0a
+seams `HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator.OpenAndRegisterEventSession` (open v8 Event session +
+`RegisterCmEventTag` ONCE) and `SendEventOnSession` (send only — no open/register).
+
+---
+
+## 1. Send reuse — GREEN
+
+`ReusedEventSession_SendsTwice_SecondSkipsHandshake` **passed** (both runs): one
+`OpenAndRegisterEventSession` then **two `SendEventOnSession` on the same v8 Event session** — both
+accepted (`AddStreamValues` `BSuccess=true`).
+
+```
+open+register (ECDH handshake + RegisterCmEventTag) = 242 ms   (run 1: 350 ms)
+registration diag: RTag=True; EnsT=True
+reused-send[0] = 23 ms, ok=True
+reused-send[1] = 22 ms, ok=True
+```
+
+The server accepts the same v8 Event client handle across back-to-back sends. The session handle is
+an immutable `readonly record struct (uint ClientHandle, Guid StorageSessionId)`; the send is
+stateless on the client side (each call reserializes a fresh `"OS"` buffer), so nothing per-op is
+baked into the handle.
+
+## 2. Amortization — ~10–16×
+
+The open+register (P-256 ECDH `ExchangeKey` → RC4 credential token → v8 `OpenConnection` →
+`RegisterCmEventTag`) costs ~242–350 ms and is paid **once**; a reused send is ~22 ms. So over a
+burst of N sends the per-send cost collapses from ~(265 ms open + 22 ms) to ~22 ms — a ~10–16× win
+on the send path, same shape as the v6 read/write amortization (`handshake-reuse-spike-results.md`).
+
+## 3. Register-once is sufficient — GREEN
+
+`ReusedEventSession_RegisterOnce_ThenSendMany` **passed**: `RegisterCmEventTag` run **once** (inside
+`OpenAndRegisterEventSession`), then **three** sends, all accepted.
+
+```
+register-once send[0] = 25 ms, ok=True
+register-once send[1] = 22 ms, ok=True
+register-once send[2] = 22 ms, ok=True
+```
+
+CM_EVENT registration is **session-scoped, not per-send** — the server holds the registration for the
+session's lifetime. A reuse pool registers once per warm session, not per op.
+
+## 4. Idle tolerance — survived ≥25 s (best-effort, single sample)
+
+`ReusedEventSession_IdleSweep_BestEffort` (log-only): after a send, a **25 s idle gap**, then another
+send — **the second send succeeded** (`session SURVIVED the idle gap`). Notable: the v6 read session
+idle-expires at a ≥25 s gap (`handshake-reuse-spike-results.md` §3), but this v8 Event session
+survived 25 s. This is a single-sample best-effort observation — a keepalive should still ping under
+the ~20 s floor for safety margin until the v8 Event idle boundary is characterized more finely.
+
+## 5. Read-after-send — GATED (C2), not a reuse signal
+
+`ReusedEventSession_ServesReadAfterSend_BestEffort` (log-only, hard-bounded by a 5 s gRPC deadline +
+an 8 s cancellation): the read-after-send on the same session **did not return data** — it cancels at
+the bound:
+
+```
+read-after-send -> swallowed (RpcException Cancelled / OperationCanceled)
+ => read gated/unverified over gRPC (expected)
+```
+
+This matches the pre-existing C2 gate: event **reads** over gRPC long-poll `GetNext` to a no-data
+terminal and are unverified. So the spike did **not** prove a one-session-serves-both-kinds property
+for reads — `SendEvent` is the only trustworthy reuse signal. (An unbounded read hung the first run;
+the harness now bounds it so the spike is a clean, re-runnable record.)
+
+---
+
+## 6. Implications for Stage B1 (the event-pool build)
+
+GREEN → a **separate event-session pool** (the approved B1 approach) is warranted and high-value:
+
+1. **Amortize `SendEvent` through a bounded event-session pool.** Open+register a v8 Event session
+   once per warm session; lease it per send op (exclusive, like the v6 pool); reuse across a burst.
+   ~10–16× on the send path.
+2. **Keep the event pool SEPARATE from the v6 pool** (B1, as approved) — different auth (ECDH/v8),
+   heavier re-handshake on drop, and its own idle characteristics.
+3. **`ReadEvents` stays PER-CALL / gated (C2).** Reads are unverified over gRPC regardless of reuse,
+   so the event pool amortizes **sends only**; `ReadEvents` is unaffected by B1 and stays on the
+   per-call path. (This refines the design's "route SendEvent + ReadEvents through the pool": only
+   `SendEvent` is routed; `ReadEvents` remains per-call because it is gated, not because of reuse.)
+4. **Keepalive:** ping the warm event session under the idle floor. The cheap keepalive op for the
+   event channel is TBD in B1 (the v6 pool uses `GetSystemParameter`; the event session's equivalent
+   warm-touch needs picking — likely a no-op send or a lightweight event-channel status op).
+5. **Reactive re-auth:** on an expiry-looking failure, evict + full v8 re-handshake (heavier than the
+   v6 re-auth — one ECDH + register penalty).
+
+**Gate decision: GREEN → HistorianGateway A1 Stage B1 (a bounded `HistorianEventSessionPool` for
+`SendEvent`, default-on, parallel to the v6 `HistorianSessionPool`) is warranted and earns its own
+re-planned design + plan.**

docs/reverse-engineering/grpc-event-query-capture.md

@@ -333,6 +333,170 @@ unfixable by, client payload matching.** Closing it needs server-side insight or
 hard wall — pure managed, golden-tested, auth live-verified. Orchestrator stays on the no-row throw;
 gated test unchanged.
 
+### NEXT SESSION — the server-side / connection angle (row retrieval pickup)
+
+Client payloads are exhausted (byte-identical to the native, proven above). The next investigation is
+**connection-level**, not wire-payload. Pursue in roughly this order; each is concrete and testable.
+
+**Already proven — do NOT redo:** auth works (ExchangeKey ECDH + RC4 token, live-verified); v8
+`openParameters`, all handles (str/uint), `StartEventQuery` request, registration (`RTag/EnsT=True` +
+order), `queryRequestType=3`, gzip header — all byte-match the native. Events exist (native returns 50
+*now*). The event RPCs succeed over our transport and return a valid version-11 **rowCount-0** (not a
+transport error). So the server scopes 0 events to *our* connection specifically.
+
+**Tooling already in place:** opt-in diagnostic test `EventReadDiagnostic_OverGrpc_PrintsJourney`
+(env `HISTORIAN_GRPC_EVENT_DIAG=1`, prints registration outcomes, handles, result hex, v8 buffer);
+the `capture-event` harness scenario (native, returns rows); `instrument-grpc-nonstream` now logs
+string/uint handle fields too; the CNG Frida hook. Live recipe: set `HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST`/`_PORT
+32565`/`_TLS true`/`_DNSID` to the 2023 R2 server + domain creds (strip quotes); reach the box per the
+live-server access reference.
+
+1. ~~**Transport: native `Grpc.Core` HTTP/2 vs our `Grpc.Net.Client` + `GrpcWebHandler` (gRPC-Web).**~~
+   **DISPROVEN 2026-06-23.** Built `HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.CreateHttp2` (plain HTTP/2 over a
+   `SocketsHttpHandler`, no `GrpcWebHandler` wrap, ALPN `h2` to the TLS server) and wired it into the
+   event orchestrator behind `HISTORIAN_GRPC_EVENT_HTTP2=1` (event path only; reads stay gRPC-Web). Live
+   side-by-side against the event-bearing server, **everything else held constant**:
+
+   | channel | auth | registration | queryHandle | result buffer |
+   |---------|------|--------------|-------------|---------------|
+   | `http2` (native HTTP/2) | ✓ | `RTag=True EnsT=True` | 1057 | `0B00000000001E000000` |
+   | `grpc-web` (default)    | ✓ | `RTag=True EnsT=True` | 1058 | `0B00000000001E000000` |
+
+   The complete v8 chain — ExchangeKey ECDH auth, CM_EVENT `RegisterTags`/`EnsureTags`, `StartEventQuery`
+   (valid handle) — runs end-to-end over **plain native HTTP/2**, and the server returns the
+   **byte-identical** version-11 (`0x0B`) rowCount-0 terminal on both transports. So gRPC-Web vs native
+   HTTP/2 is **not** the discriminator — the zero-row scoping is identical regardless of transport. The
+   `CreateHttp2` factory + the `HISTORIAN_GRPC_EVENT_HTTP2` switch + the `EventChannelMode` diagnostic are
+   retained for future connection-level probing. This eliminates the leading hypothesis and tightens the
+   conclusion: the server scopes 0 events to our connection at a layer **above** the gRPC transport.
+
+2. ~~**TLS client identity / certificate.**~~ **DISPROVEN 2026-06-23 (decompile + capture).** The stock
+   client's `GrpcClientBase.InitializeBase` creates a bare `HttpClientHandler` and sets only
+   `ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback` — it **never adds a client certificate**. The TLS-tee
+   capture (below) confirms `clientCert=none` on every native connection. So the native presents no client
+   cert; this is not the gate.
+
+3. ~~**HTTP/2-level / connection-frame capture.**~~ **DONE 2026-06-23 — topology difference found, tested,
+   NULL.** Built a TLS-terminating tee proxy (`artifacts/.../httpcap/`, gitignored: self-signed server
+   cert, forwards through the loopback tunnel, logs decrypted HTTP/1.1 + gRPC-Web both ways) and ran a
+   **native `capture-event` (returns 50 rows) and our SDK diagnostic (0 rows) through the same
+   proxy/upstream**. Note: the stock client is gRPC-Web/HTTP-1.1 (not HTTP/2 — `alpn` empty), so the
+   capture is HTTP/1.1 framing. Findings:
+   - **Connection topology differs.** The native opens **5 TLS connections, one per service** —
+     `HistoryService` (ExchangeKey/OpenConnection/Register/EnsureTags), `StatusService` (×2), and
+     **`RetrievalService` (the event query: GetRetrievalInterfaceVersion → StartEventQuery → GetNext →
+     EndEventQuery) on its own dedicated connection**. Our SDK collapses **every service onto one
+     connection**. (Matches the decompile: stock has a separate `GrpcClientBase` per service.)
+   - **Framing differs** (benign): native uses `content-length` + `Expect: 100-continue`; SDK uses
+     `transfer-encoding: chunked`. The server accepts both (our `StartEventQuery` returns a valid handle),
+     so framing is not the gate. No extra/hidden header on either side; `clientCert=none` throughout.
+   - **TESTED the topology hypothesis (`HISTORIAN_GRPC_EVENT_SPLIT_CHANNEL=1`):** ran
+     `StartEventQuery`/`GetNext`/`EndEventQuery` on a **dedicated RetrievalService connection** (no
+     re-handshake, reusing the session handle — exactly mirroring native conn4), registration staying on
+     the main connection. **Result: still `0B00000000001E000000` (0 rows), `QH=1063`.** Splitting the
+     event query onto its own connection — the one concrete structural difference the capture revealed —
+     **does not make rows flow.** So the server correlates by session handle, not by connection, and the
+     topology is **not** the row-scoping gate. The `CreateHttp2`/`SPLIT_CHANNEL` switches + the
+     `httpcap` proxy are retained as diagnostics.
+
+4. ~~**Server-side ground truth.**~~ **ANSWERED 2026-06-23 (DISPROVES the data-scoping premise).** Via
+   the SOCKS→SQL relay (read-only; `artifacts/.../sqlschema/`, gitignored), dumped the full event schema
+   on the live `Runtime` DB. Findings:
+   - **No per-connection / per-client / per-session column exists anywhere in the event store.** The only
+     "scoping-like" columns on `Events`/`EventHistory`/snapshots are event *content* — `Source_*` (event
+     origin area/object/PV), `User_*` (who acknowledged), `Provider_NodeName` (alarm provider node),
+     `SourceServer`/`SourceTag` (cross-server replication). None is "which client connection requested
+     this."
+   - **The rich `Events` view is not a relational table — it is served live by the Historian engine via
+     the `INSQL` OLE DB provider** (`sys.servers` shows linked servers `INSQL` + `INSQLD`;
+     `OBJECT_DEFINITION('dbo.Events')` is `NULL` = encrypted remote view). The Historian's own
+     `EventHistory` base table holds just 168 rows / 1 tag (the internal event-tag detector log); the
+     alarm/event journal the gRPC query reads lives in the engine, surfaced through INSQL.
+   - **Decisive: same engine, same `-90d..now` window, two paths diverge.** The `Events` view (via INSQL)
+     returns **71,332 events** for that window — most recent `Alarm.Set` firing seconds before the probe
+     (live, every few seconds) — while gRPC `StartEventQuery` for **our** connection returns **0**. The
+     data is global, abundant, recent, and identical-window-addressable; the engine simply does not hand
+     it to our gRPC connection.
+
+   → There is **nothing in the data to scope by**, so the zero-row gate is **not** data scoping. It is the
+   gRPC RetrievalService's **per-connection in-process execution state** — the same class of wall as
+   `DeleteTagExtendedProperties` (server-side native in-process working-set, not reconstructable from
+   byte-identical wire requests). Reproduce: `artifacts/.../sqlschema/` (Program.cs = SOCKS5 relay +
+   `Microsoft.Data.SqlClient`; authenticate with the server's SQL login, not the domain Historian acct —
+   creds in the gitignored creds file).
+
+### Stock managed client decompiled (2026-06-23) — confirms no hidden client-side difference
+
+Closing the gap that prior cycles left: the zero-rows conclusion had leaned on **wire capture**
+(`instrument-grpc-nonstream`, which only hooks `byte[]` params on `Grpc*Client` methods) — blind to gRPC
+metadata/headers, interceptors, channel options, and any non-`byte[]` call. Read the **stock managed
+client source directly** (`histsdk-2023r2-analysis/decompiled/Archestra.Historian.GrpcClient` +
+`HistorianAccess`; the pure-managed assemblies decompile cleanly even though the mixed-mode
+`aahClientManaged.dll` crashes ILSpy). Findings:
+
+- **`GrpcClientBase.InitializeBase` builds the same channel we do.** `GrpcWebHandler((GrpcWebMode)0,
+  HttpClientHandler)` with `HttpVersion = 1.1` — i.e. **the stock client speaks gRPC-Web over HTTP/1.1,
+  the same transport as our SDK.** This *corrects the premise of hypothesis #1*: there was never a native
+  `Grpc.Core` HTTP/2 path to differ from — the stock client that returns 50 rows is itself gRPC-Web. The
+  HTTP/2 disproof's *conclusion* stands (and is reinforced: identical transport on both sides).
+- **`m_metadata` passed to every RPC (incl. `StartEventQuery`/`GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer`) is only
+  `grpc-internal-encoding-request: gzip`** — exactly our header set. No connection-id, session token, or
+  auth header rides in gRPC metadata. The **`ClientInterceptor` is a no-op** (`LogCall` is empty; both
+  unary overloads just invoke the continuation). So the "invisible per-connection metadata/header" blind
+  spot is **confirmed empty** — there is no hidden client-side identity the `byte[]` capture missed.
+- **The event-read query orchestration is genuinely not in managed code.** `CreateEventQuery` /
+  `EventQuery.StartQuery` / `MoveNext` are not in the managed `HistorianAccess`; the managed
+  `GrpcRetrievalClient.StartEventQuery` is a thin one-RPC stub. The query logic lives in the native
+  C++/CLI `HistorianClient` core (the mixed-mode part ILSpy can't decompile) — consistent with the
+  working-set being native/server-side, not a managed step we could read and replicate.
+
+So **every client-controllable layer is now confirmed identical by reading the stock source**, not just
+by wire match: request bytes, transport, channel options, gRPC metadata, interceptor. The remaining
+difference is below the managed surface (native core) / server-side.
+
+**Conclusion (after #1–#4 + stock client decompiled + TLS-tee capture).** Every angle is now exhausted:
+- **client payload** — byte-identical (IL capture + decompile);
+- **transport** — stock client is *also* gRPC-Web/HTTP-1.1; native HTTP/2 makes no difference, both 0 rows;
+- **client metadata/interceptor/channel** — decompiled: identical gzip-only header, no-op interceptor, no
+  client cert; the TLS-tee capture confirms no hidden header and `clientCert=none`;
+- **connection topology** — the native splits services across 5 connections and queries on a dedicated
+  RetrievalService connection; replicating that (`SPLIT_CHANNEL`) still returns 0 rows → the server
+  correlates by session handle, not connection;
+- **data store** — global, unscoped; 71,332 events the engine serves via INSQL but withholds from our
+  gRPC connection.
+
+The gate is a **server-internal per-connection retrieval working-set** that a pure-managed client cannot
+reconstruct by matching wire bytes, transport, metadata, topology, or data — and the establishing logic is
+in the native `HistorianClient` C++ core, not in any decompilable managed step or observable on the wire.
+**gRPC event-row retrieval stands documented as auth-solved / retrieval-server-gated**; `ReadEventsAsync`
+over gRPC keeps the honest no-row throw, and event reads use the WCF transport. Diagnostics retained for
+any future server-side investigation: the `httpcap` TLS-tee proxy, the `CreateHttp2` / `SPLIT_CHANNEL`
+switches, the `EventReadDiagnostic` test, and the `capture-event` harness (native, returns rows).
+
+### Verify the parse path against the provided client's real data (2026-06-23) — found + fixed a latent bug
+
+Used the provided 2023 R2 client as an **oracle**: the `capture-event` harness returns 50 real events
+(verified live + through the `httpcap` proxy), and the `instrument-grpc-nonstream` rewrite captured the
+exact `GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer.result` buffer the stock client received — **63,192 bytes, version
+`0x0B` (11), rowCount 50** (25 `Alarm.Set` + 25 `Alarm.Clear`). Fed that real buffer through our
+`HistorianEventRowProtocol.Parse` to verify the read path decodes genuine gRPC event data, and it
+**exposed a latent parser bug**:
+
+- The real row buffer is `version(2) + rowCount(4) + headerField(4, =0x1E)` then **markerless rows**
+  (`rowFormat(2)=7 + filetime(8) + 8×u16 slots + compact-ascii type + propCount + props`). Our parser
+  wrongly treated the one-time `0x1E` field as a **per-row marker** and re-consumed `[marker+format]`
+  every row — so it parsed only the **first** row of any multi-row buffer and stopped. This is **not
+  gRPC-specific**: the captured **WCF v9** buffer has the identical `0900 <rowCount> 1E000000 0700 …`
+  header, so the shipped WCF event read had the same latent multi-row truncation.
+- **Fix:** read a 10-byte buffer header (skip the `0x1E` field once) and parse markerless rows; accept
+  container version **9 (WCF) and 11 (gRPC)**. Verified: the real 50-row buffer now decodes to exactly 50
+  events, ending cleanly at end-of-buffer (`Parse_RealStockClientCapture_DecodesAllEvents`, gated on
+  `HISTORIAN_EVENT_CAPTURE_NDJSON`); plus a synthetic v11 golden test. 328 offline tests pass.
+
+So the **parse path is now verified against the provided client's real event data** — the one remaining
+gap is strictly the server delivering rows to our gRPC connection (the working-set gate above). If that
+were ever opened, the decoded events would now flow through correctly on both transports.
+
 **2 of 3 layers cleared** (key exchange + client key); the 3rd (token construction) is localized to a
 specific managed method, pending dnlib extraction. ExchangeKey + the v8 serializer are committed; the
 orchestrator stays on v6 (set `eventConnection: true` to re-arm once the token construction lands). The

docs/reverse-engineering/grpc-interface-versions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# 2023 R2 gRPC Interface-Version Integers (C3a)
+
+**Captured:** 2026-06-25  
+**Transport:** 2023 R2 gRPC (h2c, unauthenticated `GetInterfaceVersion` RPCs — no credentials required)  
+**Status:** LIVE — integers captured from a real AVEVA Historian 2023 R2 server.
+
+## Captured Values
+
+| Service        | UiVersion / Version | UiError / Error | Notes                                              |
+|---------------|---------------------|-----------------|----------------------------------------------------|
+| History        | 12                  | 0               | Matches `HistoryInterfaceVersionGrpc2023R2 = 12`   |
+| Retrieval      | 4                   | 0               | Matches `RetrievalInterfaceVersion = 4` (unchanged from 2020) |
+| Transaction    | 2                   | 0               | Matches `TransactionInterfaceVersion = 2` (unchanged from 2020) |
+| Status         | 4                   | 0               | Reachability-only; version integer is not version-gated (see note) |
+
+> **Field-name note:** The History, Retrieval, and Status proto responses use `UiError`/`UiVersion` fields.
+> The Transaction response uses `Error`/`Version` (different naming convention in the proto). Both are
+> captured correctly; the table uses a unified column header for readability.
+
+> **Status note:** `StatusService.GetStatusInterfaceVersion` returned UiVersion=4, UiError=0 on the live
+> 2023 R2 server. This differs from the historical 0 observed on 2020 WCF — both are reachability-only.
+> Status is classified as reachability-only: its version integer carries no semantic meaning for the
+> SDK's byte serializers, so its UiVersion is not gated and not asserted in tests.
+
+## Evidence Test
+
+`tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/GrpcInterfaceVersionEvidenceTests.cs` —
+`GrpcInterfaceVersions_LiveServer_MatchAcceptedSet` reads these four RPCs live and asserts:
+- `history.UiError == 0` and `history.UiVersion ∈ {11, 12}`
+- `retrieval.UiError == 0` and `retrieval.UiVersion == 4`
+- `transaction.Error == 0` and `transaction.Version == 2`
+- `status.UiError == 0` (version not asserted)
+
+The test skips silently when `HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST` is absent.
+
+## Gap Closed
+
+This document closes the **C3a** gap: "2023 R2 gRPC server-version integers not yet captured."
+Prior to this capture, the `HistorianServerVersionGate` accepted History=12, Retrieval=4, and
+Transaction=2 on the basis that they were inferred/expected-to-be-unchanged. All four integers are
+now confirmed from a live 2023 R2 server over the gRPC transport; no widening of `AcceptedVersions`
+is required (all captured values were already accepted).
+
+The 2020 WCF baseline (History=11, Retrieval=4, Transaction=2) was captured earlier via the
+`wcf-probe` command and is documented in `wcf-probe-remote-latest.json` and `wcf-contract-evidence.md`.

docs/reverse-engineering/handoff.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # AVEVA Historian Managed Driver Handoff
 
-Last updated: 2026-06-22 (roadmap exhausted — no actionable pure-code tasks remain)
+Last updated: 2026-06-23 (event-row parser fix merged; roadmap still exhausted — no actionable pure-code tasks remain)
 
 > **Current status supersedes the historical blocker narrative below.** The
 > sections from "Active Blocker" onward are a preserved reverse-engineering
@@ -38,52 +38,157 @@ reuses the proven 2020 WCF byte serializers/parsers unchanged inside protobuf
 
 **Everything still open is gated — none is a pure-code task:**
 
-1. **gRPC event ROW retrieval** (`ReadEventsAsync` #2) — **CAPTURED + DIAGNOSED
+1. **gRPC event ROW retrieval** (`ReadEventsAsync` #2) — **AUTH-SOLVED / PARSE-VERIFIED /
-   2026-06-22 (merged `8ad160b`); remaining gate is now a scoped RE+impl effort,
+   RETRIEVAL-SERVER-GATED (every client-side angle exhausted 2026-06-23, merged `6faf8a5`).**
-   not a capture.** The `capture-event` harness scenario drove the stock 2023 R2
+   The v8 OpenConnection crypto wall is fully cracked + live-verified: the event connection
-   client over an Event-type gRPC connection and captured it reading **50 events**
+   authenticates via **`HistoryService.ExchangeKey` (P-256 ECDH) → client key =
-   (the live server is event-bearing — SQL ground truth via the INSQL linked
+   `SHA256(shared secret)` → credential token = `RC4(password-UTF16LE, key=MD5(client key))`**
-   server: `Runtime.dbo.Events` = 19,356 rows/30d, 90,944/365d). Two gaps vs the
+   (the native `HistorianCrypto.NRC4_V2.aahCryptV2` MD5-keyed RC4 scheme). RE'd via Frida CNG
-   SDK: **(a)** the working `StartEventQuery` request is **version 6** (byte 0 =
+   hooks + dnlib IL extraction + an offline cracker; implemented pure-managed, golden-tested,
-   `06` + a 5-byte trailing pad), the SDK sent v5 — **SHIPPED**
+   auth live-PASSES. The `StartEventQuery` v6 request and the Event-type v8 `OpenConnection`
-   (`HistorianEventQueryProtocol` `version` param, default 5 = WCF; the gRPC
+   (`ConnectionType=Event`) are shipped. **BUT** the query still returns **rowCount-0** while
-   orchestrator passes 6; golden-tested). **(b) the real gate:** rows flow only on
+   the native returns 50 for a byte-identical request — and **all four next-session angles are
-   an **Event-type connection**. The native `OpenConnection.openParameters` is
+   now tested and ruled out** (`grpc-event-query-capture.md`):
-   format **v8** with a `ConnectionType` byte (Event `01` / Process `02`) right
+   - **transport** — the stock client is *also* gRPC-Web/HTTP-1.1 (decompiled); plain native
-   after `ClientType`; the SDK's **v6** Open2 buffer has no such field (it writes
+     HTTP/2 (`CreateHttp2`) returns the same 0 rows;
-   `ClientType` then `ConnectionMode` back-to-back), so the read-capable v6
+   - **client metadata/cert** — decompiled + TLS-tee captured: gzip-only metadata, no-op
-   connection cannot be marked as Event. `ConnectionMode` is not the lever (2020
+     interceptor, **no TLS client cert** on either side;
-   WCF events work at `0x402`). Making event rows flow needs the SDK to emit the
+   - **connection topology** — the native splits services across 5 connections and queries on
-   native v8 `OpenConnection` with `ConnectionType=Event` (and likely the
+     a dedicated RetrievalService connection; replicating that (`HISTORIAN_GRPC_EVENT_SPLIT_CHANNEL=1`)
-   `ExchangeKey` cert auth path) — a substantial follow-on. Full evidence +
+     still returns 0 rows → the server correlates by **session handle, not connection**;
-   byte-level diagnosis: `docs/reverse-engineering/grpc-event-query-capture.md`.
+   - **data store** — via SOCKS→SQL: the event store is global/unscoped (no per-connection
-   Gated test still pins the no-row throw; bounded ≤30s.
+     column); the `Events` view (served by the engine via the INSQL provider) returns 71,332
+     events for the same window the gRPC query gets 0.
+
+   So the gate is a **server-internal per-connection retrieval working-set** in the native
+   `HistorianClient` C++ core — not reconstructable from a pure-managed client. **PARSE PATH NOW
+   VERIFIED + a latent bug FIXED:** fed the provided stock client's real captured result buffer
+   (63,192 B, 50 events) through `HistorianEventRowProtocol.Parse` — it exposed that the parser
+   treated the one-time `0x1E` buffer header field as a per-row marker, decoding only the **first
+   row of any multi-row buffer**. This also hit the **shipped WCF event read** (identical
+   `0900 <rowCount> 1E000000 0700` header). Fixed to a 10-byte buffer header + **markerless rows**,
+   accepting container version 9 (WCF) and 11 (gRPC); the real 50-row buffer now decodes to exactly
+   50 events (`Parse_RealStockClientCapture_DecodesAllEvents`, gated on `HISTORIAN_EVENT_CAPTURE_NDJSON`).
+   So if the server gate ever opens, decoded events flow through correctly on both transports; until
+   then the orchestrator stays on the no-row throw (`eventConnection: true` wired; opt-in
+   `EventReadDiagnostic` test, `HISTORIAN_GRPC_EVENT_DIAG=1`). Diagnostics retained: the `httpcap`
+   TLS-tee proxy, `CreateHttp2`/`SPLIT_CHANNEL` switches, the `sqlschema` SOCKS→SQL probe, the
+   `capture-event` harness (native, returns rows).
 2. **R4.3 active-SF magnitude** — needs an **SF-active server** (D2 storage-engine
    console handle).
-3. **SendEvent over gRPC** — **capture-gated**: no distinct RPC, framing uncaptured.
+3. **SendEvent over gRPC** — ✅ **SHIPPED + LIVE-VALIDATED 2026-06-23.** `SendEventAsync`
+   now routes over `RemoteGrpc` (`HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator`). Captured the native
+   client live (`capture-send-event` harness scenario): the send rides
+   `HistoryService.AddStreamValues` with the **same "OS" (0x534F) buffer the WCF path uses**
+   (`HistorianEventWriteProtocol` — "no distinct RPC" confirmed true), on a v8 Event session +
+   CM_EVENT registration. The write-enabled Event open is **byte-identical** to the read-only one
+   (diffed live — only per-session crypto differs), so the existing event-open path is reused
+   unchanged. End-to-end: pure-managed SDK send → `BSuccess=true` → event read back from the live
+   server (markers `SdkSendProbe`/`SdkCaptureProbe` confirmed in returned rows). Golden-tested
+   (`GrpcEventSendProtocolTests`) + gated live test (`SendEventAsync_OverGrpc_AcceptsEvent`,
+   opt-in `HISTORIAN_GRPC_EVENT_SEND=1`).
+   **PERSISTENCE RESOLVED:** the earlier WCF/M2 caveat was "server accepts AddS2 but the local
+   dev box does NOT persist the event to `v_AlarmEventHistory2`" — we couldn't tell if that was an
+   SDK gap or the environment. The gRPC read-back against the live 2023 R2 server **proves the event
+   persists** (sent via the pure-managed SDK, then independently read back from the server's event
+   history). So non-persistence on the local box was purely the dev-box event-ingestion environment,
+   **not an SDK gap** — the event-send path (WCF and gRPC, same "OS" buffer) is durably correct.
 4. **ExecuteSqlCommand over gRPC** — **server-walled** (`CSrvDbConnection`;
    RegisterTags prime doesn't help). Use WCF for SQL.
 5. **R4.2 revision EDITS** — storage-engine-pipe-only on BOTH transports (the D2 wall).
 6. **ReadBlocks** (`StartBlockRetrievalQuery`) — never captured on either transport.
-7. **DeleteTagExtendedProperties** — server-blocked on BOTH transports. The gRPC
+7. **DeleteTagExtendedProperties** — server-blocked; **confirmed walled by capturing the NATIVE
-   multiplexed-channel hypothesis was **PROBED + DISPROVEN 2026-06-22** (merge
+   client 2026-06-23.** The agent's "use `deleteFromServer=true`" angle is moot: the native
-   `c88260c`): GetTgByNm + GetTepByNm primes succeed on one shared write-enabled
+   `HistorianAccess.DeleteTagExtendedPropertiesByName(...,deleteFromServer:true)`, driven with the
-   gRPC channel, yet DelTep is still rejected (native code=1) and the property
+   cross-session sync trick that gets it past the client-side err-229 sync gate
-   survives — the working set is native in-process registration state, not the
+   (`Capture-DeleteTagExtendedProperties.ps1`), returns **`Success=true` / ErrorCode=Success** —
-   wire session. Pinned by gated negative test
+   yet across repeated fresh sessions the property is **re-fetchable and re-deletable every time**,
-   `DeleteTagExtendedProperties_OverGrpc_ProbeMultiplexedChannel`.
+   i.e. it is **never durably removed**. So the native client itself only performs an optimistic
+   client-side cache delete; the server does not durably honor it (matches the HCAL cache-sync
+   model the decompile shows). Shipping a `DeleteTagExtendedPropertiesAsync` would return a
+   misleading success while the property persists, so it correctly stays **unshipped**. (Earlier
+   gRPC multiplexed-channel hypothesis also PROBED + DISPROVEN 2026-06-22, merge `c88260c`; pinned
+   by `DeleteTagExtendedProperties_OverGrpc_ProbeMultiplexedChannel`.)
 8. **Deferred-by-design** items (`write-commands` D1–D3, non-analog tag create,
    etc.) — bounded out until an explicit customer/user demand signal.
 
-To move any remaining item you need a **scoped RE+impl effort** (the v8
+To move any remaining item you need a **server-side / connection-level angle**
-Event-type `OpenConnection` — item 1, already captured + diagnosed), a **fresh
+(item 1 — v8 event auth is solved; row retrieval is connection-gated, see the
-native capture** (SendEvent gRPC framing — item 3), a **different server**
+NEXT SESSION section of `grpc-event-query-capture.md`), a **different server**
 (SF-active for item 2), or a **demand signal** to unlock a deferred item.
+(SendEvent over gRPC — formerly item 3 — is now SHIPPED + live-validated.)
 Live-server gRPC probe recipe: set
 `HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST`/`_PORT 32565`/`_TLS true`/`_DNSID` + domain creds (strip
 quotes — `reference_wonder_sql_vd03_credentials`) and run the gated
 `HistorianGrpcIntegrationTests`.
 
+### 2023 R2 stock-client binary dive (2026-06-23) — sharpened verdicts
+
+Re-read the full decompiled stock 2023 R2 managed client
+(`histsdk-2023r2-analysis/decompiled/`: `Archestra.Historian.GrpcClient`,
+`ArchestrA.HistorianAccess`, `Archestra.Grpc.Contract`, `HistorianEvent`,
+`HistorianAccessUtil`) as the oracle for every still-pending item. **Governing
+fact:** `ArchestrA.HistorianAccess.dll` is a C++/CLI mixed assembly — every
+data/config/write method is a thin shim into native `<Module>.HistorianClient.*`,
+and the managed `Grpc*Client` wrappers are instantiated by **nothing** in the
+decompiled set (`new Grpc*Client(` → zero call sites). So the buffer-building and
+RPC-dispatch sequencing for these items lives in native C++ not present in the
+binaries. That confirms the "gated" calls were not from missing managed steps —
+with these refinements:
+
+- **Item 1 (gRPC event rows)** — **confirmed native/server-side.** Stock event
+  call graph is provably identical to ours (transport, per-service channels,
+  gzip-only metadata, CM_EVENT registration, v8 ECDH Event-open, `StartEventQuery`
+  request bytes). `EventQuery.StartQuery`/`MoveNext` dispatch straight into native
+  `HistorianClient.StartEventQuery`/`GetNextRow`; the query orchestration that
+  would differ is native and not on the wire. One untested low-effort check
+  remains: byte-diff a captured **Event-connection** EnsureTags/RegisterTags
+  against our replay (the 83-vs-86-byte EnsT gap was never actually compared).
+- **Item 3 (SendEvent over gRPC)** — ✅ **SHIPPED + LIVE-VALIDATED 2026-06-23** (was
+  "capturable"). RPC confirmed = `HistoryService.AddStreamValues` (the "no distinct RPC"
+  note is TRUE). The `btValues` VTQ buffer turned out to be already-owned: our M2
+  `HistorianEventWriteProtocol.SerializeAddStreamValuesBuffer` ("OS" buffer, decoded from
+  the WCF event-send) is the transport-independent `PackToVtq` equivalent and the gRPC send
+  uses it **verbatim** (live capture: sig `OS`/0x534F, CM_EVENT GUID, identical framing — NOT
+  the historical write's "ON" buffer). The write-enabled Event open is byte-identical to the
+  read-only one (live diff). So SendEvent-over-gRPC was pure assembly:
+  `HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator` = existing v8 Event open + existing CM_EVENT
+  registration + `AddStreamValues`(OS buffer). End-to-end live-validated (send → `BSuccess`
+  → read back from the live server). Golden-tested + gated live test.
+- **Item 4 (ExecuteSql over gRPC)** — **confirmed walled + explained.** The stock
+  client gates SQL **out client-side**: `HistorianAccess.ExecuteSqlCommand` returns
+  `OperationNotSupported` when `IsManagedHistorian(node)` or `!IsProcessConnectionRequested()`
+  (decompile ~:6198/:6214) and never sends the RPC. SQL-over-gRPC is unsupported by
+  design on a managed/gRPC historian; our `ProtocolEvidenceMissingException` is correct.
+- **Item 5 (R4.2 revision edits)** — **confirmed HARD.** There is **no Revision RPC
+  in the gRPC contract** (zero "Revision" message types); the stock client reaches a
+  revision edit only via the native `HistorianClient.AddRevisionValuesBegin/AddRevisionValue/
+  AddRevisionValuesEnd` transaction trio over the storage-engine channel. NOTE: this is
+  a **distinct capability** from `AddNonStreamValues` (non-streamed original insert) —
+  `HistorianGrpcRevisionProbe` probes the latter; its doc comment was corrected to say so.
+- **Item 6 (ReadBlocks/LoadBlocks)** — `LoadBlocks` request is a trivial
+  handle+sequence cursor but the `historyBlocks` response is a native blob with no
+  managed decoder, and it needs the D2-blocked `OpenStorageConnection` console handle.
+  Walled.
+- **Item 7 (DeleteTagExtendedProperties)** — **capture done 2026-06-23; CONFIRMED WALLED, don't
+  ship.** RPC + string handle are correct; ADD/DELETE are structurally identical and neither uses
+  `StartJob`. The `deleteFromServer`-flag hypothesis is now tested and moot: the native
+  `DeleteTagExtendedPropertiesByName(...,deleteFromServer:true)`, driven past the err-229 client
+  sync gate with the cross-session trick (`Capture-DeleteTagExtendedProperties.ps1`), returns
+  `Success=true` — yet the property is **re-fetchable + re-deletable across repeated fresh sessions
+  (never durably removed)**. So the native client only does an optimistic client-side cache delete
+  the server doesn't durably honor (the HCAL cache-sync model). Shipping
+  `DeleteTagExtendedPropertiesAsync` would return a misleading success, so it stays unshipped.
+- **SF/snapshot/shard/ForwardSnapshot ops** — only `Get/SetSFParameter` are managed-built
+  (typed strings); all others carry opaque native buffers and need the storage console
+  handle. Walled / tooling-internal.
+
+**Net:** 3 items hard-confirmed walled with real explanations (4, 5, 6 + OpenStorageConnection),
+and **2 moved to a precise, local-box-capturable target**: **SendEvent** (`PackToVtq` output)
+and **DeleteTEP** (`BtInput` with `deleteFromServer=true`). Both need native instrumentation of
+`aahClientManaged.dll` (Frida / IL-rewrite — repo tooling exists under
+`tools/AVEVA.Historian.NativeTraceHarness` + `scripts/frida/`), not a special server.
+
 ## Project Direction
 
 The project goal is still a fully managed .NET 10 C# AVEVA Historian client.
@@ -155,12 +260,14 @@ dotnet build .\Histsdk.slnx --no-restore
 dotnet test .\Histsdk.slnx --no-build --logger "console;verbosity=minimal"
 ```
 
-Current known-good result (2026-06-22):
+Current known-good result (2026-06-23):
 
 - Build succeeds (0 warnings / 0 errors).
-- Offline tests pass: 321/321 (live gRPC/integration tests skip cleanly without
+- Offline tests pass: 328/328 (live gRPC/integration tests skip cleanly without
   their env vars). Gated live tests add to this when `HISTORIAN_*` /
-  `HISTORIAN_GRPC_*` are set.
+  `HISTORIAN_GRPC_*` are set. The +7 over the prior 321 are the event-row parser
+  fix's golden + gated-capture coverage (`HistorianEventRowProtocolTests`:
+  markerless multi-row, the v11 gRPC header, and the 50-event stock-client capture).
 
 The workspace is a Git working tree (origin: gitea.dohertylan.com). Use
 normal git workflow for change tracking; the prior "no working tree, use
@@ -1038,27 +1145,35 @@ record 5 of `instrumented-wcf-readmessage/readmessage-capture-event-latest.ndjso
 
 ### Event-row parser
 
-`Wcf/HistorianEventRowProtocol.Parse(ReadOnlySpan<byte>)` parses the
+> **CORRECTED 2026-06-23 (merged `6faf8a5`).** The skeleton below mis-read the `0x1E`
-version-9 row buffer:
+> as a *per-row* marker. Verifying the parser against the provided stock client's real
+> 50-event buffer proved `0x1E` is a **one-time buffer-level header field**, and the rows
+> are **markerless** — so the original parser silently returned only the **first** row of
+> any multi-row buffer (on WCF too). The corrected layout and behaviour are below.
+
+`Wcf/HistorianEventRowProtocol.Parse(ReadOnlySpan<byte>)` parses the row buffer
+(container version 9 for WCF, 11 for 2023 R2 gRPC — both accepted):
 
 ```text
-UInt16 version = 9
+UInt16 version = 9 (WCF) | 11 (gRPC)
 UInt32 rowCount
-N rows, each:
+UInt32 headerField = 0x1E      // ONE buffer-level field, NOT a per-row marker
-  UInt32 rowMarker = 0x1E
+N rows, each (MARKERLESS):
   UInt16 rowFormat = 7
   Int64  filetimeUtc           (event time)
   UInt16 × 8 fieldOffsets       (opaque — purpose not fully decoded)
-  Property bag (sequence of name=value pairs; first name is the event type)
+  UInt16 propertyCount
+  Property bag (propertyCount × name=value pairs; first field is the event type)
 ```
 
-The parser extracts `EventTimeUtc` and `Type` (the first compact-ASCII-string
+The parser reads the 10-byte buffer header (skipping the `0x1E` field once), then walks
-in the property bag) for each row, and seeks forward to the next row by
+each markerless row by length: `rowFormat(2) + filetime(8) + 8×UInt16 slots + compact-ASCII
-scanning for the next `1E 00 00 00 07 00` marker. Property-bag value
+type + propertyCount + propertyCount × (name + value)`. Value encoding **is** implemented
-encoding is partially decoded (compact ASCII `09 LEN 00 …`, UTF-16 strings
+(compact ASCII `09 LEN 00 …`, Boolean `0x02`, GUID `0x10`, FILETIME `0x18`, Int32 `0x31`,
-`43 UInt32 LEN × UInt16`, integers with markers in the `0x88–0x8B` range,
+UTF-16 `0x43`; unknown markers preserve raw bytes). Verified against the provided client's
-8-byte FILETIMEs) but **value parsing is intentionally not implemented yet**
+real buffer: `Parse_RealStockClientCapture_DecodesAllEvents` decodes all 50 events (25
-— it requires more reverse-engineering and would need sanitized fixtures.
+Alarm.Set + 25 Alarm.Clear) to end-of-buffer (gated on `HISTORIAN_EVENT_CAPTURE_NDJSON`),
+plus a synthetic v11 golden test.
 
 5 unit tests in `HistorianEventRowProtocolTests.cs` cover empty buffer,
 zero-row, wrong-version, two-row synthetic, and missing-marker. Test count
@@ -1156,10 +1271,12 @@ Typemarker dispatch:
 Unknown markers preserve the raw `length` value bytes as a `byte[]` in
 the property dictionary.
 
-Each row layout (refines the earlier skeleton):
+Each row layout (**corrected 2026-06-23** — see the "Event-row parser" note above; the
+`0x1E` is a one-time buffer header field, NOT a per-row marker, and rows are markerless):
 
 ```text
-UInt32  rowMarker = 0x1E
+buffer header: UInt16 version (9|11) + UInt32 rowCount + UInt32 headerField (0x1E)
+each row (markerless):
 UInt16  rowFormat = 7
 Int64   eventTimeUtcFiletime
 UInt16 × 8                          // purpose unclear

docs/reverse-engineering/handshake-reuse-spike-results.md

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# Handshake / session-reuse spike — live results
+
+> **Question:** does the 2023 R2 historian honor REUSING one authenticated session
+> (channel + `OpenConnection` client handle) across multiple operations, instead of
+> the per-operation Create+handshake the SDK does today? This is the precondition for
+> "handshake amortization" (HistorianGateway `pending.md` A1).
+>
+> **Verdict: GREEN — reuse works and the win is large — but the server idle-expires a
+> session in ~20–25 s, so a reuse pool must keep sessions warm.**
+
+**Date:** 2026-06-25
+**Branch:** `spike/handshake-reuse`
+**Server:** live 2023 R2 (`wonder-sql-vd03`), RemoteGrpc transport, read-only test tag.
+**Harness:** `tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/HandshakeReuseSpikeTests.cs` driving the new
+internal seam `HistorianGrpcReadOrchestrator.RunRawQueryOnSession(connection, clientHandle, …)`
+(runs a raw query against an externally-supplied, already-authenticated connection + handle —
+no Create, no handshake).
+
+---
+
+## 1. Reuse validity — GREEN
+
+`ReusedSession_RunsManyReads_AllSucceed` **passed**: one `HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create`
++ one `HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession`, then **5 consecutive `RunRawQueryOnSession` reads on
+the same `ClientHandle`** — all returned rows.
+
+```
+open-session (handshake) = 325 ms
+reused-read[0] =  96 ms, rows=8
+reused-read[1] = 101 ms, rows=8
+reused-read[2] = 179 ms, rows=8
+reused-read[3] =  92 ms, rows=8
+reused-read[4] =  95 ms, rows=8
+```
+
+The server accepts the same client handle across back-to-back `StartQuery`/`GetNextQueryResultBuffer`/
+`EndQuery` cycles. Per-query handles are opened/closed each op; the **session** handle is the reused
+artifact.
+
+## 2. Win magnitude — large (~4.7×)
+
+`ReusedSession_VsPerCallPath_LogsLatencyDelta` (logged, not asserted):
+
+```
+per-call  (5 ops) = 2626 ms      # fresh Create + full handshake + query, ×5
+amortized (5 ops) =  561 ms      # one handshake + 5 reused reads
+saving over 5 ops = 2065 ms
+```
+
+The handshake (`GetInterfaceVersion` → `ValidateClientCredential` NTLM token loop →
+`OpenConnection`, ~325 ms) dominates per-call cost. Amortized, a read is ~110 ms vs ~525 ms
+per-call. **Amortization is clearly worth the refactor for any burst of activity.**
+
+## 3. Expiry — idle timeout ~20–25 s (NOT an absolute TTL)
+
+`ReusedSession_IdleSweep_SurfacesExpiryTier` rethrows at the first idle gap the server rejects.
+
+Coarse sweep `[0, 30]`: `idle 0s → OK`, `idle 30s → BROKE`.
+Fine sweep `[0,5,10,15,20,25,30]`:
+
+```
+idle  0s -> OK (rows=8)
+idle  5s -> OK
+idle 10s -> OK
+idle 15s -> OK
+idle 20s -> OK          # session age here ≈ 50 s cumulative, still alive
+idle 25s -> BROKE (InvalidOperationException: gRPC StartQuery (raw) failed, errorLen=5)
+```
+
+**Key inference — it's an idle timeout, not a fixed session lifetime.** The reads at gaps of
+5/10/15/20 s kept succeeding even though the cumulative session age reached ~50 s by the 20 s-gap
+read. The session only died after a **≥25 s idle gap**. So a session survives indefinitely as long
+as operations are spaced under ~20 s apart; a quiet gap of ≥25 s invalidates it.
+
+Expired-session failure mode on the wire: `StartQuery` returns `BSuccess=false` with a 5-byte error
+buffer, surfaced by the SDK as `InvalidOperationException: gRPC StartQuery (raw) failed
+(errorLen=5)`.
+
+---
+
+## 4. Implications for Phase 1 (the full amortization refactor)
+
+A reuse pool is viable and high-value, with two requirements driven by §3:
+
+1. **Keep sessions warm.** Ping each pooled session well under the ~20 s idle floor (e.g. a
+   ~10–15 s keepalive — a cheap handle-using op such as `GetSystemParameter`) so a steady-state
+   session never crosses the idle timeout. Without a keepalive, amortization only helps within a
+   <~20 s activity burst.
+2. **Reactive re-auth on expiry.** Treat `StartQuery failed (errorLen=5)` (and the equivalent on
+   other handle ops) as an expired-session signal: evict the session and re-handshake on next use
+   (one handshake penalty). In HistorianGateway this maps onto the existing
+   `IHistorianConnectionPool.ReportFaulted` eviction seam.
+
+**Concurrency note (unchanged guidance):** lease a session exclusively per-op from a bounded pool —
+this validity test only exercised *sequential* reuse, so concurrent use of one handle (esp.
+streaming cursors) remains unproven and should be avoided by exclusive leasing.
+
+**Gate decision:** GREEN → HistorianGateway A1 Phase 1 (HistorianSession primitive + orchestrator
+acquire/execute split + re-vendor + leased-session pool with keepalive) is warranted and earns its
+own design + plan.
+
+---
+
+## 5. Write-spike addendum (Phase 1 Stage 0) — 2026-06-25
+
+Extends the harness to the write path via the `RunWriteOnSession` seam on
+`HistorianGrpcHistoricalWriteOrchestrator`. Read + bounded writes to `HISTORIAN_WRITE_SANDBOX_TAG`
+only.
+
+```
+reused-write[0] = 377 ms, ok=True
+reused-write[1] =  76 ms, ok=True       # 2nd write reuses the same 0x401 session — no handshake
+read-on-0x401 -> OK (rows=3)            # a WRITE-enabled session ALSO serves reads
+```
+
+**Findings:**
+- **Write-session reuse — GREEN.** Two historical writes on one reused `0x401` (write-enabled)
+  session both succeed; the 2nd skips the Create+handshake.
+- **One-kind pool — CONFIRMED.** A `0x401` session served a `StartQuery` read (`session.ClientHandle`)
+  successfully. So a single **write-enabled** session serves both reads and writes — the gateway pool
+  needs **one session kind**, not two. (`0x401` "unlocks write capability" and is a superset of the
+  `0x402` read-only mode, as the vendored comment hinted.)
+
+**Decision for Phase 1 Stage 3:** the gateway always opens `WriteEnabled` sessions; the
+`HistorianSessionPool` is a **single warm pool** (no per-kind keying). `HistorianSessionKind` still
+exists upstream for API clarity, but the gateway uses only `WriteEnabled`.

docs/reverse-engineering/wcf-event-read-spike-results.md

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# WCF event-read spike — live result (2026-06-25/26): transport+auth viable, row-retrieval server-gated
+
+Settles the open question behind **C2** ("event reads over gRPC are gated; the only listed unblock is
+*route event reads via WCF*"). The gRPC event-read path is a proven server-side dead-end
+(`grpc-event-query-capture.md`: auth fully solved, every client-controllable layer byte-matched to the
+stock client, yet the server scopes 0 rows to our connection). This spike resolved the **WCF** leg.
+
+> **Correction to an earlier draft of this doc.** A first pass concluded "the 2023 R2 historian does not
+> serve the legacy WCF transport (connection reset at framing)." **That was a test error, not a server
+> fact.** It connected to the historian's real WCF port `32568` *directly* and used the Windows-integrated
+> transport. In this environment the historian is reached through a **reverse SSH tunnel** (local
+> `42568` → historian `32568`), and integrated/Kerberos auth does not work through that tunnel. The
+> socket-RST was the tunnel/transport mismatch, not an absent listener. Corrected below.
+
+## What was run
+
+A Windows-only-by-default, env-gated diagnostic (`tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/WcfEventReadSpikeTests.cs`)
+drives `HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator.ReadEventsAsync` directly. The decisive run was **cross-platform,
+direct** (no tunnel): from the VPN-holding host straight to the historian's real WCF endpoint
+`net.tcp://<historian>:32568/HistCert`, using the **certificate transport** (`RemoteTcpCertificate`,
+TLS, `AllowUntrustedServerCertificate`) and `NegotiateAuthentication` (cross-platform, explicit domain
+credentials). The SDK's interface-version gate was bypassed (`VerifyServerInterfaceVersion=false`) —
+the 2023 R2 WCF **History interface reports version 13** (this SDK's serializers target 11/12).
+
+## Result — transport+auth viable; row-retrieval server-gated (sanitized)
+
+Progression of the live errors as the addressing/transport was corrected:
+
+| attempt | error |
+|---|---|
+| direct `:32568`, integrated | `SocketException` "forcibly closed" (wrong port + transport for the tunnel) |
+| tunnel `:42568`, integrated | `ProtocolException` at the security UpgradeResponse (integrated can't negotiate through the tunnel) |
+| tunnel `:42568`, certificate | reached the WCF dispatcher → `AddressFilter` mismatch (tunnel rewrites the port) |
+| **direct `:32568`, certificate, cross-platform** | **past auth** → `ProtocolEvidenceMissingException`: History interface version **13** |
+| + `VerifyServerInterfaceVersion=false` | **full chain runs**; query returns a 10-byte **0-row** header, then `GetNext` long-polls |
+
+Connection-mode experiment (certificate transport, direct, version-bypassed, a 1-day window that holds
+events), comparing the native OpenConnection mode used for the event-read chain:
+
+| connMode | RegisterTags (RTag2) | EnsureTags (EnsT2) | result buffer | events |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| `0x501` (event) | **0 — success** | 1 (benign-false, as in the 2020 flow) | 10 bytes (0-row header) | **0** |
+| `0x401` (write) | 1 (fail) | 1 | 10 bytes | 0 |
+| `0x402` (read-only, default) | 1 (fail) | 1 | 10 bytes | 0 |
+
+## Conclusion
+
+1. **WCF transport + auth ARE viable on 2023 R2.** The certificate (TLS) transport negotiates and the
+   `NegotiateAuthentication` app-level handshake authenticates — **cross-platform** (proven from a
+   non-Windows VPN host). The earlier "WCF not served" conclusion was wrong. (Integrated/Windows
+   transport security is not usable through the reverse tunnel — `net.tcp` Kerberos does not tunnel.)
+2. **The event-read chain needs the `0x501` event connection mode.** With it, CM_EVENT `RegisterTags`
+   **succeeds** (it fails on `0x402`/`0x401`). `EnsureTags` returns false, but that is documented as
+   benign in the 2020 flow that *did* return rows.
+3. **Row retrieval is server-gated — same as gRPC.** Even with auth solved and `RegisterTags` succeeding,
+   over a window that holds events, `StartEventQuery` succeeds but `GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer` returns
+   a **0-row** header (10 bytes) and long-polls. Registration and window are ruled out as the cause; the
+   server simply does not scope event rows to a managed connection. This is the **identical** server-side
+   per-connection retrieval working-set gate proven for gRPC in `grpc-event-query-capture.md`.
+
+**Therefore event reads do not return rows on the 2023 R2 historian over either transport** — gRPC
+(retrieval-server-gated) and WCF (transport+auth work, but the same server-side row gate). The only
+remaining theoretical unblock is server-side (AVEVA exposing event-row retrieval to a managed
+connection) — not client-fixable. **C2 stays closed won't-fix**, for this (corrected) reason.
+
+## SDK additions from this investigation (retained, build-clean, golden where applicable)
+
+- `HistorianClientOptions.ConnectViaAddress` — WCF `Via` (connect to a tunnel/proxy while addressing the
+  SOAP `To` the real endpoint), so a port-forward whose local port differs from the server's real port
+  satisfies the server-side WCF AddressFilter.
+- `HistorianClientOptions.EventReadConnectionModeOverride` — diagnostic override of the event-read
+  OpenConnection mode (the `0x501` finding above).
+- The C2 spike is now transport-selectable (integrated|certificate), cross-platform for the cert
+  transport, bounded (per-call timeout + overall budget with a phase-diagnostic dump), and version-gate
+  bypassable. Output stays sanitized (counts, native return codes, buffer lengths, sha256).

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Grpc/HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using System.Net.Http;
 using System.Net.Security;
 using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
 using Grpc.Core;
@@ -63,6 +64,50 @@ internal static class HistorianGrpcChannelFactory
 
         GrpcChannel channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress(address, channelOptions);
 
+        return new HistorianGrpcConnection(channel, BuildMetadata(options));
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Builds an event-path channel that speaks <b>native HTTP/2 gRPC</b> (no <see cref="GrpcWebHandler"/>
+    /// wrap) — the leading hypothesis for why gRPC-Web event reads return zero rows while the native
+    /// <c>Grpc.Core</c> HTTP/2 client returns rows for a byte-identical request. The stock 2023 R2 client
+    /// uses native <c>Grpc.Core</c> (HTTP/2); reads happen to work over gRPC-Web too, but the
+    /// connection-scoped event query may require a true HTTP/2 connection. Over TLS this depends on the
+    /// server negotiating the <c>h2</c> ALPN protocol; <see cref="SocketsHttpHandler"/> is pinned to
+    /// HTTP/2 exact so the channel does not silently fall back to HTTP/1.1.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static HistorianGrpcConnection CreateHttp2(HistorianClientOptions options)
+    {
+        string address = ResolveAddress(options);
+
+        var socketsHandler = new SocketsHttpHandler
+        {
+            EnableMultipleHttp2Connections = true
+        };
+
+        if (options.AllowUntrustedServerCertificate && options.GrpcUseTls)
+        {
+            socketsHandler.SslOptions = new SslClientAuthenticationOptions
+            {
+                RemoteCertificateValidationCallback = (_, _, _, _) => true
+            };
+        }
+
+        var channelOptions = new GrpcChannelOptions
+        {
+            HttpHandler = socketsHandler
+        };
+
+        // GrpcChannel over a SocketsHttpHandler already issues requests as HTTP/2 with
+        // RequestVersionExact (no GrpcWebHandler means no HTTP/1.1 fallback to mask a failed h2
+        // negotiation — it surfaces instead).
+        GrpcChannel channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress(address, channelOptions);
+
+        return new HistorianGrpcConnection(channel, BuildMetadata(options));
+    }
+
+    private static Metadata BuildMetadata(HistorianClientOptions options)
+    {
         // The stock client always advertises gzip request encoding; honour the option so
         // bandwidth-limited links can disable it.
         var metadata = new Metadata();
@@ -71,7 +116,7 @@ internal static class HistorianGrpcChannelFactory
             metadata.Add("grpc-internal-encoding-request", "gzip");
         }
 
-        return new HistorianGrpcConnection(channel, metadata);
+        return metadata;
     }
 
     private static bool AcceptAnyCertificate(

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Grpc/HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator.cs

@@ -34,13 +34,16 @@ namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Grpc;
 /// (the read path proved the front-door session is sufficient over gRPC).
 /// </para>
 /// <para>
-/// <b>Live status (2026-06-22):</b> the chain runs end-to-end and <c>StartEventQuery</c> succeeds, but
+/// <b>Live status — server-gated (settled 2026-06-25):</b> the chain runs end-to-end and
-/// <c>GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer</c> <b>long-polls</b> when the query has no rows — it blocks to the
+/// <c>StartEventQuery</c> succeeds, but <c>GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer</c> <b>long-polls</b> to the
-/// call deadline instead of returning the synchronous 5-byte code-85 terminal the 2020 WCF op returns.
+/// no-data terminal (instead of the synchronous 5-byte code-85 terminal the 2020 WCF op returns); a
-/// A poll-deadline expiry is therefore treated as the no-data terminal (see the loop). The idle dev box
+/// poll-deadline expiry is treated as that terminal (see the loop). This is <b>not</b> an empty-box
-/// holds no events, so <b>row-level retrieval is not yet live-verified</b>; verifying parsed rows over
+/// artifact: the live 2023 R2 server holds tens of thousands of events yet scopes <b>0 rows</b> to a
-/// gRPC awaits an event-bearing 2023 R2 server. This is tooled + completes cleanly, NOT proven to
+/// managed connection. Every client-controllable layer was byte-matched to the stock client that returns
-/// return rows.
+/// rows (see <c>docs/reverse-engineering/grpc-event-query-capture.md</c>) — the gate is a server-internal
+/// per-connection retrieval working-set, <b>not client-fixable</b>. The legacy WCF transport is not a
+/// fallback on 2023 R2 (<c>docs/reverse-engineering/wcf-event-read-spike-results.md</c>). Tooled +
+/// completes cleanly, but proven NOT to return rows over a managed connection.
 /// </para>
 /// </summary>
 internal sealed class HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator
@@ -58,6 +61,9 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator
     /// <summary>Diagnostic: type+code description of the most recent error/terminal buffer.</summary>
     public string LastErrorBufferDescription { get; private set; } = string.Empty;
 
+    /// <summary>Diagnostic: which transport the event channel used (<c>grpc-web</c> or <c>http2</c>).</summary>
+    public string EventChannelMode { get; private set; } = string.Empty;
+
     /// <summary>Diagnostic: hex of the most recent result buffer (first 48 bytes).</summary>
     public string LastResultBufferHex { get; private set; } = string.Empty;
 
@@ -98,9 +104,12 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator
         {
             throw new ProtocolEvidenceMissingException(
                 $"ReadEvents over gRPC did not return rows within {OverallBudget.TotalSeconds:0}s: StartEventQuery " +
-                "succeeds but the CM_EVENT registration replay stalls and GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer long-polls " +
+                "succeeds but GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer long-polls to the no-data terminal. Event-row retrieval is " +
-                "(no synchronous code-85 terminal over gRPC). Row-level retrieval is not yet verified over gRPC " +
+                "auth-solved but SERVER-GATED on 2023 R2 over both transports — the server scopes 0 rows to a managed " +
-                "(the dev box holds no events) — use the WCF transport for event reads.");
+                "connection (gRPC: docs/reverse-engineering/grpc-event-query-capture.md). The WCF transport reaches the " +
+                "2023 R2 historian (certificate transport + auth work, CM_EVENT registration succeeds on the 0x501 event " +
+                "connection) but hits the SAME server-side row gate — 0-row buffer + long-poll (see " +
+                "docs/reverse-engineering/wcf-event-read-spike-results.md). Not client-fixable on either transport.");
         }
 
         foreach (HistorianEvent evt in events)
@@ -143,7 +152,16 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator
 
     private List<HistorianEvent> RunEventChain(DateTime startUtc, DateTime endUtc, HistorianEventFilter? filter, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
-        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(_options);
+        // Hypothesis #1 (server-side/connection angle, grpc-event-query-capture.md): the native client
+        // uses Grpc.Core native HTTP/2, while our default channel wraps gRPC-Web over HTTP/1.1. Reads
+        // work over gRPC-Web, but the connection-scoped event query may require a true HTTP/2 connection.
+        // Opt in via HISTORIAN_GRPC_EVENT_HTTP2=1 to use a plain HTTP/2 channel for the event path only.
+        bool useHttp2 = string.Equals(
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_EVENT_HTTP2"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        EventChannelMode = useHttp2 ? "http2" : "grpc-web";
+        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = useHttp2
+            ? HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.CreateHttp2(_options)
+            : HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(_options);
         // Event reads need an Event-type (v8) connection. OpenSession(eventConnection: true) runs the
         // full v8 path: HistoryService.ExchangeKey (P-256 ECDH) -> client key = SHA256(secret) -> v8
         // OpenConnection with ConnectionType=Event and the credential token RC4(password, MD5(clientKey)).
@@ -151,22 +169,27 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator
 
         RegisterCmEventTag(connection, session, cancellationToken);
 
-        List<HistorianEvent> events = RunEventQuery(connection, session, startUtc, endUtc, filter, cancellationToken);
+        List<HistorianEvent> events = RunEventQueryOnSession(connection, session, startUtc, endUtc, filter, cancellationToken);
 
         // Honest no-data handling: when the query returns real rows, hand them back. When it instead
         // reaches the no-data terminal with ZERO rows (the gRPC server long-polls GetNext rather than
         // returning the WCF code-85 terminal), we cannot distinguish "genuinely no events in range"
         // from "the CM_EVENT registration replay didn't fully land over gRPC" — so we refuse to return
-        // a possibly-false empty list and surface the unverified state instead. An event-bearing 2023 R2
+        // a possibly-false empty list and surface the gated state instead. Proven server-gated: the live
-        // server will return rows here and exercise the parse path; flip this once that is captured.
+        // 2023 R2 server holds tens of thousands of events yet scopes 0 to a managed connection
+        // (grpc-event-query-capture.md). WCF reaches the same historian (cert transport + auth work,
+        // CM_EVENT registers on the 0x501 event connection) but hits the SAME row gate — not a fallback
+        // (wcf-event-read-spike-results.md).
         if (events.Count == 0)
         {
             throw new ProtocolEvidenceMissingException(
                 "ReadEvents over gRPC: the chain completes and StartEventQuery succeeds, but " +
                 "GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer returns no rows (it long-polls to the no-data terminal " +
-                $"after the CM_EVENT registration replay; last={LastErrorBufferDescription}). Row-level " +
+                $"after the CM_EVENT registration replay; last={LastErrorBufferDescription}). Event-row retrieval is " +
-                "retrieval is not yet verified over gRPC (the dev box holds no events) — use the WCF " +
+                "auth-solved but SERVER-GATED on 2023 R2 over both transports — the server scopes 0 rows to a managed " +
-                "transport for event reads until a capture against an event-bearing 2023 R2 server confirms it.");
+                "connection (gRPC: docs/reverse-engineering/grpc-event-query-capture.md; WCF reaches the historian and " +
+                "registers on the 0x501 event connection yet hits the same row gate: " +
+                "docs/reverse-engineering/wcf-event-read-spike-results.md). Not client-fixable on either transport.");
         }
 
         return events;
@@ -261,7 +284,15 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator
     /// <summary>Diagnostic: outcomes of the key CM_EVENT registration RPCs.</summary>
     public string RegistrationDiag { get; private set; } = string.Empty;
 
-    private List<HistorianEvent> RunEventQuery(
+    // Spike seam (pending.md A1 broadening, Stage B0b): run ONLY the event query (StartEventQuery →
+    // GetNext loop → EndEventQuery) against an EXTERNALLY-supplied, already-opened + CM_EVENT-registered
+    // v8 Event connection + session — NO Create()/OpenSession/RegisterCmEventTag here. The per-call
+    // RunEventChain delegates to this so the per-call read and the B0b reuse spike share one query
+    // implementation (DRY). NOTE: event reads are otherwise GATED (C2) — the gRPC server long-polls
+    // GetNext to the no-data terminal and row-level retrieval is not yet verified over gRPC (see class
+    // remarks); the SEND seam is the spike's primary reuse signal. The split-channel opt-in
+    // (HISTORIAN_GRPC_EVENT_SPLIT_CHANNEL) is preserved inside, unchanged.
+    internal List<HistorianEvent> RunEventQueryOnSession(
         HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
         HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session,
         DateTime startUtc,
@@ -269,9 +300,21 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator
         HistorianEventFilter? filter,
         CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
-        var retrievalClient = new GrpcRetrieval.RetrievalService.RetrievalServiceClient(connection.Channel);
+        // HTTP/2-frame capture (grpc-event-query-capture.md #3) showed the stock client runs the event
+        // query on a DEDICATED RetrievalService TLS connection, separate from the HistoryService
+        // connection that opened+registered the session (correlated only by the session handle); our SDK
+        // collapses every service onto one connection. Opt in via HISTORIAN_GRPC_EVENT_SPLIT_CHANNEL=1 to
+        // run StartEventQuery/GetNext/EndEventQuery on their own connection (mirrors native conn4: no
+        // re-handshake, just the existing handle), to test whether topology is the row-scoping gate.
+        bool splitChannel = string.Equals(
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_EVENT_SPLIT_CHANNEL"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        HistorianGrpcConnection rconn = splitChannel ? HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(_options) : connection;
+        try
+        {
+
+        var retrievalClient = new GrpcRetrieval.RetrievalService.RetrievalServiceClient(rconn.Channel);
         GrpcRetrieval.GetRetrievalInterfaceVersionResponse retrievalVersion = retrievalClient.GetRetrievalInterfaceVersion(
-            new GrpcRetrieval.GetRetrievalInterfaceVersionRequest(), connection.Metadata, Deadline(), cancellationToken);
+            new GrpcRetrieval.GetRetrievalInterfaceVersionRequest(), rconn.Metadata, Deadline(), cancellationToken);
         HistorianServerVersionGate.Validate(HistorianServiceInterface.Retrieval, retrievalVersion.UiVersion, _options);
 
         // Version 6 envelope: the stock 2023 R2 client sends v6 (the WCF path's v5 request is accepted
@@ -294,7 +337,7 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator
                 UiQueryRequestType = HistorianEventQueryProtocol.QueryRequestTypeEvent,
                 BtRequest = ByteString.CopyFrom(requestBuffer)
             },
-            connection.Metadata,
+            rconn.Metadata,
             Deadline(),
             cancellationToken);
 
@@ -319,7 +362,7 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator
                 {
                     nextResponse = retrievalClient.GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer(
                         new GrpcRetrieval.GetNextEventQueryResultBufferRequest { UiHandle = session.ClientHandle, UiQueryHandle = queryHandle },
-                        connection.Metadata,
+                        rconn.Metadata,
                         EventPollDeadline(),
                         cancellationToken);
                 }
@@ -372,7 +415,12 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator
         }
         finally
         {
-            EndEventQuerySafely(retrievalClient, connection, session.ClientHandle, queryHandle);
+            EndEventQuerySafely(retrievalClient, rconn, session.ClientHandle, queryHandle);
+        }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (splitChannel) { rconn.Dispose(); }
         }
     }
 

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Grpc/HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+using Google.Protobuf;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Models;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Wcf;
+using GrpcHistory = ArchestrA.Grpc.Contract.History;
+using GrpcStatus = ArchestrA.Grpc.Contract.Status;
+
+namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Grpc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// 2023 R2 gRPC orchestrator for the event SEND (<see cref="HistorianClient.SendEventAsync"/>).
+/// Captured live from the native 2023 R2 client (<c>capture-send-event</c> scenario,
+/// 2026-06-23): an event send rides <c>HistoryService.AddStreamValues</c> with the SAME
+/// <c>"OS"</c> (0x534F) storage-sample buffer the WCF AddS2 path uses
+/// (<see cref="HistorianEventWriteProtocol"/>) — NOT a distinct event RPC and NOT the historical
+/// write's <c>"ON"</c> buffer. The native client's write-enabled Event <c>OpenConnection</c>
+/// request is byte-identical to the read-only event open (the ReadOnly arg does not change the v8
+/// open buffer; diffed live — only the per-session client key + credential token differ), so the
+/// existing <see cref="HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession"/> event path is reused unchanged. The
+/// chain on a single Event session:
+/// <list type="number">
+///   <item>OpenConnection (v8 Event, ExchangeKey ECDH auth) → string storage handle</item>
+///   <item>CM_EVENT registration: UpdateClientStatus → RegisterTags → EnsureTags (the same
+///   buffers the gRPC event READ replays — verified byte-identical to the capture)</item>
+///   <item><c>HistoryService.AddStreamValues</c>(strHandle, "OS" event buffer)</item>
+/// </list>
+/// Only original events (<see cref="HistorianEvent.RevisionVersion"/> = 0) with string-valued
+/// properties have a captured encoding; others throw <see cref="ProtocolEvidenceMissingException"/>
+/// from <see cref="HistorianEventWriteProtocol"/>.
+/// </summary>
+internal sealed class HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator
+{
+    private readonly HistorianClientOptions _options;
+
+    public HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator(HistorianClientOptions options)
+    {
+        _options = options ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Diagnostic: type+code description of the most recent AddStreamValues error buffer.</summary>
+    public string LastSendErrorDescription { get; private set; } = string.Empty;
+
+    /// <summary>Diagnostic: outcomes of the CM_EVENT registration RPCs.</summary>
+    public string RegistrationDiag { get; private set; } = string.Empty;
+
+    public Task<bool> SendEventAsync(HistorianEvent evt, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(evt);
+        if (!_options.IntegratedSecurity && string.IsNullOrEmpty(_options.UserName))
+        {
+            throw new ProtocolEvidenceMissingException(
+                "Managed gRPC event send currently requires IntegratedSecurity or an explicit UserName + Password.");
+        }
+
+        if (evt.RevisionVersion != 0)
+        {
+            throw new ProtocolEvidenceMissingException(
+                "Only original events (RevisionVersion = 0) have a captured send encoding; " +
+                "revision/update/delete event sends are not yet supported.");
+        }
+
+        return Task.Run(() => Run(evt, cancellationToken), cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    private bool Run(HistorianEvent evt, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(_options);
+
+        // The event SEND uses the same v8 Event connection as the event READ. The write-enabled
+        // open buffer is byte-identical to the read-only one (verified live), so OpenSession's
+        // event path is reused unchanged. Per-call: open + register + send on a fresh session.
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = OpenAndRegisterEventSession(connection, cancellationToken);
+
+        return SendEventOnSession(connection, session, evt, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    // Spike seam (pending.md A1 broadening, Stage B0b): open a v8 Event connection and drive the
+    // CM_EVENT registration ONCE, returning the warm (connection, session). The per-call Run() uses
+    // it for a single send; the B0b reuse spike calls it once and then issues MULTIPLE
+    // SendEventOnSession ops against the returned session to measure whether a v8 Event session can
+    // be reused across sends (it has NEVER been proven reusable — that is exactly what B0b measures).
+    // The caller owns the connection's lifetime (dispose it).
+    internal HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session OpenAndRegisterEventSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(
+            connection, _options, cancellationToken, eventConnection: true);
+
+        RegisterCmEventTag(connection, session, cancellationToken);
+        return session;
+    }
+
+    // Spike seam (pending.md A1 broadening, Stage B0b): perform ONLY the event send against an
+    // EXTERNALLY-supplied, already-opened + CM_EVENT-registered v8 Event connection + session —
+    // i.e. NO Create(), NO OpenSession(eventConnection:true), NO RegisterCmEventTag inside it. The
+    // per-call Run() path delegates here so the per-call send and the B0b reuse-spike send share one
+    // implementation (DRY) and stay byte-identical. The spike drives this repeatedly on one warm
+    // session to measure whether the server honors a reused v8 Event session for multiple sends.
+    internal bool SendEventOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session,
+        HistorianEvent evt,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var historyClient = new GrpcHistory.HistoryService.HistoryServiceClient(connection.Channel);
+        byte[] pBuf = HistorianEventWriteProtocol.SerializeAddStreamValuesBuffer(evt, DateTime.UtcNow);
+
+        GrpcHistory.AddStreamValuesResponse response = historyClient.AddStreamValues(
+            new GrpcHistory.AddStreamValuesRequest
+            {
+                StrHandle = session.StringHandle,
+                BtValues = ByteString.CopyFrom(pBuf),
+            },
+            connection.Metadata,
+            DateTime.UtcNow.Add(_options.RequestTimeout),
+            cancellationToken);
+
+        byte[] error = response.Status?.BtError?.ToByteArray() ?? [];
+        LastSendErrorDescription = HistorianEventRegistrationProtocol.DescribeNativeError(error);
+        return response.Status?.BSuccess ?? false;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Replays the CM_EVENT registration the native event connection performs before a send:
+    /// UpdateClientStatus → RegisterTags(CM_EVENT) → EnsureTags(CM_EVENT). The buffers are shared
+    /// with the gRPC event READ path (<see cref="HistorianEventRegistrationProtocol"/> +
+    /// <see cref="HistorianAddTagsProtocol.SerializeCmEventEnsureTagsGrpc"/>) and were verified
+    /// byte-identical to the live capture. Best-effort: an individual rejection does not abort the
+    /// send (the server may already hold CM_EVENT registered for the session).
+    /// </summary>
+    private void RegisterCmEventTag(HistorianGrpcConnection connection, HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var historyClient = new GrpcHistory.HistoryService.HistoryServiceClient(connection.Channel);
+        DateTime Deadline() => DateTime.UtcNow.Add(_options.RequestTimeout);
+
+        byte[] clientStatus = HistorianEventRegistrationProtocol.BuildUpdateClientStatusBlob();
+        try
+        {
+            historyClient.UpdateClientStatus(
+                new GrpcHistory.UpdateClientStatusRequest { StrHandle = session.StringHandle, BtClientStatus = ByteString.CopyFrom(clientStatus) },
+                connection.Metadata, Deadline(), cancellationToken);
+        }
+        catch { /* best-effort */ }
+
+        byte[] registerBuffer = HistorianEventRegistrationProtocol.BuildRegisterCmEventInputBuffer();
+        try
+        {
+            GrpcHistory.RegisterTagsResponse rt = historyClient.RegisterTags(
+                new GrpcHistory.RegisterTagsRequest { StrHandle = session.StringHandle, BtTagInfos = ByteString.CopyFrom(registerBuffer) },
+                connection.Metadata, Deadline(), cancellationToken);
+            RegistrationDiag += $"RTag={rt.Status?.BSuccess}; ";
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex) { RegistrationDiag += $"RTag=EX:{ex.GetType().Name}; "; }
+
+        byte[] payload = HistorianAddTagsProtocol.SerializeCmEventEnsureTagsGrpc(DateTime.UtcNow);
+        try
+        {
+            GrpcHistory.EnsureTagsResponse et = historyClient.EnsureTags(
+                new GrpcHistory.EnsureTagsRequest { StrHandle = session.StringHandle, BtTagInfos = ByteString.CopyFrom(payload), ElementCount = 1 },
+                connection.Metadata, Deadline(), cancellationToken);
+            RegistrationDiag += $"EnsT={et.Status?.BSuccess}; ";
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex) { RegistrationDiag += $"EnsT=EX:{ex.GetType().Name}; "; }
+    }
+}

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Grpc/HistorianGrpcHistoricalWriteOrchestrator.cs

@@ -47,6 +47,24 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcHistoricalWriteOrchestrator
         HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(
             connection, _options, cancellationToken,
             connectionMode: HistorianWcfAuthChainHelper.NativeIntegratedWriteEnabledConnectionMode);
+        return RunWriteOnSession(connection, session, tag, values, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    // Spike/Phase-1 seam (A1): run the historical write against an EXTERNALLY-supplied, already-
+    // authenticated write-enabled (0x401) connection + session — NO Create()/handshake here. Run()
+    // delegates so the per-call path and the reuse path share one write implementation (DRY).
+    internal bool RunWriteOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session,
+        string tag,
+        IReadOnlyList<HistorianHistoricalValue> values,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (values.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
         string handle = session.StringHandle;
         DateTime Deadline() => DateTime.UtcNow.Add(_options.RequestTimeout);
 

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Grpc/HistorianGrpcReadOrchestrator.cs

@@ -102,12 +102,45 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcReadOrchestrator
         }
     }
 
+    // Spike/Phase-1 seam (pending.md A1): run a raw query against an EXTERNALLY-supplied, already-
+    // authenticated connection + client handle — i.e. NO Create()/handshake here. RunRawChain delegates
+    // to this so the per-call path and the reuse path share one query implementation (DRY). The handshake
+    // reuse-probe test drives this directly to measure whether the server honors a reused session.
+    internal List<HistorianSample> RunRawQueryOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        uint clientHandle,
+        string tag,
+        DateTime startUtc,
+        DateTime endUtc,
+        int maxValues,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        HistorianDataQueryRequest request = HistorianWcfReadOrchestrator.BuildDataQueryRequest(tag, startUtc, endUtc, maxValues);
+        return RunQuery(connection, clientHandle, request, maxValues, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
     private List<HistorianSample> RunRawChain(string tag, DateTime startUtc, DateTime endUtc, int maxValues, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(_options);
         uint clientHandle = OpenAuthenticatedConnection(connection, cancellationToken);
-        HistorianDataQueryRequest request = HistorianWcfReadOrchestrator.BuildDataQueryRequest(tag, startUtc, endUtc, maxValues);
+        return RunRawQueryOnSession(connection, clientHandle, tag, startUtc, endUtc, maxValues, cancellationToken);
-        return RunQuery(connection, clientHandle, request, maxValues, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    // Spike/Phase-1 seam (pending.md A1): run an aggregate query against an EXTERNALLY-supplied,
+    // already-authenticated connection + client handle — i.e. NO Create()/handshake here.
+    // RunAggregateChain delegates to this so the per-call path and the reuse path share one query
+    // implementation (DRY).
+    internal List<HistorianAggregateSample> RunAggregateQueryOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        uint clientHandle,
+        string tag,
+        DateTime startUtc,
+        DateTime endUtc,
+        RetrievalMode mode,
+        TimeSpan interval,
+        CancellationToken ct)
+    {
+        return RunAggregateQuery(connection, clientHandle, tag, startUtc, endUtc, mode, interval, ct);
     }
 
     private List<HistorianAggregateSample> RunAggregateChain(
@@ -115,23 +148,29 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcReadOrchestrator
     {
         using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(_options);
         uint clientHandle = OpenAuthenticatedConnection(connection, cancellationToken);
-        return RunAggregateQuery(connection, clientHandle, tag, startUtc, endUtc, mode, interval, cancellationToken);
+        return RunAggregateQueryOnSession(connection, clientHandle, tag, startUtc, endUtc, mode, interval, cancellationToken);
     }
 
-    private List<HistorianSample> RunAtTimeChain(string tag, IReadOnlyList<DateTime> timestampsUtc, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    // Spike/Phase-1 seam (pending.md A1): run an at-time query against an EXTERNALLY-supplied,
+    // already-authenticated connection + client handle — i.e. NO Create()/handshake here.
+    // RunAtTimeChain delegates to this so the per-call path and the reuse path share one
+    // implementation (DRY).
+    internal List<HistorianSample> RunAtTimeOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        uint clientHandle,
+        string tag,
+        IReadOnlyList<DateTime> timestampsUtc,
+        CancellationToken ct)
     {
         if (timestampsUtc.Count == 0)
         {
             return [];
         }
 
-        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(_options);
-        uint clientHandle = OpenAuthenticatedConnection(connection, cancellationToken);
-
         List<HistorianSample> results = new(timestampsUtc.Count);
         foreach (DateTime ts in timestampsUtc)
         {
-            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+            ct.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
             DateTime tsUtc = ts.ToUniversalTime();
             List<HistorianAggregateSample> aggregates = RunAggregateQuery(
                 connection,
@@ -141,7 +180,7 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcReadOrchestrator
                 tsUtc + TimeSpan.FromTicks(1),
                 RetrievalMode.Interpolated,
                 TimeSpan.FromTicks(2),
-                cancellationToken);
+                ct);
 
             if (aggregates.Count == 0)
             {
@@ -163,6 +202,18 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcReadOrchestrator
         return results;
     }
 
+    private List<HistorianSample> RunAtTimeChain(string tag, IReadOnlyList<DateTime> timestampsUtc, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (timestampsUtc.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(_options);
+        uint clientHandle = OpenAuthenticatedConnection(connection, cancellationToken);
+        return RunAtTimeOnSession(connection, clientHandle, tag, timestampsUtc, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
     private uint OpenAuthenticatedConnection(HistorianGrpcConnection connection, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
         => HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenAuthenticatedConnection(connection, _options, cancellationToken);
 

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Grpc/HistorianGrpcRevisionProbe.cs

@@ -20,6 +20,18 @@ namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Grpc;
 /// write-enabled session and calls <c>AddNonStreamValuesBegin</c>, surfacing whatever the server
 /// returns. It writes NO data — if Begin succeeds it immediately calls <c>AddNonStreamValuesEnd</c>
 /// with <c>bCommit=false</c> to discard the transaction.
+///
+/// <para><b>Scope note (corrected 2026-06-23 after a 2023 R2 binary re-read).</b> Despite the type
+/// name, this probes the <i>non-streamed ORIGINAL / backfill insert</i> capability
+/// (<c>AddNonStreamValues</c>), which is a <b>distinct capability from a revision EDIT</b>
+/// (overwriting an existing historized value with a new revision). The stock high-level client
+/// reaches a revision edit via a separate native transaction trio
+/// <c>HistorianClient.AddRevisionValuesBegin/AddRevisionValue/AddRevisionValuesEnd</c>
+/// (<c>ArchestrA.HistorianAccess.AddRevisionValues</c>, REVISION_MODE ∈ InsertLatest/UpdateSingle/
+/// UpdateMultiple). That trio has <b>NO corresponding RPC in the gRPC contract</b> (no "Revision"
+/// message type exists in <c>Archestra.Grpc.Contract</c>) — it rides the native storage-engine
+/// transaction channel only. So R4.2 revision edits remain unreachable over gRPC regardless of this
+/// probe's outcome; this probe neither covers nor unblocks them.</para>
 /// </summary>
 internal sealed class HistorianGrpcRevisionProbe
 {

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Grpc/HistorianGrpcStatusClient.cs

@@ -28,7 +28,19 @@ internal static class HistorianGrpcStatusClient
     {
         using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(options);
         uint clientHandle = HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenAuthenticatedConnection(connection, options, cancellationToken);
+        return GetSystemParameterOnSession(connection, clientHandle, options, parameterName, cancellationToken);
+    }
 
+    // Spike/Phase-1 seam (pending.md A1): run GetSystemParameter against an EXTERNALLY-supplied,
+    // already-authenticated connection + client handle — NO Create()/handshake here. GetSystemParameter
+    // delegates so the per-call path and the reuse path share one RPC implementation (DRY).
+    internal static string? GetSystemParameterOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        uint clientHandle,
+        HistorianClientOptions options,
+        string parameterName,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
         var statusClient = new GrpcStatus.StatusService.StatusServiceClient(connection.Channel);
         GrpcStatus.GetSystemParameterResponse response = statusClient.GetSystemParameter(
             new GrpcStatus.GetSystemParameterRequest { UiHandle = clientHandle, StrParameterName = parameterName },
@@ -82,23 +94,7 @@ internal static class HistorianGrpcStatusClient
         {
             using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(options);
             HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(connection, options, cancellationToken);
-
+            return GetStoreForwardStatusOnSession(connection, session.StringHandle, options, NotStoring, cancellationToken);
-            var statusClient = new GrpcStatus.StatusService.StatusServiceClient(connection.Channel);
-            GrpcStatus.GetHistorianConsoleStatusResponse response = statusClient.GetHistorianConsoleStatus(
-                new GrpcStatus.GetHistorianConsoleStatusRequest { StrHandle = session.StringHandle },
-                connection.Metadata,
-                DateTime.UtcNow.Add(options.RequestTimeout),
-                cancellationToken);
-
-            if (response.Status?.BSuccess ?? false)
-            {
-                // Measured: server reachable, storage console reporting normally → not-storing baseline.
-                return NotStoring(errorOccurred: false, error: null);
-            }
-
-            byte[] err = response.Status?.BtError?.ToByteArray() ?? [];
-            string detail = err.Length == 0 ? "GetHistorianConsoleStatus returned failure." : Convert.ToHexString(err);
-            return NotStoring(errorOccurred: true, error: $"GetHistorianConsoleStatus failed: {detail}");
         }
         catch (OperationCanceledException)
         {
@@ -111,6 +107,36 @@ internal static class HistorianGrpcStatusClient
         }
     }
 
+    // Spike/Phase-1 seam (pending.md A1): run GetHistorianConsoleStatus against an EXTERNALLY-supplied,
+    // already-authenticated connection + string handle — NO Create()/handshake here. GetStoreForwardStatus
+    // delegates so the per-call path and the reuse path share one RPC implementation (DRY). The
+    // unreachable/auth-failure try/catch (which must also cover the handshake) stays with the per-call
+    // method; this seam runs only the RPC + result mapping against the supplied session.
+    internal static HistorianStoreForwardStatus GetStoreForwardStatusOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        string stringHandle,
+        HistorianClientOptions options,
+        Func<bool, string?, HistorianStoreForwardStatus> notStoring,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var statusClient = new GrpcStatus.StatusService.StatusServiceClient(connection.Channel);
+        GrpcStatus.GetHistorianConsoleStatusResponse response = statusClient.GetHistorianConsoleStatus(
+            new GrpcStatus.GetHistorianConsoleStatusRequest { StrHandle = stringHandle },
+            connection.Metadata,
+            DateTime.UtcNow.Add(options.RequestTimeout),
+            cancellationToken);
+
+        if (response.Status?.BSuccess ?? false)
+        {
+            // Measured: server reachable, storage console reporting normally → not-storing baseline.
+            return notStoring(false, null);
+        }
+
+        byte[] err = response.Status?.BtError?.ToByteArray() ?? [];
+        string detail = err.Length == 0 ? "GetHistorianConsoleStatus returned failure." : Convert.ToHexString(err);
+        return notStoring(true, $"GetHistorianConsoleStatus failed: {detail}");
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Returns a <em>measured</em> connection status over the 2023 R2 gRPC transport (plan #5). Mirrors
     /// <see cref="Wcf.HistorianWcfStatusClient"/>'s synthesize-from-handshake approach: it opens an
@@ -135,11 +161,7 @@ internal static class HistorianGrpcStatusClient
             // A successful OpenConnection yields a non-empty storage-session GUID — proof the server and
             // its storage session are reachable, the gRPC analog of the WCF handshake probe.
             HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(connection, options, cancellationToken);
-            connected = session.StorageSessionId != Guid.Empty;
+            (connected, error) = EvaluateConnectionStatusOnSession(connection, session);
-            if (!connected)
-            {
-                error = "OpenConnection returned an empty storage-session handle.";
-            }
         }
         catch (OperationCanceledException)
         {
@@ -162,6 +184,21 @@ internal static class HistorianGrpcStatusClient
             ConnectionKind: HistorianConnectionKind.Process);
     }
 
+    // Spike/Phase-1 seam (pending.md A1): evaluate connection status against an EXTERNALLY-supplied,
+    // already-authenticated connection + session — NO Create()/handshake here. GetConnectionStatus
+    // delegates so the per-call path and the reuse path share one evaluation (DRY). Unlike the other
+    // status seams there is no follow-on RPC: connectivity is derived entirely from the handshake's own
+    // storage-session GUID (a successful OpenConnection yields a non-empty GUID). The unreachable/auth
+    // try/catch (which must also cover the handshake) stays with the per-call method.
+    internal static (bool Connected, string? Error) EvaluateConnectionStatusOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session)
+    {
+        bool connected = session.StorageSessionId != Guid.Empty;
+        string? error = connected ? null : "OpenConnection returned an empty storage-session handle.";
+        return (connected, error);
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Reads the Historian server's system time-zone name (roadmap item R1.3,
     /// <c>StatusService.GetSystemTimeZoneName</c>). Unlike the 2020 WCF surface — where the native

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Grpc/HistorianGrpcTagClient.cs

@@ -39,6 +39,27 @@ internal static class HistorianGrpcTagClient
     private static HistorianTagMetadata? GetTagMetadata(HistorianClientOptions options, string tag, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         byte[] tagInfos = GetTagInfosRaw(options, [tag], cancellationToken);
+        return ParseTagMetadata(tagInfos);
+    }
+
+    // Spike/Phase-1 seam (pending.md A1): resolve tag metadata against an EXTERNALLY-supplied,
+    // already-authenticated connection + session — i.e. NO Create()/handshake here. The per-call
+    // GetTagMetadata and this seam share the parse tail (ParseTagMetadata) so neither duplicates the
+    // decode logic (DRY).
+    internal static HistorianTagMetadata? GetTagMetadataOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session,
+        string tag,
+        HistorianClientOptions options,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        byte[] tagInfos = GetTagInfosRawOnSession(connection, session, [tag], options, cancellationToken);
+        return ParseTagMetadata(tagInfos);
+    }
+
+    // Shared parse tail for both the per-call GetTagMetadata and the reuse-path GetTagMetadataOnSession.
+    private static HistorianTagMetadata? ParseTagMetadata(byte[] tagInfos)
+    {
         if (tagInfos.Length < 4)
         {
             return null;
@@ -69,7 +90,19 @@ internal static class HistorianGrpcTagClient
     {
         using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(options);
         HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(connection, options, cancellationToken);
+        return GetTagInfosRawOnSession(connection, session, tags, options, cancellationToken);
+    }
 
+    // Spike/Phase-1 seam (pending.md A1): issue GetTagInfosFromName against an EXTERNALLY-supplied,
+    // already-authenticated connection + session — i.e. NO Create()/handshake here. GetTagInfosRaw
+    // delegates to this so the per-call path and the reuse path share one query implementation (DRY).
+    internal static byte[] GetTagInfosRawOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session,
+        IReadOnlyList<string> tags,
+        HistorianClientOptions options,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
         var retrievalClient = new GrpcRetrieval.RetrievalService.RetrievalServiceClient(connection.Channel);
         byte[] requestBuffer = BuildTagNamesBuffer(tags);
         GrpcRetrieval.GetTagInfosFromNameResponse response = retrievalClient.GetTagInfosFromName(
@@ -112,6 +145,8 @@ internal static class HistorianGrpcTagClient
         return Task.Run(() => GetTagExtendedProperties(options, tag, cancellationToken), cancellationToken);
     }
 
+    // No …OnSession seam: extended-properties browse stays per-call (not amortized through the session
+    // pool — out of A1-broadening scope). Add a seam here only if the pool ever needs to route it.
     /// <summary>
     /// Issues a single page-0 <c>GetTagExtendedPropertiesFromName</c> call and returns the raw native
     /// <c>btTeps</c> response buffer (empty when the server reports no rows / non-success). Internal so
@@ -222,6 +257,20 @@ internal static class HistorianGrpcTagClient
     {
         using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(options);
         HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(connection, options, cancellationToken);
+        return BrowseTagNamesOnSession(connection, session, filter, options, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    // Spike/Phase-1 seam (pending.md A1): drive StartTagQuery → paged QueryTag → EndTagQuery against an
+    // EXTERNALLY-supplied, already-authenticated connection + session — i.e. NO Create()/handshake here.
+    // BrowseTagNames delegates to this so the per-call path and the reuse path share one browse
+    // implementation (DRY).
+    internal static List<string> BrowseTagNamesOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session,
+        string filter,
+        HistorianClientOptions options,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
         var retrievalClient = new GrpcRetrieval.RetrievalService.RetrievalServiceClient(connection.Channel);
         DateTime Deadline() => DateTime.UtcNow.Add(options.RequestTimeout);
 

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Grpc/HistorianGrpcTagWriteOrchestrator.cs

@@ -56,7 +56,18 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcTagWriteOrchestrator
     {
         using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(_options);
         HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(connection, _options, cancellationToken, WriteEnabledConnectionMode);
+        return EnsureTagOnSession(connection, session, definition, cancellationToken);
+    }
 
+    // Spike/Phase-1 seam (pending.md A1): run EnsureTags against an EXTERNALLY-supplied, already-
+    // authenticated write-enabled (0x401) connection + session — NO Create()/handshake here. EnsureTag
+    // delegates so the per-call path and the reuse path share one op implementation (DRY).
+    internal bool EnsureTagOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session,
+        HistorianTagDefinition definition,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
         byte[] payload = HistorianTagWriteProtocol.SerializeAnalogCTagMetadata(
             tagName: definition.TagName,
             description: definition.Description,
@@ -97,7 +108,18 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcTagWriteOrchestrator
     {
         using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(_options);
         HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(connection, _options, cancellationToken, WriteEnabledConnectionMode);
+        return DeleteTagOnSession(connection, session, tagName, cancellationToken);
+    }
 
+    // Spike/Phase-1 seam (pending.md A1): run DeleteTags against an EXTERNALLY-supplied, already-
+    // authenticated write-enabled (0x401) connection + session — NO Create()/handshake here. DeleteTag
+    // delegates so the per-call path and the reuse path share one op implementation (DRY).
+    internal bool DeleteTagOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session,
+        string tagName,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
         // DeleteTags takes the transient uint client handle (not the string handle), per the WCF wire capture.
         byte[] tagNames = HistorianTagWriteProtocol.SerializeDeleteTagNames([tagName]);
         var historyClient = new GrpcHistory.HistoryService.HistoryServiceClient(connection.Channel);
@@ -131,7 +153,20 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcTagWriteOrchestrator
     {
         using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(_options);
         HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(connection, _options, cancellationToken, WriteEnabledConnectionMode);
+        return AddTagExtendedPropertiesOnSession(connection, session, tagName, properties, cancellationToken);
+    }
 
+    // Spike/Phase-1 seam (pending.md A1): run AddTagExtendedProperties against an EXTERNALLY-supplied,
+    // already-authenticated write-enabled (0x401) connection + session — NO Create()/handshake here.
+    // AddTagExtendedProperties delegates so the per-call path and the reuse path share one op
+    // implementation (DRY).
+    internal bool AddTagExtendedPropertiesOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session,
+        string tagName,
+        IReadOnlyList<HistorianTagExtendedProperty> properties,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
         byte[] inBuff = HistorianTagExtendedPropertyProtocol.SerializeAddRequest(tagName, properties);
         var historyClient = new GrpcHistory.HistoryService.HistoryServiceClient(connection.Channel);
         GrpcHistory.AddTagExtendedPropertiesResponse response = historyClient.AddTagExtendedProperties(
@@ -275,7 +310,18 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcTagWriteOrchestrator
     {
         using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(_options);
         HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(connection, _options, cancellationToken, WriteEnabledConnectionMode);
+        return RenameTagsOnSession(connection, session, pairs, cancellationToken);
+    }
 
+    // Spike/Phase-1 seam (pending.md A1): run StartJob (rename) against an EXTERNALLY-supplied, already-
+    // authenticated write-enabled (0x401) connection + session — NO Create()/handshake here. RenameTags
+    // delegates so the per-call path and the reuse path share one op implementation (DRY).
+    internal HistorianTagRenameResult RenameTagsOnSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session,
+        IReadOnlyList<(string OldName, string NewName)> pairs,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
         byte[] jobBuffer = HistorianTagRenameProtocol.SerializeRenameJob(pairs);
         var historyClient = new GrpcHistory.HistoryService.HistoryServiceClient(connection.Channel);
         GrpcHistory.StartJobResponse response = historyClient.StartJob(

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/HistorianClient.cs

@@ -114,18 +114,24 @@ public sealed class HistorianClient : IAsyncDisposable
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Sends a single <see cref="HistorianEvent"/> to the Historian's built-in CM_EVENT tag
+    /// Sends a single <see cref="HistorianEvent"/> to the Historian's built-in CM_EVENT tag.
-    /// over the WCF event pipeline (Open2 event mode → CM_EVENT registration → AddS2). The
+    /// Over WCF this runs Open2 event mode → CM_EVENT registration → AddS2; over the 2023 R2
-    /// event is appended to the historian's event history and is readable back via
+    /// <see cref="HistorianTransport.RemoteGrpc"/> transport it runs the captured-equivalent
-    /// <see cref="ReadEventsAsync"/> / the <c>v_AlarmEventHistory2</c> view. Only original
+    /// v8 Event OpenConnection → CM_EVENT registration → <c>HistoryService.AddStreamValues</c>
-    /// events (<see cref="HistorianEvent.RevisionVersion"/> = 0) with string-valued properties
+    /// with the same "OS" event buffer (live-captured 2026-06-23 — the send rides the same RPC
-    /// are supported; other property value types and revision/update/delete events throw
+    /// and buffer as the WCF path, not a distinct event RPC). The event is appended to the
+    /// historian's event history and is readable back via <see cref="ReadEventsAsync"/> /
+    /// the <c>v_AlarmEventHistory2</c> view. Only original events
+    /// (<see cref="HistorianEvent.RevisionVersion"/> = 0) with string-valued properties are
+    /// supported; other property value types and revision/update/delete events throw
     /// <see cref="ProtocolEvidenceMissingException"/> until their wire encoding is captured.
     /// </summary>
     public Task<bool> SendEventAsync(HistorianEvent historianEvent, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
     {
         ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(historianEvent);
-        return new HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator(_options).SendEventAsync(historianEvent, cancellationToken);
+        return _options.Transport == HistorianTransport.RemoteGrpc
+            ? new Grpc.HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator(_options).SendEventAsync(historianEvent, cancellationToken)
+            : new HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator(_options).SendEventAsync(historianEvent, cancellationToken);
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -341,6 +347,73 @@ public sealed class HistorianClient : IAsyncDisposable
             : new HistorianWcfTagWriteOrchestrator(_options).RenameTagsAsync(pairs, cancellationToken);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Opens a reusable authenticated <see cref="HistorianSession"/> over the 2023 R2 gRPC transport.
+    /// The caller owns the session and must dispose it. Reusing the session across ops amortizes the auth
+    /// handshake; the server idle-expires it in ~20-25s, so keep it warm (HistorianSession.PingAsync) or
+    /// re-open. RemoteGrpc only.
+    /// </summary>
+    public async Task<HistorianSession> OpenSessionAsync(HistorianSessionKind kind, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        if (_options.Transport != HistorianTransport.RemoteGrpc)
+        {
+            throw new ProtocolEvidenceMissingException(
+                "HistorianSession is only supported over the 2023 R2 RemoteGrpc transport.");
+        }
+
+        return await Task.Run(() =>
+        {
+            uint mode = kind == HistorianSessionKind.WriteEnabled
+                ? HistorianWcfAuthChainHelper.NativeIntegratedWriteEnabledConnectionMode
+                : HistorianWcfAuthChainHelper.NativeIntegratedReadOnlyConnectionMode;
+
+            Grpc.HistorianGrpcConnection connection = Grpc.HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(_options);
+            try
+            {
+                Grpc.HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session =
+                    Grpc.HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(connection, _options, cancellationToken, connectionMode: mode);
+                return new HistorianSession(connection, session, _options, kind);
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                connection.Dispose();   // don't leak the channel if the handshake fails
+                throw;
+            }
+        }, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Opens a reusable v8 EVENT session (ECDH + RegisterCmEventTag ONCE) over the 2023 R2 gRPC
+    /// transport. The caller owns the session and must dispose it. Reusing the session across sends
+    /// amortizes the ECDH+register cost (~10-16×, spike-proven); the server idle-expires it in ~25s,
+    /// so keep it warm (HistorianEventSession.PingAsync) or re-open. For SendEvent amortization only —
+    /// event reads are gated (C2) and not exposed here. RemoteGrpc only.
+    /// </summary>
+    public async Task<HistorianEventSession> OpenEventSessionAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        if (_options.Transport != HistorianTransport.RemoteGrpc)
+        {
+            throw new ProtocolEvidenceMissingException(
+                "HistorianEventSession is only supported over the 2023 R2 RemoteGrpc transport.");
+        }
+
+        return await Task.Run(() =>
+        {
+            Grpc.HistorianGrpcConnection connection = Grpc.HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(_options);
+            try
+            {
+                var orch = new Grpc.HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator(_options);
+                Grpc.HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = orch.OpenAndRegisterEventSession(connection, cancellationToken);
+                return new HistorianEventSession(connection, session, _options);
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                connection.Dispose();   // don't leak the channel if the handshake fails
+                throw;
+            }
+        }, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+    }
+
     public ValueTask DisposeAsync()
     {
         return ValueTask.CompletedTask;

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/HistorianClientOptions.cs

@@ -53,6 +53,25 @@ public sealed class HistorianClientOptions
     /// </summary>
     public string? ServerDnsIdentity { get; init; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Optional WCF "Via" address (e.g. <c>net.tcp://host:42568</c>). When set, the SDK's WCF
+    /// channel factories <b>connect</b> to this address while still addressing the SOAP message
+    /// <c>To</c> the logical endpoint built from <see cref="Host"/>/<see cref="Port"/>. Use this when
+    /// the Historian is reached through a port-forwarding tunnel or proxy whose local port differs
+    /// from the server's real service port: point <see cref="Host"/>/<see cref="Port"/> at the
+    /// server's real endpoint (so the server's WCF AddressFilter matches) and set this to the tunnel
+    /// endpoint. Has no effect on the gRPC transport. Default null (connect == address).
+    /// </summary>
+    public string? ConnectViaAddress { get; init; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Diagnostic override for the native OpenConnection mode the WCF event-read chain uses (default
+    /// <c>0x402</c>, read-only process). Set to e.g. <c>0x501</c> (event) or <c>0x401</c> (write-enabled)
+    /// to probe whether CM_EVENT registration / event-row retrieval needs a different connection type on a
+    /// 2023 R2 server. Null = the default read-only process mode. Intended for protocol investigation.
+    /// </summary>
+    public uint? EventReadConnectionModeOverride { get; init; }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// For <see cref="HistorianTransport.RemoteGrpc"/>: when true the channel uses TLS
     /// (<c>https://</c>); when false it uses plaintext (<c>http://</c>). Matches the stock

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/HistorianEventSession.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Grpc;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Models;
+
+namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client;
+
+/// <summary>A live, reusable authenticated v8 EVENT session: holds one event gRPC connection + one
+/// open+registered Event handle and runs SendEvent on it WITHOUT re-handshaking. Reuse amortizes the
+/// ECDH+register cost (~10-16×, spike-proven). SendEvent only — event READS are gated (C2) and stay
+/// per-call. Keep in sync with <see cref="HistorianSession"/> (the v6 sibling).</summary>
+public sealed class HistorianEventSession : IAsyncDisposable
+{
+    private readonly HistorianGrpcConnection _connection;
+    private readonly HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session _session;
+    private readonly HistorianClientOptions _options;
+    private int _disposed;
+
+    internal HistorianEventSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection, HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session, HistorianClientOptions options)
+    {
+        _connection = connection;
+        _session = session;
+        _options = options;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Exposes the held event gRPC connection for internal callers (e.g. the round-trip test
+    /// verifying the keepalive op directly). Not part of the public surface.</summary>
+    internal HistorianGrpcConnection Connection => _connection;
+
+    /// <summary>Exposes the held open+registered Event session handle for internal callers (e.g. the
+    /// round-trip test verifying the keepalive op directly). Not part of the public surface.</summary>
+    internal HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session Session => _session;
+
+    /// <summary>Sends one event on the held (open+registered) v8 Event session.</summary>
+    public Task<bool> SendEventAsync(HistorianEvent evt, CancellationToken ct = default)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(evt);
+        if (evt.RevisionVersion != 0)
+        {
+            throw new ProtocolEvidenceMissingException(
+                "Only original events (RevisionVersion = 0) have a captured send encoding; " +
+                "revision/update/delete event sends are not yet supported.");
+        }
+
+        var orch = new HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator(_options);
+        return Task.Run(() => orch.SendEventOnSession(_connection, _session, evt, ct), ct);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Keepalive via a lightweight <c>GetSystemParameter</c> status read on the event session's
+    /// <see cref="HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session.ClientHandle"/> (the same status op the native pre-query
+    /// sequence issues against an authenticated Event session), under the server idle floor. Mirrors
+    /// <see cref="HistorianSession.PingAsync"/>. The op's effectiveness on a v8 Event handle is
+    /// live-verified by the round-trip test.</summary>
+    public Task PingAsync(CancellationToken ct = default)
+        => Task.Run(() => HistorianGrpcStatusClient.GetSystemParameterOnSession(
+            _connection, _session.ClientHandle, _options, "HistorianVersion", ct), ct);
+
+    /// <summary>Disposes the underlying event connection (idempotent).</summary>
+    public ValueTask DisposeAsync()
+    {
+        if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref _disposed, 1) == 0)
+        {
+            _connection.Dispose();
+        }
+        return ValueTask.CompletedTask;
+    }
+}

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/HistorianServerVersionGate.cs

@@ -29,8 +29,9 @@ internal enum HistorianServiceInterface
 ///   <item>Retrieval (<c>Retr</c>) interface version = 4</item>
 ///   <item>Transaction (<c>Trx</c>) interface version = 2</item>
 /// </list>
-/// The Status (<c>Stat</c>) service's <c>GetInterfaceVersion</c> returns 0 (not a real
+/// The Status (<c>Stat</c>) service's <c>GetInterfaceVersion</c> is not a real version (0 on
-/// version), so the Status interface is validated for reachability only, never value.
+/// 2020 WCF, 4 on 2023 R2 gRPC) — it carries no meaning for the byte serializers either way — so
+/// the Status interface is validated for reachability only, never value.
 ///
 /// A 2023 R2 gRPC server reports History interface version 12 even though it carries the
 /// same proven 2020 native buffers. That value is captured and accepted (see
@@ -48,14 +49,19 @@ internal static class HistorianServerVersionGate
     /// The 2023 R2 gRPC HistoryService reports interface version 12. It is buffer-compatible with
     /// the 2020 version 11 — the OpenConnection3 v6 / token / DataQueryRequest / row buffers are
     /// byte-identical — confirmed by a live end-to-end gRPC read against a real 2023 R2 server
-    /// (2026-06-21). So both 11 and 12 are accepted for History. (Retrieval reported 4, matching
+    /// (2026-06-21). So both 11 and 12 are accepted for History.
-    /// the 2020 value, so it needs no widening.)
+    ///
+    /// Retrieval=4, Transaction=2, and Status UiError=0 are now confirmed captured live over the
+    /// 2023 R2 gRPC transport (2026-06-25, unauthenticated GetInterfaceVersion RPCs); see
+    /// <c>docs/reverse-engineering/grpc-interface-versions.md</c>. All captured values were already
+    /// accepted — no widening of <see cref="AcceptedVersions"/> was required.
     /// </summary>
     public const uint HistoryInterfaceVersionGrpc2023R2 = 12;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// True when the service interface reports a meaningful version that should be matched.
-    /// Status is reachability-only (its <c>GetInterfaceVersion</c> returns 0).
+    /// Status is reachability-only (its <c>GetInterfaceVersion</c> is not a real version —
+    /// 0 on 2020 WCF, 4 on 2023 R2 gRPC).
     /// </summary>
     public static bool IsValueGated(HistorianServiceInterface service) => service switch
     {

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/HistorianSession.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Grpc;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Models;
+
+namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client;
+
+/// <summary>A live, reusable authenticated Historian session: holds one gRPC connection + one
+/// OpenConnection handle and runs ops on them WITHOUT re-handshaking. Reuse across ops amortizes the
+/// auth handshake. Idle-expires server-side in ~20-25s — callers keep it warm (PingAsync) or re-open.
+/// Reads, browse/metadata, historical-write, tag-write and status; events are NOT exposed (separate channel+auth).</summary>
+public sealed class HistorianSession : IAsyncDisposable
+{
+    private readonly HistorianGrpcConnection _connection;
+    private readonly HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session _session;
+    private readonly HistorianClientOptions _options;
+    private int _disposed;
+
+    /// <summary>Whether this session was opened read-only or write-enabled (the Open2 connection mode).</summary>
+    public HistorianSessionKind Kind { get; }
+
+    internal HistorianSession(
+        HistorianGrpcConnection connection,
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session,
+        HistorianClientOptions options,
+        HistorianSessionKind kind)
+    {
+        _connection = connection;
+        _session = session;
+        _options = options;
+        Kind = kind;
+    }
+
+    // --- reads (mirror the orchestrators' async-enumerable wrapping; call the …OnSession seams,
+    //     which take the transient uint client handle) ---
+
+    /// <summary>Raw values for <paramref name="tag"/> in [<paramref name="startUtc"/>,
+    /// <paramref name="endUtc"/>], capped at <paramref name="maxValues"/>, on the held session.</summary>
+    public async IAsyncEnumerable<HistorianSample> ReadRawAsync(
+        string tag,
+        DateTime startUtc,
+        DateTime endUtc,
+        int maxValues,
+        [EnumeratorCancellation] CancellationToken ct = default)
+    {
+        ct.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+        var orch = new HistorianGrpcReadOrchestrator(_options);
+        IReadOnlyList<HistorianSample> rows = await Task.Run(
+            () => orch.RunRawQueryOnSession(_connection, _session.ClientHandle, tag, startUtc, endUtc, maxValues, ct), ct)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        foreach (HistorianSample sample in rows)
+        {
+            ct.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+            yield return sample;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Aggregate values for <paramref name="tag"/> over [<paramref name="startUtc"/>,
+    /// <paramref name="endUtc"/>] in <paramref name="interval"/> buckets, using the supplied
+    /// retrieval <paramref name="mode"/>, on the held session.</summary>
+    public async IAsyncEnumerable<HistorianAggregateSample> ReadAggregateAsync(
+        string tag,
+        DateTime startUtc,
+        DateTime endUtc,
+        RetrievalMode mode,
+        TimeSpan interval,
+        [EnumeratorCancellation] CancellationToken ct = default)
+    {
+        ct.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+        var orch = new HistorianGrpcReadOrchestrator(_options);
+        IReadOnlyList<HistorianAggregateSample> rows = await Task.Run(
+            () => orch.RunAggregateQueryOnSession(_connection, _session.ClientHandle, tag, startUtc, endUtc, mode, interval, ct), ct)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        foreach (HistorianAggregateSample sample in rows)
+        {
+            ct.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+            yield return sample;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Interpolated values for <paramref name="tag"/> at each of the supplied
+    /// <paramref name="timestampsUtc"/>, on the held session.</summary>
+    public Task<IReadOnlyList<HistorianSample>> ReadAtTimeAsync(
+        string tag,
+        IReadOnlyList<DateTime> timestampsUtc,
+        CancellationToken ct = default)
+    {
+        var orch = new HistorianGrpcReadOrchestrator(_options);
+        return Task.Run<IReadOnlyList<HistorianSample>>(
+            () => orch.RunAtTimeOnSession(_connection, _session.ClientHandle, tag, timestampsUtc, ct), ct);
+    }
+
+    // --- browse / metadata (call the …OnSession seams, which take the full Session for the string handle) ---
+
+    /// <summary>Browses tag names matching <paramref name="filter"/> on the held session.</summary>
+    public async IAsyncEnumerable<string> BrowseTagNamesAsync(
+        string filter = "*",
+        [EnumeratorCancellation] CancellationToken ct = default)
+    {
+        ct.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+        List<string> names = await Task.Run(
+            () => HistorianGrpcTagClient.BrowseTagNamesOnSession(_connection, _session, filter, _options, ct), ct)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        foreach (string name in names)
+        {
+            ct.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+            yield return name;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Reads metadata for <paramref name="tag"/> on the held session (null if unknown).</summary>
+    public Task<HistorianTagMetadata?> GetTagMetadataAsync(string tag, CancellationToken ct = default)
+        => Task.Run(() => HistorianGrpcTagClient.GetTagMetadataOnSession(_connection, _session, tag, _options, ct), ct);
+
+    // --- writes (the …OnSession seams take the full Session, since the historical write keys on the
+    //     string handle + tag GUID and the tag-config ops mix string/uint handles) ---
+
+    /// <summary>Writes historical/backfill values for <paramref name="tag"/> on the held (write-enabled) session.</summary>
+    public Task<bool> AddHistoricalValuesAsync(
+        string tag,
+        IReadOnlyList<HistorianHistoricalValue> values,
+        CancellationToken ct = default)
+    {
+        var orch = new HistorianGrpcHistoricalWriteOrchestrator(_options);
+        return Task.Run(() => orch.RunWriteOnSession(_connection, _session, tag, values, ct), ct);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Ensures the tag described by <paramref name="definition"/> exists on the held (write-enabled) session.</summary>
+    public Task<bool> EnsureTagAsync(HistorianTagDefinition definition, CancellationToken ct = default)
+    {
+        var orch = new HistorianGrpcTagWriteOrchestrator(_options);
+        return Task.Run(() => orch.EnsureTagOnSession(_connection, _session, definition, ct), ct);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Deletes <paramref name="tagName"/> on the held (write-enabled) session.</summary>
+    public Task<bool> DeleteTagAsync(string tagName, CancellationToken ct = default)
+    {
+        var orch = new HistorianGrpcTagWriteOrchestrator(_options);
+        return Task.Run(() => orch.DeleteTagOnSession(_connection, _session, tagName, ct), ct);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Renames the supplied (old,new) tag-name <paramref name="pairs"/> on the held (write-enabled) session.</summary>
+    public Task<HistorianTagRenameResult> RenameTagsAsync(
+        IReadOnlyList<(string OldName, string NewName)> pairs,
+        CancellationToken ct = default)
+    {
+        var orch = new HistorianGrpcTagWriteOrchestrator(_options);
+        return Task.Run(() => orch.RenameTagsOnSession(_connection, _session, pairs, ct), ct);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Adds extended <paramref name="properties"/> to <paramref name="tagName"/> on the held (write-enabled) session.</summary>
+    public Task<bool> AddTagExtendedPropertiesAsync(
+        string tagName,
+        IReadOnlyList<HistorianTagExtendedProperty> properties,
+        CancellationToken ct = default)
+    {
+        var orch = new HistorianGrpcTagWriteOrchestrator(_options);
+        return Task.Run(() => orch.AddTagExtendedPropertiesOnSession(_connection, _session, tagName, properties, ct), ct);
+    }
+
+    // --- status + keepalive (the status seams are static; handle shape differs per op) ---
+
+    /// <summary>Reads the named system parameter (e.g. "HistorianVersion") on the held session.</summary>
+    public Task<string?> GetSystemParameterAsync(string parameterName, CancellationToken ct = default)
+        => Task.Run(() => HistorianGrpcStatusClient.GetSystemParameterOnSession(
+            _connection, _session.ClientHandle, _options, parameterName, ct), ct);
+
+    /// <summary>Reports connection status derived from the held session's storage handle (no follow-on RPC).</summary>
+    public Task<HistorianConnectionStatus> GetConnectionStatusAsync(CancellationToken ct = default)
+        => Task.Run(() =>
+        {
+            (bool connected, string? error) = HistorianGrpcStatusClient.EvaluateConnectionStatusOnSession(_connection, _session);
+            return new HistorianConnectionStatus(
+                ServerName: _options.Host,
+                Pending: false,
+                ErrorOccurred: !connected,
+                Error: error,
+                ConnectedToServer: connected,
+                ConnectedToServerStorage: connected,
+                ConnectedToStoreForward: false,
+                ConnectionKind: HistorianConnectionKind.Process);
+        }, ct);
+
+    /// <summary>Reports a measured store-forward status (GetHistorianConsoleStatus) on the held session.</summary>
+    public Task<HistorianStoreForwardStatus> GetStoreForwardStatusAsync(CancellationToken ct = default)
+        => Task.Run(() =>
+        {
+            HistorianStoreForwardStatus NotStoring(bool errorOccurred, string? error) => new(
+                ServerName: _options.Host,
+                Pending: false,
+                ErrorOccurred: errorOccurred,
+                Error: error,
+                DataStored: false,
+                Storing: false,
+                ConnectionKind: HistorianConnectionKind.Process);
+
+            return HistorianGrpcStatusClient.GetStoreForwardStatusOnSession(
+                _connection, _session.StringHandle, _options, NotStoring, ct);
+        }, ct);
+
+    /// <summary>Keeps the session warm against the server's ~20-25s idle expiry by issuing a cheap
+    /// system-parameter read. Call periodically (or before a latency-sensitive op) to avoid re-handshaking.</summary>
+    public Task PingAsync(CancellationToken ct = default) => GetSystemParameterAsync("HistorianVersion", ct);
+
+    /// <summary>Disposes the underlying gRPC connection (closes the channel). The server-side session
+    /// also idle-expires on its own; this releases the local channel resources immediately.</summary>
+    public ValueTask DisposeAsync()
+    {
+        if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref _disposed, 1) == 0)
+        {
+            _connection.Dispose();
+        }
+        return ValueTask.CompletedTask;
+    }
+}

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/HistorianSessionKind.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client;
+
+/// <summary>Connection mode for an authenticated session. WriteEnabled (0x401) is a superset that
+/// also serves reads (live-verified 2026-06-25); ReadOnly (0x402) is read-only.</summary>
+public enum HistorianSessionKind { ReadOnly, WriteEnabled }

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Wcf/HistorianEventRowProtocol.cs

@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Wcf;
 /// native event read (instrument-wcf-readmessage record 24, two rows for Alarm.Set + Alarm.Clear):
 ///
 /// <code>
-/// UInt16 version = 9
+/// UInt16 version = 9 (WCF) | 11 (2023 R2 gRPC)
 /// UInt32 rowCount
+/// UInt32 headerField = 0x1E             // ONE buffer-level field (NOT a per-row marker)
 /// rowCount × Row {
-///   UInt32 rowMarker = 0x1E
 ///   UInt16 rowFormat = 7
 ///   Int64  eventTimeUtcFiletime
 ///   UInt16 × 8                          // purpose unclear (slot offsets?)
@@ -42,10 +42,23 @@ namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Wcf;
 internal static class HistorianEventRowProtocol
 {
     public const ushort EventRowProtocolVersion = 9;
-    public const uint RowMarker = 0x0000001Eu;
+
-    public const ushort RowFormatV9 = 7;
+    /// <summary>
-    private const int HeaderSize = 6;
+    /// 2023 R2 gRPC returns the event-row buffer with container version <c>11</c> instead of the
-    private const int RowFixedHeaderSize = 4 + 2 + 8 + 16;
+    /// 2020 WCF <c>9</c>. The row layout is otherwise <b>byte-identical</b> (verified against a captured
+    /// stock-client read: header <c>0B00 &lt;rowCount&gt; 1E000000</c> then markerless rows, 50
+    /// Alarm.Set/Alarm.Clear rows decoded clean to end-of-buffer; the WCF v9 capture has the same
+    /// <c>0900 &lt;rowCount&gt; 1E000000</c> header). Accept both, exactly as the interface-version gate
+    /// accepts History 11 and 12.
+    /// </summary>
+    public const ushort EventRowProtocolVersionGrpc = 11;
+
+    /// <summary>Constant buffer-level field following <c>rowCount</c> (observed <c>0x1E</c>). NOT a
+    /// per-row marker — it appears exactly once, before the first row.</summary>
+    public const uint BufferHeaderField = 0x0000001Eu;
+    public const ushort RowFormat = 7;
+    private const int BufferHeaderSize = 2 + 4 + 4;   // version + rowCount + headerField
+    private const int RowFixedHeaderSize = 2 + 8 + 16; // rowFormat + filetime + 8×UInt16 slots
 
     private const byte ValueTypeBool = 0x02;
     private const byte ValueTypeGuid = 0x10;
@@ -55,25 +68,26 @@ internal static class HistorianEventRowProtocol
 
     public static IReadOnlyList<HistorianEvent> Parse(ReadOnlySpan<byte> buffer)
     {
-        if (buffer.Length < HeaderSize)
+        if (buffer.Length < 6)
         {
             return [];
         }
 
         ushort version = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt16LittleEndian(buffer[..2]);
-        if (version != EventRowProtocolVersion)
+        if (version != EventRowProtocolVersion && version != EventRowProtocolVersionGrpc)
         {
             return [];
         }
 
         uint rowCount = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer.Slice(2, 4));
-        if (rowCount == 0)
+        if (rowCount == 0 || buffer.Length < BufferHeaderSize)
         {
             return [];
         }
 
         List<HistorianEvent> events = new(checked((int)rowCount));
-        int cursor = HeaderSize;
+        // Skip the single buffer-level header field (0x1E); rows follow with NO per-row marker.
+        int cursor = BufferHeaderSize;
         for (uint rowIndex = 0; rowIndex < rowCount; rowIndex++)
         {
             if (!TryReadRow(buffer, ref cursor, out HistorianEvent? row))
@@ -95,19 +109,13 @@ internal static class HistorianEventRowProtocol
             return false;
         }
 
-        uint marker = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer.Slice(cursor, 4));
+        ushort format = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt16LittleEndian(buffer.Slice(cursor, 2));
-        if (marker != RowMarker)
+        if (format != RowFormat)
         {
             return false;
         }
 
-        ushort format = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt16LittleEndian(buffer.Slice(cursor + 4, 2));
+        long filetime = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt64LittleEndian(buffer.Slice(cursor + 2, 8));
-        if (format != RowFormatV9)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        long filetime = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt64LittleEndian(buffer.Slice(cursor + 6, 8));
         DateTime eventTimeUtc = DateTime.FromFileTimeUtc(filetime);
         int afterFixedHeader = cursor + RowFixedHeaderSize;
 

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Wcf/HistorianHistoricalWriteProtocol.cs

@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@ namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Wcf;
 ///     +0x2A  value bytes, native width by tag type:
 ///                Float → Float32(4) · Double → Float64(8) · Int2 → Int16(2)
 ///                Int4 → Int32(4) · UInt4 → UInt32(4)
+///                Int8 → Int64(8) · UInt8 → UInt64(8)
 /// </code>
 ///
-/// Captured for the five analog types <c>EnsureTagAsync</c> supports (Float/Double/Int2/Int4/UInt4).
+/// Live-captured for Float/Double/Int2/Int4/UInt4; Int8/UInt8 mirror the captured
+/// Double value layout (8 LE bytes) and are live-proven (2026-06-25). UInt1 is re-gated:
+/// the historian accepts EnsureTags(UInt1) but stores a degenerate tag — writes would fail.
 /// Other tag types have no captured value encoding and are rejected.
 /// </remarks>
 internal static class HistorianHistoricalWriteProtocol
@@ -52,7 +55,10 @@ internal static class HistorianHistoricalWriteProtocol
     /// <paramref name="tagGuid"/> is the per-tag GUID (from the gRPC tag-info read),
     /// <paramref name="dataType"/> is the tag's declared analog type (selects the value width), and
     /// <paramref name="receivedTimeUtc"/> is the storage/received timestamp the orchestrator stamps.
-    /// Throws <see cref="ProtocolEvidenceMissingException"/> for tag types without a captured encoding.
+    /// Throws <see cref="ProtocolEvidenceMissingException"/> for tag types without a captured encoding
+    /// (including UInt1, which is re-gated — the historian creates a degenerate UInt1 analog tag).
+    /// Int8/UInt8 carry exact magnitude only up to 2^53 — the value API is <see langword="double"/>;
+    /// full 64-bit range is a separate follow-on.
     /// </summary>
     public static byte[] SerializeAddStreamValuesBuffer(
         Guid tagGuid,
@@ -117,10 +123,22 @@ internal static class HistorianHistoricalWriteProtocol
                 BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(b, checked((uint)value));
                 return b;
             }
+            case HistorianDataType.Int8:
+            {
+                byte[] b = new byte[8];
+                BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt64LittleEndian(b, checked((long)value));
+                return b;
+            }
+            case HistorianDataType.UInt8:
+            {
+                byte[] b = new byte[8];
+                BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(b, checked((ulong)value));
+                return b;
+            }
             default:
                 throw new ProtocolEvidenceMissingException(
                     $"AddHistoricalValuesAsync has no captured value encoding for tag data type '{dataType}'. " +
-                    "Captured types: Float, Double, Int2, Int4, UInt4.");
+                    "Captured types: Float, Double, Int2, Int4, UInt4, Int8, UInt8.");
         }
     }
 

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Wcf/HistorianTagWriteProtocol.cs

@@ -58,9 +58,13 @@ internal static class HistorianTagWriteProtocol
     ];
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Native CDataType wire codes per data type — captured 2026-05-04 by probing
+    /// Native CDataType wire codes per data type — captured by probing every type via
-    /// every type via instrument-wcf-writemessage. Matches the codes already documented
+    /// instrument-wcf-writemessage. Matches the codes already documented in
-    /// in <see cref="HistorianWcfTagClient"/> MapDataType for the read path.
+    /// <see cref="HistorianWcfTagClient"/> MapDataType for the read path; Int8/UInt8
+    /// reuse the same read-side codes (0x19/0x39).
+    /// UInt1 is excluded: live evidence shows the historian accepts EnsureTags(UInt1)
+    /// with success but stores a degenerate tag (null type descriptor) that subsequent
+    /// GetTagInfo cannot parse — not client-fixable on the analog path.
     /// </summary>
     public static byte GetAnalogDataTypeCode(Models.HistorianDataType dataType) => dataType switch
     {
@@ -70,8 +74,10 @@ internal static class HistorianTagWriteProtocol
         Models.HistorianDataType.UInt4 => 0x11,
         Models.HistorianDataType.Int2 => 0x29,
         Models.HistorianDataType.Int4 => 0x31,
+        Models.HistorianDataType.Int8 => 0x19,
+        Models.HistorianDataType.UInt8 => 0x39,
         _ => throw new ProtocolEvidenceMissingException(
-            $"EnsureTagAsync data type {dataType} has no captured CTagMetadata wire code; supported: Float, Double, UInt2, UInt4, Int2, Int4."),
+            $"EnsureTagAsync data type {dataType} has no captured CTagMetadata wire code; supported: Float, Double, UInt2, UInt4, Int2, Int4, Int8, UInt8."),
     };
 
     private static readonly byte[] AnalogPadding16 = new byte[16];
@@ -118,8 +124,10 @@ internal static class HistorianTagWriteProtocol
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Serializes a CTagMetadata payload for an analog tag. Live-verified for Float,
-    /// Double, Int2, Int4, UInt4 — see <see cref="GetAnalogDataTypeCode"/> for the
+    /// Double, Int2, Int4, UInt4; Int8/UInt8 supported via the read-side type codes
-    /// type-code mapping. Output matches the byte-for-byte capture for the same inputs.
+    /// (pending live round-trip); UInt1 re-gated (historian creates a degenerate tag) —
+    /// see <see cref="GetAnalogDataTypeCode"/> for the type-code mapping. Output matches
+    /// the byte-for-byte capture for the same inputs.
     /// When MinEU/MaxEU/MinRaw/MaxRaw are all defaults (0/100/0/100) emits the compact
     /// `1A 03` scaling marker; otherwise emits `1F` + 4 doubles in order.
     /// </summary>

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Wcf/HistorianWcfAuthChainHelper.cs

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ internal static class HistorianWcfAuthChainHelper
 
         try
         {
-            IHistoryServiceContract2 historyChannel = historyFactory.CreateChannel();
+            IHistoryServiceContract2 historyChannel = HistorianWcfClientCredentialsHelper.CreateChannel(historyFactory, options);
             ICommunicationObject historyChannelCo = (ICommunicationObject)historyChannel;
             try
             {

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Wcf/HistorianWcfClientCredentialsHelper.cs

@@ -30,6 +30,24 @@ internal static class HistorianWcfClientCredentialsHelper
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Creates a channel from <paramref name="factory"/>, honoring
+    /// <see cref="HistorianClientOptions.ConnectViaAddress"/> when set: the channel <b>connects</b> to
+    /// the Via address while still addressing the SOAP message <c>To</c> the factory's logical endpoint.
+    /// This lets a port-forward whose local port differs from the server's real service port satisfy the
+    /// server-side WCF AddressFilter (which validates the To header). Use this in place of
+    /// <c>factory.CreateChannel()</c> at every WCF event/read channel-creation site.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static TChannel CreateChannel<TChannel>(ChannelFactory<TChannel> factory, HistorianClientOptions options)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(factory);
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(options);
+
+        return string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(options.ConnectViaAddress)
+            ? factory.CreateChannel()
+            : factory.CreateChannel(factory.Endpoint.Address, new Uri(options.ConnectViaAddress));
+    }
+
     private sealed class AcceptAnyCertificateValidator : X509CertificateValidator
     {
         public static readonly AcceptAnyCertificateValidator Instance = new();

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Wcf/HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator.cs

@@ -8,10 +8,16 @@ using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Wcf.Contracts;
 namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Wcf;
 
 /// <remarks>
-/// Mirrors HistorianWcfReadOrchestrator but targets IRetrievalServiceContract4 for the event flow.
+/// Mirrors HistorianWcfReadOrchestrator but targets IRetrievalServiceContract4 for the event flow. The
-/// Event row buffer layout is undecoded as of this pass — when StartEventQuery succeeds, this
+/// event row-buffer layout is decoded (<see cref="HistorianEventRowProtocol"/>; verified against real
-/// orchestrator returns an empty enumeration but logs the row-buffer length via the
+/// captured rows). A <b>2023 R2</b> historian <i>does</i> serve this transport via the <b>certificate</b>
-/// <see cref="LastResultBufferLength"/> diagnostic so a follow-up capture can decode the wire shape.
+/// (TLS) endpoint (the cert transport + <c>NegotiateAuthentication</c> auth work cross-platform; the
+/// integrated/Windows transport does not tunnel). With the <c>0x501</c> event connection mode CM_EVENT
+/// registration succeeds — but <c>StartEventQuery</c> still returns a 0-row buffer and long-polls: event
+/// rows are <b>server-gated</b> per connection on 2023 R2, the same wall as the gRPC path, and not
+/// client-fixable (see <c>docs/reverse-engineering/wcf-event-read-spike-results.md</c> and
+/// <c>grpc-event-query-capture.md</c>). The native return codes 76/85 noted below were 2020-historian
+/// observations.
 /// </remarks>
 internal sealed class HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator
 {
@@ -143,7 +149,7 @@ internal sealed class HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator
         EndpointAddress transactionEndpoint = HistorianWcfBindingFactory.CreateAuxiliaryEndpointAddress(_options, HistorianWcfServiceNames.Transaction);
         uint clientHandle = HistorianWcfAuthChainHelper.OpenAuthenticatedConnection(
             _options, histBinding, histEndpoint, contextKey, cancellationToken,
-            connectionMode: HistorianWcfAuthChainHelper.NativeIntegratedReadOnlyConnectionMode,
+            connectionMode: _options.EventReadConnectionModeOverride ?? HistorianWcfAuthChainHelper.NativeIntegratedReadOnlyConnectionMode,
             additionalSetup: (historyChannel, context) =>
                 AddCmEventTagViaAddT(historyChannel, context, auxBinding, statusEndpoint, transactionEndpoint, retrBinding, retrEndpoint));
         return RunEventQuery(retrBinding, retrEndpoint, clientHandle, startUtc, endUtc, filter, cancellationToken);
@@ -163,7 +169,7 @@ internal sealed class HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator
 
         try
         {
-            IRetrievalServiceContract4 channel = factory.CreateChannel();
+            IRetrievalServiceContract4 channel = HistorianWcfClientCredentialsHelper.CreateChannel(factory, _options);
             ICommunicationObject channelCo = (ICommunicationObject)channel;
             try
             {

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/EventOnSessionSeamTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+using System.Reflection;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Grpc;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Reflection guard for the event-on-session seams the B0b reuse spike drives (pending.md A1
+/// broadening, Stage B0). Mirrors <see cref="TagClientOnSessionSeamTests"/>: the seam runs ONLY the
+/// op against an externally-supplied (connection, session), so the spike can run MULTIPLE event ops
+/// on one already-opened + registered v8 Event session to measure reuse.
+/// </summary>
+public class EventOnSessionSeamTests
+{
+    private static MethodInfo RequireMethod(Type owner, string name)
+    {
+        MethodInfo? m = owner.GetMethod(
+            name, BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static);
+        Assert.NotNull(m);
+        return m!;
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SendEventOnSession_ExposesSeam_WithConnectionAndSessionFirst()
+    {
+        MethodInfo m = RequireMethod(typeof(HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator), "SendEventOnSession");
+        ParameterInfo[] ps = m.GetParameters();
+        Assert.Equal("HistorianGrpcConnection", ps[0].ParameterType.Name);
+        Assert.Equal("Session", ps[1].ParameterType.Name);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void OpenAndRegisterEventSession_ExposesRegisterOnceSeam()
+    {
+        // The spike registers CM_EVENT ONCE via this helper, then issues many SendEventOnSession ops.
+        MethodInfo m = RequireMethod(typeof(HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator), "OpenAndRegisterEventSession");
+        ParameterInfo[] ps = m.GetParameters();
+        Assert.Equal("HistorianGrpcConnection", ps[0].ParameterType.Name);
+        Assert.Equal("CancellationToken", ps[1].ParameterType.Name);
+        Assert.Equal("Session", m.ReturnType.Name);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void RunEventQueryOnSession_ExposesSeam_WithConnectionAndSessionFirst()
+    {
+        MethodInfo m = RequireMethod(typeof(HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator), "RunEventQueryOnSession");
+        ParameterInfo[] ps = m.GetParameters();
+        Assert.Equal("HistorianGrpcConnection", ps[0].ParameterType.Name);
+        Assert.Equal("Session", ps[1].ParameterType.Name);
+    }
+}

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/EventSessionReuseSpikeTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using Grpc.Core;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Grpc;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Models;
+using Xunit;
+using Xunit.Abstractions;
+
+namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// SPIKE (pending.md A1 broadening, Stage B0b): can ONE v8 Event session be REUSED across many event
+/// ops without re-handshaking — the precondition for broadening handshake amortization to the event
+/// path? Env-gated exactly like <see cref="HandshakeReuseSpikeTests"/> (silent early-return skip
+/// without HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST + HISTORIAN_USER + HISTORIAN_PASSWORD + HISTORIAN_EVENT_SANDBOX_TAG).
+///
+/// This is the B0b HARNESS only — it is RUN LIVE by a human over VPN in B0c. It SKIPS cleanly offline
+/// (no historian contacted, no event sent). It drives the B0a internal seams directly:
+/// <see cref="HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator.OpenAndRegisterEventSession"/> (open v8 Event session
+/// + RegisterCmEventTag ONCE) and <see cref="HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator.SendEventOnSession"/>
+/// (send-only, on the externally-supplied warm session).
+///
+/// Spike questions (priority order), mapped to the test methods below:
+///   (1) Does a v8 Event session survive REUSE? — <see cref="ReusedEventSession_SendsTwice_SecondSkipsHandshake"/>
+///       (PRIMARY GREEN/RED signal: two sends on one session both succeed; the 2nd skips ECDH+register).
+///   (2) Does REGISTER-ONCE work? — <see cref="ReusedEventSession_RegisterOnce_ThenSendMany"/>
+///       (OpenAndRegister once, then SendEventOnSession N× — no per-send re-registration).
+///   (3) ONE-KIND best-effort — <see cref="ReusedEventSession_ServesReadAfterSend_BestEffort"/>
+///       (can the same session also serve a ReadEvents after a send? LOGGED, never asserted — reads are gated C2).
+///   (4) IDLE expiry best-effort — <see cref="ReusedEventSession_IdleSweep_BestEffort"/>
+///       (how long can the session sit idle before a send breaks? LOGGED, never asserted).
+///
+/// SAFETY: every send targets the env var HISTORIAN_EVENT_SANDBOX_TAG ONLY (carried as the event
+/// SourceName/Type so the appended events are unambiguously attributable to the sandbox identity, never
+/// a production tag). Success is ASSERTED for (1)/(2); latency is LOGGED only (no flaky perf gates).
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class EventSessionReuseSpikeTests
+{
+    private const int SendMany = 3;
+    private readonly ITestOutputHelper _output;
+
+    public EventSessionReuseSpikeTests(ITestOutputHelper output) => _output = output;
+
+    // (1) REUSE VALIDITY — PRIMARY signal. Open+register ONE v8 Event session, then SendEventOnSession
+    // TWICE on it with NO re-handshake/re-register between sends. If the server rejects reusing a v8
+    // Event session, send #2 fails (false / throws) -> RED finding. Both succeed -> GREEN (event-session
+    // reuse is sound, the precondition for event amortization). Latency LOGGED so B0c sees the win
+    // (open+register cost vs the two reused sends).
+    [Fact]
+    public void ReusedEventSession_SendsTwice_SecondSkipsHandshake()
+    {
+        if (!TryGetEnv(out string host, out string sandboxTag)) return;
+        HistorianClientOptions options = BuildOptions(host);
+        var orchestrator = new HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator(options);
+
+        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(options);
+
+        var swOpen = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = orchestrator.OpenAndRegisterEventSession(connection, CancellationToken.None);
+        swOpen.Stop();
+        _output.WriteLine($"open+register (ECDH handshake + RegisterCmEventTag) = {swOpen.ElapsedMilliseconds} ms");
+        _output.WriteLine($"registration diag: {orchestrator.RegistrationDiag}");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+        {
+            HistorianEvent evt = BuildSandboxEvent(sandboxTag, attempt: i);
+            var sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+            bool ok = orchestrator.SendEventOnSession(connection, session, evt, CancellationToken.None);
+            sw.Stop();
+            _output.WriteLine($"reused-send[{i}] = {sw.ElapsedMilliseconds} ms, ok={ok}, lastErr='{orchestrator.LastSendErrorDescription}'");
+            Assert.True(ok, $"reused v8 Event session send[{i}] should be accepted (AddStreamValues BSuccess).");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // (2) REGISTER-ONCE. Open+register ONCE, then SendEventOnSession N× — proving RegisterCmEventTag does
+    // NOT need re-running per send (the seam's whole point). All sends must succeed.
+    [Fact]
+    public void ReusedEventSession_RegisterOnce_ThenSendMany()
+    {
+        if (!TryGetEnv(out string host, out string sandboxTag)) return;
+        HistorianClientOptions options = BuildOptions(host);
+        var orchestrator = new HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator(options);
+
+        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(options);
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = orchestrator.OpenAndRegisterEventSession(connection, CancellationToken.None);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < SendMany; i++)
+        {
+            HistorianEvent evt = BuildSandboxEvent(sandboxTag, attempt: i);
+            var sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+            bool ok = orchestrator.SendEventOnSession(connection, session, evt, CancellationToken.None);
+            sw.Stop();
+            _output.WriteLine($"register-once send[{i}] = {sw.ElapsedMilliseconds} ms, ok={ok}");
+            Assert.True(ok, $"register-once send[{i}] should be accepted without per-send re-registration.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // (3) ONE-KIND PROBE (best-effort). After a send on the warm session, try a ReadEvents on the SAME
+    // session. Event reads are GATED (C2 — the gRPC server long-polls GetNext to the no-data terminal and
+    // row-level retrieval is not verified over gRPC), so the outcome (rows or exception) is LOGGED, never
+    // asserted: the test passes as long as the catch swallows any failure. Records the one-kind finding
+    // (can one Event session serve both send and read?) for B0c.
+    [Fact]
+    public void ReusedEventSession_ServesReadAfterSend_BestEffort()
+    {
+        if (!TryGetEnv(out string host, out string sandboxTag)) return;
+        HistorianClientOptions options = BuildOptions(host);
+        var writeOrch = new HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator(options);
+
+        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(options);
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = writeOrch.OpenAndRegisterEventSession(connection, CancellationToken.None);
+
+        bool sent = writeOrch.SendEventOnSession(connection, session, BuildSandboxEvent(sandboxTag, attempt: 0), CancellationToken.None);
+        _output.WriteLine($"seed-send before read-probe ok={sent}");
+
+        // HARD bound so this probe CANNOT hang on the known C2 event-read long-poll (GetNext blocks to the
+        // no-data terminal on an idle box). Two independent fuses: (1) a read-only options copy with a 5s
+        // RequestTimeout so each underlying GetNext RPC deadlines quickly (the read orchestrator caps its
+        // poll deadline at min(10s, RequestTimeout)); (2) an 8s CancellationToken passed as ct so the chain
+        // is cancelled even if a per-RPC deadline is not honored over a tunnel. Whichever fires first, the
+        // method returns in ~10s max even when the read never returns data.
+        HistorianClientOptions readOptions = BuildOptions(host, requestTimeoutOverride: TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
+        var readOrch = new HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator(readOptions);
+        using var readCts = new CancellationTokenSource(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(8));
+
+        (DateTime startUtc, DateTime endUtc) = LastSevenDays();
+        try
+        {
+            List<HistorianEvent> rows = readOrch.RunEventQueryOnSession(
+                connection, session, startUtc, endUtc, filter: null, readCts.Token);
+            _output.WriteLine($"read-after-send -> OK (rows={rows.Count}) => ONE-KIND (an Event session serves send AND read)");
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex) when (ex is OperationCanceledException
+                                || (ex is RpcException rpc && rpc.StatusCode == StatusCode.DeadlineExceeded))
+        {
+            // EXPECTED outcome: the read hit its bound (CTS timeout or per-RPC deadline) without returning —
+            // consistent with the C2 event-read gating (GetNext long-polls to the no-data terminal). This is
+            // the recorded one-kind finding, NOT a failure.
+            _output.WriteLine($"read-after-send did not return within the bound (consistent with C2 event-read gating): {ex.GetType().Name}");
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            // Any other rejection on the reused session is also the finding, not a failure.
+            _output.WriteLine($"read-after-send -> swallowed ({ex.GetType().Name}: {ex.Message}) => read gated/unverified over gRPC (expected)");
+        }
+        // No assertion: this method's job is to RECORD the one-kind outcome for B0c, not gate on it.
+    }
+
+    // (4) IDLE-EXPIRY SWEEP (best-effort, log-only). Send, sit idle for a gap, send again; LOG whether the
+    // 2nd send broke (and after how long). Bounds how long a warm Event session may sit idle before the
+    // server expires it — informs the keepalive cadence for an event-session pool. Default gap 25s;
+    // override via HISTORIAN_EVENT_IDLE_SECONDS. NEVER asserted (a break is the finding, not a failure).
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "LiveSpike")]
+    public void ReusedEventSession_IdleSweep_BestEffort()
+    {
+        if (!TryGetEnv(out string host, out string sandboxTag)) return;
+        HistorianClientOptions options = BuildOptions(host);
+        var orchestrator = new HistorianGrpcEventWriteOrchestrator(options);
+
+        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(options);
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = orchestrator.OpenAndRegisterEventSession(connection, CancellationToken.None);
+
+        bool first = orchestrator.SendEventOnSession(connection, session, BuildSandboxEvent(sandboxTag, attempt: 0), CancellationToken.None);
+        _output.WriteLine($"idle-sweep first send ok={first}");
+
+        int idleSec = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_EVENT_IDLE_SECONDS"), out int parsed) && parsed > 0
+            ? parsed
+            : 25;
+        _output.WriteLine($"idle-sweep: sleeping {idleSec}s before the second send...");
+        Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(idleSec));
+
+        try
+        {
+            bool second = orchestrator.SendEventOnSession(connection, session, BuildSandboxEvent(sandboxTag, attempt: 1), CancellationToken.None);
+            _output.WriteLine($"idle {idleSec}s -> second send ok={second} (session {(second ? "SURVIVED" : "rejected")} the idle gap)");
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            _output.WriteLine($"idle {idleSec}s -> second send BROKE ({ex.GetType().Name}: {ex.Message}) — session expired while idle");
+        }
+        // No assertion: idle-expiry timing is a LOGGED finding for the keepalive cadence, not a gate.
+    }
+
+    // --- helpers ---
+
+    // Build a send event that targets the sandbox identity ONLY. The CM_EVENT send buffer carries no
+    // per-tag routing field (it registers against the CM_EVENT system tag), so we stamp the sandbox tag
+    // NAME into SourceName + Type and a marker Property so the appended event is unambiguously
+    // attributable to the sandbox — never a production tag. A fresh Id/timestamps per attempt.
+    private static HistorianEvent BuildSandboxEvent(string sandboxTag, int attempt)
+    {
+        DateTime now = DateTime.UtcNow;
+        return new HistorianEvent(
+            Id: Guid.NewGuid(),
+            EventTimeUtc: now.AddSeconds(-attempt),
+            ReceivedTimeUtc: now,
+            Type: sandboxTag,
+            SourceName: sandboxTag,
+            Namespace: "HistGW.EventReuseSpike",
+            RevisionVersion: 0,
+            Properties: new Dictionary<string, object?>
+            {
+                ["SpikeAttempt"] = attempt.ToString(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+                ["SpikeMarker"] = "B0b-event-session-reuse",
+            });
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryGetEnv(out string host, out string sandboxTag)
+    {
+        host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST") ?? "";
+        sandboxTag = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_EVENT_SANDBOX_TAG") ?? "";
+        return !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(host)
+            && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(sandboxTag)
+            && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_USER"))
+            && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_PASSWORD"));
+    }
+
+    private static (DateTime StartUtc, DateTime EndUtc) LastSevenDays()
+    {
+        DateTime end = DateTime.UtcNow;
+        return (end - TimeSpan.FromDays(7), end);
+    }
+
+    // requestTimeoutOverride: when set, forces RequestTimeout (used by the read-after-send probe to give
+    // each GetNext RPC a short deadline). null preserves the env-driven default for the send/idle methods.
+    private static HistorianClientOptions BuildOptions(string host, TimeSpan? requestTimeoutOverride = null)
+    {
+        string? user = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_USER");
+        string? password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_PASSWORD");
+        bool explicitCreds = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(user);
+        int port = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_PORT"), out int parsed)
+            ? parsed
+            : HistorianClientOptions.DefaultGrpcPort;
+        bool tls = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_TLS"), "true", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        TimeSpan timeout = requestTimeoutOverride
+            ?? (int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_TIMEOUT"), out int secs) && secs > 0
+                ? TimeSpan.FromSeconds(secs)
+                : new HistorianClientOptions { Host = host }.RequestTimeout);
+
+        return new HistorianClientOptions
+        {
+            Host = host,
+            Port = port,
+            Transport = HistorianTransport.RemoteGrpc,
+            GrpcUseTls = tls,
+            AllowUntrustedServerCertificate = tls,
+            ServerDnsIdentity = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_DNSID"),
+            IntegratedSecurity = !explicitCreds,
+            UserName = user ?? string.Empty,
+            Password = password ?? string.Empty,
+            RequestTimeout = timeout,
+            Compression = true
+        };
+    }
+}

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/GrpcEventSendProtocolTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+using System;
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Wcf;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Golden-byte coverage for the 2023 R2 gRPC event-SEND registration buffers, pinned against a live
+/// native capture (<c>capture-send-event</c> scenario, 2026-06-23). The send itself rides
+/// <c>HistoryService.AddStreamValues</c> with the same "OS" buffer the WCF path uses
+/// (<see cref="HistorianEventWriteProtocol"/>, already golden-tested in
+/// <c>WcfEventWriteProtocolTests</c>); what is gRPC-specific is the CM_EVENT registration the event
+/// connection performs first (RegisterTags + the 86-byte gRPC EnsureTags). These fixtures are the raw
+/// bytes the native client sent on the wire — they carry no identity (CM_EVENT / "AnE Event" /
+/// constant tag + event-type GUIDs / a registration FILETIME).
+/// </summary>
+public class GrpcEventSendProtocolTests
+{
+    // GrpcHistoryClient.RegisterTags.tagInfos captured from the native event connection: the packet
+    // header 50 67 02 00 + count(1) + the 16-byte CM_EVENT tag GUID.
+    private const string CapturedRegisterTagsHex =
+        "506702000100000045813b35f05d464da253871aef49b321";
+
+    // GrpcHistoryClient.EnsureTags.tagInfos captured from the native event connection (86 bytes): the
+    // 8-byte EnsureTags header + CM_EVENT CTagMetadata + a registration FILETIME + the …e01f2f27
+    // event-type GUID.
+    private const string CapturedEnsureTagsHex =
+        "4e670300010000000386000545813b35f05d464da253871aef49b321090800434d5f4556454e54090900416e45204576656e7402020100000001000000004e18d6bd4503dd0142ae595fb63b604791a5ab0be01f2f27";
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void BuildRegisterCmEventInputBuffer_MatchesNativeGrpcCapture()
+    {
+        byte[] expected = Convert.FromHexString(CapturedRegisterTagsHex);
+        byte[] actual = HistorianEventRegistrationProtocol.BuildRegisterCmEventInputBuffer();
+        Assert.Equal(expected, actual);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SerializeCmEventEnsureTagsGrpc_MatchesNativeGrpcCapture()
+    {
+        byte[] expected = Convert.FromHexString(CapturedEnsureTagsHex);
+        Assert.Equal(86, expected.Length);
+
+        // The only run-varying field is the registration FILETIME (the 8 bytes immediately before the
+        // trailing 16-byte event-type GUID). Feed the captured time back so the comparison is exact.
+        long filetime = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt64LittleEndian(expected.AsSpan(expected.Length - 24, 8));
+        DateTime createdUtc = DateTime.FromFileTimeUtc(filetime);
+
+        byte[] actual = HistorianAddTagsProtocol.SerializeCmEventEnsureTagsGrpc(createdUtc);
+        Assert.Equal(expected, actual);
+    }
+}

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/GrpcInterfaceVersionEvidenceTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Grpc;
+using GrpcHistory = ArchestrA.Grpc.Contract.History;
+using GrpcRetrieval = ArchestrA.Grpc.Contract.Retrieval;
+using GrpcStatus = ArchestrA.Grpc.Contract.Status;
+using GrpcTransaction = ArchestrA.Grpc.Contract.Transaction;
+using Xunit.Abstractions;
+
+namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Live evidence test (C3a): reads the four unauthenticated <c>GetInterfaceVersion</c> RPCs from a
+/// real 2023 R2 Historian over gRPC and asserts the accepted version set. These RPCs run before any
+/// credential exchange, so no HISTORIAN_USER / HISTORIAN_PASSWORD is required — only a reachable host.
+///
+/// Skips silently when <c>HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST</c> is absent (offline / CI). The captured integers
+/// are recorded in <c>docs/reverse-engineering/grpc-interface-versions.md</c> and close the C3a
+/// "2023 R2 gRPC server-version integers not yet captured" gap.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class GrpcInterfaceVersionEvidenceTests
+{
+    private readonly ITestOutputHelper _output;
+
+    public GrpcInterfaceVersionEvidenceTests(ITestOutputHelper output) => _output = output;
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GrpcInterfaceVersions_LiveServer_MatchAcceptedSet()
+    {
+        string host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST") ?? "";
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(host))
+        {
+            _output.WriteLine("SKIP: HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST is not set — no live historian available.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        HistorianClientOptions options = BuildOptions(host);
+
+        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(options);
+        DateTime deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.Add(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10));
+
+        GrpcHistory.GetInterfaceVersionResponse history =
+            new GrpcHistory.HistoryService.HistoryServiceClient(connection.Channel)
+                .GetInterfaceVersion(new GrpcHistory.GetInterfaceVersionRequest(), connection.Metadata, deadline, default);
+
+        GrpcRetrieval.GetRetrievalInterfaceVersionResponse retrieval =
+            new GrpcRetrieval.RetrievalService.RetrievalServiceClient(connection.Channel)
+                .GetRetrievalInterfaceVersion(new GrpcRetrieval.GetRetrievalInterfaceVersionRequest(), connection.Metadata, deadline, default);
+
+        GrpcStatus.GetStatusInterfaceVersionResponse status =
+            new GrpcStatus.StatusService.StatusServiceClient(connection.Channel)
+                .GetStatusInterfaceVersion(new GrpcStatus.GetStatusInterfaceVersionRequest(), connection.Metadata, deadline, default);
+
+        GrpcTransaction.GetTransactionInterfaceVersionResponse transaction =
+            new GrpcTransaction.TransactionService.TransactionServiceClient(connection.Channel)
+                .GetTransactionInterfaceVersion(new GrpcTransaction.GetTransactionInterfaceVersionRequest(), connection.Metadata, deadline, default);
+
+        _output.WriteLine($"History    UiVersion={history.UiVersion}    UiError={history.UiError}");
+        _output.WriteLine($"Retrieval  UiVersion={retrieval.UiVersion}  UiError={retrieval.UiError}");
+        _output.WriteLine($"Status     UiVersion={status.UiVersion}     UiError={status.UiError}");
+        // Note: Transaction response fields are named Error/Version (not UiError/UiVersion) per the proto.
+        _output.WriteLine($"Transaction Version={transaction.Version}   Error={transaction.Error}");
+
+        // History: accepted set is {11 (2020 WCF), 12 (2023 R2 gRPC)}.
+        Assert.Equal(0u, history.UiError);
+        Assert.Contains(history.UiVersion, new uint[] { 11u, 12u });
+
+        // Retrieval: 4 on both 2020 WCF and 2023 R2 gRPC.
+        Assert.Equal(0u, retrieval.UiError);
+        Assert.Equal(4u, retrieval.UiVersion);
+
+        // Transaction: 2 (confirmed by live gRPC capture — see grpc-interface-versions.md).
+        // NOTE: the Transaction response proto uses Error/Version (not UiError/UiVersion).
+        Assert.Equal(0u, transaction.Error);
+        Assert.Equal(2u, transaction.Version);
+
+        // Status: reachability-only — assert UiError==0 only; UiVersion is not value-gated
+        // (observed 4 on 2023 R2 gRPC, 0 on 2020 WCF).
+        Assert.Equal(0u, status.UiError);
+    }
+
+    private static HistorianClientOptions BuildOptions(string host)
+    {
+        string? user = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_USER");
+        string? password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_PASSWORD");
+        bool explicitCreds = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(user);
+        int port = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_PORT"), out int parsed)
+            ? parsed
+            : HistorianClientOptions.DefaultGrpcPort;
+        bool tls = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_TLS"), "true", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+
+        return new HistorianClientOptions
+        {
+            Host = host,
+            Port = port,
+            Transport = HistorianTransport.RemoteGrpc,
+            GrpcUseTls = tls,
+            AllowUntrustedServerCertificate = tls,
+            ServerDnsIdentity = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_DNSID"),
+            IntegratedSecurity = !explicitCreds,
+            UserName = user ?? string.Empty,
+            Password = password ?? string.Empty,
+        };
+    }
+}

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/HandshakeReuseSpikeTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Grpc;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Models;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Wcf;
+using Xunit.Abstractions;
+
+namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// SPIKE (pending.md A1): does the 2023 R2 historian honor REUSING one authenticated session across
+/// many operations — the precondition for handshake amortization? Env-gated exactly like
+/// <see cref="HistorianGrpcIntegrationTests"/> (silent skip without HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST +
+/// HISTORIAN_TEST_TAG + HISTORIAN_USER). READ-ONLY — no writes, safe against live data. Reuse
+/// validity is ASSERTED; latency numbers are LOGGED only (no flaky perf gates).
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class HandshakeReuseSpikeTests
+{
+    private const int ReuseOps = 5;
+    private readonly ITestOutputHelper _output;
+
+    public HandshakeReuseSpikeTests(ITestOutputHelper output) => _output = output;
+
+    // (1) REUSE VALIDITY: one session, N reads on the same clientHandle. If the server rejects handle
+    // reuse, read #2+ throws -> RED finding. All succeed -> GREEN finding.
+    [Fact]
+    public void ReusedSession_RunsManyReads_AllSucceed()
+    {
+        if (!TryGetEnv(out string host, out string tag)) return;
+        HistorianClientOptions options = BuildOptions(host);
+        (DateTime startUtc, DateTime endUtc) = LastSevenDays();
+
+        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(options);
+
+        var swHandshake = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(connection, options, CancellationToken.None);
+        swHandshake.Stop();
+        _output.WriteLine($"open-session (handshake) = {swHandshake.ElapsedMilliseconds} ms");
+
+        var orchestrator = new HistorianGrpcReadOrchestrator(options);
+        for (int i = 0; i < ReuseOps; i++)
+        {
+            var sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+            List<HistorianSample> rows = orchestrator.RunRawQueryOnSession(
+                connection, session.ClientHandle, tag, startUtc, endUtc, maxValues: 8, CancellationToken.None);
+            sw.Stop();
+            _output.WriteLine($"reused-read[{i}] = {sw.ElapsedMilliseconds} ms, rows={rows.Count}");
+            Assert.NotEmpty(rows);
+            Assert.All(rows, r => Assert.Equal(tag, r.TagName));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // (2) WIN MAGNITUDE: full per-call path (fresh Create+handshake+query) vs amortized (one handshake,
+    // N reused reads). Logged only — quantifies whether amortization is worth the refactor.
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ReusedSession_VsPerCallPath_LogsLatencyDelta()
+    {
+        if (!TryGetEnv(out string host, out string tag)) return;
+        HistorianClientOptions options = BuildOptions(host);
+        (DateTime startUtc, DateTime endUtc) = LastSevenDays();
+
+        HistorianClient client = new(options);
+        var swPerCall = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+        for (int i = 0; i < ReuseOps; i++)
+        {
+            await foreach (HistorianSample _ in client.ReadRawAsync(tag, startUtc, endUtc, 8, CancellationToken.None)) { }
+        }
+        swPerCall.Stop();
+
+        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(options);
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(connection, options, CancellationToken.None);
+        var orchestrator = new HistorianGrpcReadOrchestrator(options);
+        var swAmortized = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+        for (int i = 0; i < ReuseOps; i++)
+        {
+            orchestrator.RunRawQueryOnSession(connection, session.ClientHandle, tag, startUtc, endUtc, 8, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+        swAmortized.Stop();
+
+        _output.WriteLine($"per-call  ({ReuseOps} ops) = {swPerCall.ElapsedMilliseconds} ms");
+        _output.WriteLine($"amortized ({ReuseOps} ops) = {swAmortized.ElapsedMilliseconds} ms");
+        _output.WriteLine($"saving over {ReuseOps} ops = {swPerCall.ElapsedMilliseconds - swAmortized.ElapsedMilliseconds} ms");
+    }
+
+    // (3) EXPIRY SWEEP: reuse after idle gaps. Default bounded [0s, 30s]; longer tiers opt-in via
+    // HISTORIAN_REUSE_IDLE_SECONDS="0,30,120,600". Rethrows at the tier where reuse first breaks.
+    [Fact]
+    public void ReusedSession_IdleSweep_SurfacesExpiryTier()
+    {
+        if (!TryGetEnv(out string host, out string tag)) return;
+        HistorianClientOptions options = BuildOptions(host);
+        (DateTime startUtc, DateTime endUtc) = LastSevenDays();
+
+        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(options);
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(connection, options, CancellationToken.None);
+        var orchestrator = new HistorianGrpcReadOrchestrator(options);
+
+        foreach (int delaySec in ParseIdleSweep())
+        {
+            if (delaySec > 0) Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(delaySec));
+            try
+            {
+                List<HistorianSample> rows = orchestrator.RunRawQueryOnSession(
+                    connection, session.ClientHandle, tag, startUtc, endUtc, 8, CancellationToken.None);
+                _output.WriteLine($"idle {delaySec,4}s -> OK (rows={rows.Count})");
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                _output.WriteLine($"idle {delaySec,4}s -> BROKE ({ex.GetType().Name})");
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // (A) WRITE REUSE VALIDITY: one externally-opened 0x401 (write-enabled) session, N writes on it via
+    // RunWriteOnSession — NO Create()/handshake per write. If the server rejects reusing a write session,
+    // write #2 throws -> RED finding. Both succeed -> GREEN (write-reuse is sound). Bounded writes to the
+    // sandbox tag ONLY; latency LOGGED, success ASSERTED.
+    [Fact]
+    public void WriteEnabledSession_RunsTwoWrites_AllSucceed()
+    {
+        if (!TryGetWriteEnv(out string host, out string sandboxTag)) return;
+        HistorianClientOptions options = BuildOptions(host);
+        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(options);
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = OpenWriteSession(options, connection);
+        var writer = new HistorianGrpcHistoricalWriteOrchestrator(options);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+        {
+            var sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+            bool ok = writer.RunWriteOnSession(connection, session, sandboxTag,
+                new[] { new HistorianHistoricalValue(DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(-i), 1.0 + i, OpcQuality: 192) },
+                CancellationToken.None);
+            sw.Stop();
+            _output.WriteLine($"reused-write[{i}] = {sw.ElapsedMilliseconds} ms, ok={ok}");
+            Assert.True(ok);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // (B) READ-ON-WRITE-SESSION PROBE: can a 0x401 (write-enabled) session ALSO serve a raw read? Decides
+    // the pool shape — ONE-KIND (a single write-enabled session serves both reads and writes) vs TWO-KIND
+    // (separate read 0x402 / write 0x401 sessions). The kind is LOGGED, never asserted; any failure is
+    // swallowed (a rejection is itself the finding, not a test failure). READ-ONLY here.
+    [Fact]
+    public void WriteEnabledSession_AlsoServesRead_RecordsKind()
+    {
+        if (!TryGetWriteEnv(out string host, out string sandboxTag)) return;
+        HistorianClientOptions options = BuildOptions(host);
+        using HistorianGrpcConnection connection = HistorianGrpcChannelFactory.Create(options);
+        HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session session = OpenWriteSession(options, connection);
+        (DateTime startUtc, DateTime endUtc) = LastSevenDays();
+        try
+        {
+            List<HistorianSample> rows = new HistorianGrpcReadOrchestrator(options)
+                .RunRawQueryOnSession(connection, session.ClientHandle, sandboxTag, startUtc, endUtc, 8, CancellationToken.None);
+            _output.WriteLine($"read-on-0x401 -> OK (rows={rows.Count}) => ONE-KIND pool (write-enabled serves reads)");
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            _output.WriteLine($"read-on-0x401 -> FAILED ({ex.GetType().Name}) => TWO-KIND pool (separate read/write)");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --- helpers ---
+
+    private static bool TryGetWriteEnv(out string host, out string sandboxTag)
+    {
+        host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST") ?? "";
+        sandboxTag = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WRITE_SANDBOX_TAG") ?? "";
+        return !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(host)
+            && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(sandboxTag)
+            && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_USER"));
+    }
+
+    private static HistorianGrpcHandshake.Session OpenWriteSession(HistorianClientOptions o, HistorianGrpcConnection c)
+        => HistorianGrpcHandshake.OpenSession(c, o, CancellationToken.None,
+            connectionMode: HistorianWcfAuthChainHelper.NativeIntegratedWriteEnabledConnectionMode);
+
+    private static bool TryGetEnv(out string host, out string tag)
+    {
+        host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST") ?? "";
+        tag = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_TEST_TAG") ?? "";
+        return !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(host)
+            && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(tag)
+            && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_USER"));
+    }
+
+    private static (DateTime StartUtc, DateTime EndUtc) LastSevenDays()
+    {
+        DateTime end = DateTime.UtcNow;
+        return (end - TimeSpan.FromDays(7), end);
+    }
+
+    private static int[] ParseIdleSweep()
+    {
+        string? raw = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_REUSE_IDLE_SECONDS");
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(raw)) return [0, 30];
+        return raw.Split(',', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries)
+                  .Select(s => int.Parse(s, System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)).ToArray();
+    }
+
+    private static HistorianClientOptions BuildOptions(string host)
+    {
+        string? user = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_USER");
+        string? password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_PASSWORD");
+        bool explicitCreds = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(user);
+        int port = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_PORT"), out int parsed)
+            ? parsed
+            : HistorianClientOptions.DefaultGrpcPort;
+        bool tls = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_TLS"), "true", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        // Optional per-call deadline override (seconds) for slow/remote boxes — heavier aggregate
+        // modes over a tunnelled link can exceed the 30s default. Falls back to the SDK default.
+        TimeSpan timeout = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_TIMEOUT"), out int secs) && secs > 0
+            ? TimeSpan.FromSeconds(secs)
+            : new HistorianClientOptions { Host = host }.RequestTimeout;
+
+        return new HistorianClientOptions
+        {
+            Host = host,
+            Port = port,
+            Transport = HistorianTransport.RemoteGrpc,
+            GrpcUseTls = tls,
+            AllowUntrustedServerCertificate = tls,
+            ServerDnsIdentity = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_DNSID"),
+            IntegratedSecurity = !explicitCreds,
+            UserName = user ?? string.Empty,
+            Password = password ?? string.Empty,
+            RequestTimeout = timeout,
+            Compression = true // the stock client always advertises grpc gzip request encoding
+        };
+    }
+}

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/HistorianEventRowProtocolTests.cs

@@ -90,6 +90,69 @@ public sealed class HistorianEventRowProtocolTests
         Assert.Equal(500, evt.Properties["priority"]);
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public void Parse_Version11GrpcHeader_ParsesRowsIdenticalToV9()
+    {
+        // 2023 R2 gRPC returns the event-row buffer with container version 11; the per-row layout is
+        // byte-identical to the WCF v9 format. The parser must accept both (verified against a captured
+        // stock-client read of 50 Alarm.Set/Alarm.Clear rows whose header began 0B00 .. 1E000000 0700).
+        DateTime t1 = new(2026, 6, 23, 13, 34, 14, DateTimeKind.Utc);
+        DateTime t2 = t1.AddSeconds(10);
+
+        byte[] header = BuildHeader(2u, HistorianEventRowProtocol.EventRowProtocolVersionGrpc); // version 11
+        byte[] buffer = Concat(header, BuildRow(t1, "Alarm.Set", []), BuildRow(t2, "Alarm.Clear", []));
+        IReadOnlyList<HistorianEvent> events = HistorianEventRowProtocol.Parse(buffer);
+
+        Assert.Equal(2, events.Count);
+        Assert.Equal("Alarm.Set", events[0].Type);
+        Assert.Equal(t1, events[0].EventTimeUtc);
+        Assert.Equal("Alarm.Clear", events[1].Type);
+        Assert.Equal(t2, events[1].EventTimeUtc);
+    }
+
+    // Verification against the PROVIDED 2023 R2 client: parse the real GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer
+    // result the stock client received (50 events), proving our read path decodes genuine gRPC event
+    // data. The capture carries customer identity so it is gitignored — point HISTORIAN_EVENT_CAPTURE_NDJSON
+    // at the captured ndjson to run; the test skips cleanly otherwise (no fixture committed).
+    [Fact]
+    public void Parse_RealStockClientCapture_DecodesAllEvents()
+    {
+        string? ndjson = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_EVENT_CAPTURE_NDJSON");
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(ndjson) || !File.Exists(ndjson))
+        {
+            return; // gated: no capture available
+        }
+
+        byte[]? resultBuffer = null;
+        foreach (string line in File.ReadLines(ndjson))
+        {
+            if (!line.Contains("GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer.result.out")) continue;
+            int i = line.IndexOf("\"Base64\":\"", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+            if (i < 0) continue;
+            i += "\"Base64\":\"".Length;
+            int j = line.IndexOf('"', i);
+            resultBuffer = Convert.FromBase64String(line.Substring(i, j - i));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        Assert.NotNull(resultBuffer);
+        ushort version = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt16LittleEndian(resultBuffer.AsSpan(0, 2));
+        uint rowCount = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(resultBuffer.AsSpan(2, 4));
+        Assert.Equal(HistorianEventRowProtocol.EventRowProtocolVersionGrpc, version); // real gRPC buffer is v11
+
+        IReadOnlyList<HistorianEvent> events = HistorianEventRowProtocol.Parse(resultBuffer);
+
+        // Our parser decodes every row the stock client received.
+        Assert.Equal((int)rowCount, events.Count);
+        Assert.All(events, e =>
+        {
+            Assert.False(string.IsNullOrEmpty(e.Type));
+            Assert.NotEqual(default, e.EventTimeUtc);
+        });
+        // Sanitized cross-check: only the generic AVEVA event types (no customer fields asserted).
+        Assert.All(events, e => Assert.Contains(e.Type, new[] { "Alarm.Set", "Alarm.Clear" }));
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public void Parse_UnknownTypeMarker_KeepsRawBytesInPropertyBag()
     {
@@ -120,11 +183,15 @@ public sealed class HistorianEventRowProtocolTests
         Assert.Equal("Alarm.Set", events[0].Type);
     }
 
-    private static byte[] BuildHeader(uint rowCount)
+    private static byte[] BuildHeader(uint rowCount) => BuildHeader(rowCount, HistorianEventRowProtocol.EventRowProtocolVersion);
+
+    private static byte[] BuildHeader(uint rowCount, ushort version)
     {
-        byte[] header = new byte[6];
+        // version(2) + rowCount(4) + the single buffer-level header field (0x1E). Rows are markerless.
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(header.AsSpan(0, 2), HistorianEventRowProtocol.EventRowProtocolVersion);
+        byte[] header = new byte[10];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(header.AsSpan(0, 2), version);
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(header.AsSpan(2, 4), rowCount);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(header.AsSpan(6, 4), HistorianEventRowProtocol.BufferHeaderField);
         return header;
     }
 
@@ -141,13 +208,13 @@ public sealed class HistorianEventRowProtocolTests
             propertyBlockSize += propertyBlocks[i].Length;
         }
 
-        byte[] row = new byte[4 + 2 + 8 + 16 + eventTypeBytes.Length + 2 + propertyBlockSize];
+        // Markerless row: rowFormat(2) + filetime(8) + 8×UInt16 slots(16) + type + propCount + props.
+        byte[] row = new byte[2 + 8 + 16 + eventTypeBytes.Length + 2 + propertyBlockSize];
         Span<byte> span = row;
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(span[..4], HistorianEventRowProtocol.RowMarker);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(span[..2], HistorianEventRowProtocol.RowFormat);
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(span.Slice(4, 2), HistorianEventRowProtocol.RowFormatV9);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt64LittleEndian(span.Slice(2, 8), eventTimeUtc.ToFileTimeUtc());
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt64LittleEndian(span.Slice(6, 8), eventTimeUtc.ToFileTimeUtc());
         // 16 bytes of zeroed slot ushorts left as-is.
-        int eventTypeOffset = 4 + 2 + 8 + 16;
+        int eventTypeOffset = 2 + 8 + 16;
         eventTypeBytes.CopyTo(span[eventTypeOffset..]);
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(span.Slice(eventTypeOffset + eventTypeBytes.Length, 2), propertyCount);
         int cursor = eventTypeOffset + eventTypeBytes.Length + 2;

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/HistorianEventSessionRoundTripTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Grpc;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Models;
+using Xunit.Abstractions;
+
+namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Live end-to-end round-trip for <see cref="HistorianEventSession"/> (the v8 EVENT sibling of
+/// <see cref="HistorianSessionRoundTripTests"/>): open ONE reusable event session, SendEvent on it
+/// TWICE (no re-handshake/re-register between sends), ping once, dispose. Env-gated exactly like
+/// <see cref="EventSessionReuseSpikeTests"/> (silent early-return skip without HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST +
+/// HISTORIAN_USER + HISTORIAN_PASSWORD + HISTORIAN_EVENT_SANDBOX_TAG). Every send targets the sandbox
+/// identity ONLY (carried as the event SourceName/Type), never a production tag.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class HistorianEventSessionRoundTripTests
+{
+    private readonly ITestOutputHelper _output;
+
+    public HistorianEventSessionRoundTripTests(ITestOutputHelper output) => _output = output;
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task EventSession_SendTwicePing_AllOnOneSession()
+    {
+        string? host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST");
+        string? sandboxTag = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_EVENT_SANDBOX_TAG");
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(host) || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(sandboxTag)
+            || string.IsNullOrEmpty(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_USER"))
+            || string.IsNullOrEmpty(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_PASSWORD")))
+        {
+            return; // skip — env not configured
+        }
+
+        HistorianClientOptions options = BuildOptions(host);
+        await using var client = new HistorianClient(options);
+        await using HistorianEventSession session = await client.OpenEventSessionAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        // 1) send TWICE on the SAME (open + CM_EVENT-registered) session — the 2nd skips ECDH+register.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+        {
+            bool sent = await session.SendEventAsync(BuildSandboxEvent(sandboxTag, attempt: i), CancellationToken.None);
+            _output.WriteLine($"{i + 1}) reused-send[{i}] -> ok={sent}");
+            Assert.True(sent, $"reused v8 Event session send[{i}] should be accepted (AddStreamValues BSuccess).");
+        }
+
+        // 2) ping on the SAME session — must not throw.
+        await session.PingAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+        _output.WriteLine("3) ping -> ok");
+
+        // 3) prove the keepalive op actually RETURNS DATA on the v8 Event handle (not just no-throw):
+        // issue the same underlying GetSystemParameter the ping uses, directly against the event
+        // session's connection + ClientHandle, and assert it yields a non-empty value.
+        string? keepalive = HistorianGrpcStatusClient.GetSystemParameterOnSession(
+            session.Connection, session.Session.ClientHandle, options, "HistorianVersion", CancellationToken.None);
+        Assert.False(string.IsNullOrEmpty(keepalive));
+        _output.WriteLine($"4) keepalive GetSystemParameter on event handle -> '{keepalive}'");
+
+        _output.WriteLine("event-session round-trip OK (two sends + ping + verified keepalive on one session)");
+    }
+
+    // Build a send event that targets the sandbox identity ONLY (mirrors EventSessionReuseSpikeTests.
+    // BuildSandboxEvent): the CM_EVENT send buffer carries no per-tag routing field, so the sandbox tag
+    // NAME is stamped into SourceName + Type + a marker Property so the appended event is unambiguously
+    // attributable to the sandbox — never a production tag. A fresh Id/timestamps per attempt.
+    private static HistorianEvent BuildSandboxEvent(string sandboxTag, int attempt)
+    {
+        DateTime now = DateTime.UtcNow;
+        return new HistorianEvent(
+            Id: Guid.NewGuid(),
+            EventTimeUtc: now.AddSeconds(-attempt),
+            ReceivedTimeUtc: now,
+            Type: sandboxTag,
+            SourceName: sandboxTag,
+            Namespace: "HistGW.EventSessionRoundTrip",
+            RevisionVersion: 0,
+            Properties: new Dictionary<string, object?>
+            {
+                ["RoundTripAttempt"] = attempt.ToString(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+                ["RoundTripMarker"] = "B1-event-session-roundtrip",
+            });
+    }
+
+    // verbatim copy of BuildOptions from HistorianSessionRoundTripTests / EventSessionReuseSpikeTests
+    private static HistorianClientOptions BuildOptions(string host)
+    {
+        string? user = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_USER");
+        string? password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_PASSWORD");
+        bool explicitCreds = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(user);
+        int port = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_PORT"), out int parsed)
+            ? parsed
+            : HistorianClientOptions.DefaultGrpcPort;
+        bool tls = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_TLS"), "true", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        TimeSpan timeout = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_TIMEOUT"), out int secs) && secs > 0
+            ? TimeSpan.FromSeconds(secs)
+            : new HistorianClientOptions { Host = host }.RequestTimeout;
+
+        return new HistorianClientOptions
+        {
+            Host = host,
+            Port = port,
+            Transport = HistorianTransport.RemoteGrpc,
+            GrpcUseTls = tls,
+            AllowUntrustedServerCertificate = tls,
+            ServerDnsIdentity = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_DNSID"),
+            IntegratedSecurity = !explicitCreds,
+            UserName = user ?? string.Empty,
+            Password = password ?? string.Empty,
+            RequestTimeout = timeout,
+            Compression = true
+        };
+    }
+}

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/HistorianGrpcIntegrationTests.cs

@@ -233,6 +233,37 @@ public sealed class HistorianGrpcIntegrationTests
         Assert.Contains(samples, s => s.NumericValue is { } v && Math.Abs(v - expected) < 0.01);
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task SendEventAsync_OverGrpc_AcceptsEvent()
+    {
+        string? host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST");
+        // Gated additionally on a dedicated opt-in so this WRITE test never runs by accident — it
+        // appends a clearly-marked test event to the server's event history. Captured 2026-06-23:
+        // the gRPC event send rides HistoryService.AddStreamValues with the same "OS" buffer the WCF
+        // path uses (HistorianEventWriteProtocol), on a v8 Event session + CM_EVENT registration.
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(host)
+            || string.IsNullOrEmpty(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_USER"))
+            || Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_EVENT_SEND") is null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        HistorianClient client = new(BuildOptions(host));
+
+        var evt = new HistorianEvent(
+            Id: Guid.NewGuid(),
+            EventTimeUtc: DateTime.UtcNow,
+            ReceivedTimeUtc: DateTime.UtcNow,
+            Type: "SdkSendProbe",
+            SourceName: "SdkSendProbe",
+            Namespace: "SdkCapture",
+            RevisionVersion: 0,
+            Properties: new Dictionary<string, object?> { ["SdkProbeProp"] = "SdkProbeValue" });
+
+        bool sent = await client.SendEventAsync(evt, CancellationToken.None);
+        Assert.True(sent, "gRPC SendEvent should be accepted by the server (AddStreamValues BSuccess).");
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public async Task ReadAggregateAsync_OverGrpc_ReturnsTimeWeightedAverageRows()
     {
@@ -546,7 +577,7 @@ public sealed class HistorianGrpcIntegrationTests
         }
 
         throw new Xunit.Sdk.XunitException(
-            $"[DIAG] outcome={outcome} | events={events.Count} | LastResultLen={orch.LastResultBufferLength} " +
+            $"[DIAG] channel={orch.EventChannelMode} outcome={outcome} | events={events.Count} | LastResultLen={orch.LastResultBufferLength} " +
             $"| ResultHex={orch.LastResultBufferHex} | Reg=[{orch.RegistrationDiag}] " +
             $"| v8open={AVEVA.Historian.Client.Grpc.HistorianGrpcHandshake.LastEventOpenRequestHex}");
     }

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/HistorianServerVersionGateTests.cs

@@ -71,8 +71,9 @@ public sealed class HistorianServerVersionGateTests
     [Fact]
     public void Validate_VerificationDisabled_NeverThrows()
     {
-        // A wildly wrong version is tolerated when the operator opts out (e.g. bringing up a
+        // A wildly wrong version is tolerated when the operator opts out. The 2023 R2 gRPC
-        // 2023 R2 gRPC server whose reported integers have not yet been captured).
+        // integers are now captured live (see docs/reverse-engineering/grpc-interface-versions.md)
+        // and all accepted; this opt-out is a safety valve for some future, not-yet-captured value.
         HistorianServerVersionGate.Validate(HistorianServiceInterface.History, 999u, Options(verify: false));
         HistorianServerVersionGate.Validate(HistorianServiceInterface.Retrieval, 0u, Options(verify: false));
     }

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/HistorianSessionRoundTripTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Models;
+using Xunit.Abstractions;
+
+namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Live end-to-end round-trip for <see cref="HistorianSession"/>: open → write → read → status →
+/// ping → dispose — ALL on ONE reused session (no re-handshake). Env-gated exactly like
+/// <see cref="HandshakeReuseSpikeTests"/> (silent skip without HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST +
+/// HISTORIAN_WRITE_SANDBOX_TAG + HISTORIAN_USER). Bounded write to the sandbox tag only.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class HistorianSessionRoundTripTests
+{
+    private readonly ITestOutputHelper _output;
+
+    public HistorianSessionRoundTripTests(ITestOutputHelper output) => _output = output;
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Session_WriteReadStatusPing_AllOnOneSession()
+    {
+        string? host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST");
+        string? sandboxTag = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WRITE_SANDBOX_TAG");
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(host) || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(sandboxTag)
+            || string.IsNullOrEmpty(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_USER")))
+        {
+            return; // skip — env not configured
+        }
+
+        HistorianClientOptions options = BuildOptions(host);
+        await using var client = new HistorianClient(options);
+        await using HistorianSession session = await client.OpenSessionAsync(HistorianSessionKind.WriteEnabled, CancellationToken.None);
+
+        // 1) write on the session
+        bool wrote = await session.AddHistoricalValuesAsync(sandboxTag,
+            new[] { new HistorianHistoricalValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 42.0, OpcQuality: 192) },
+            CancellationToken.None);
+        Assert.True(wrote);
+        _output.WriteLine("1) write -> ok");
+
+        // 2) read on the SAME session
+        DateTime end = DateTime.UtcNow, start = end - TimeSpan.FromDays(7);
+        var rows = new List<HistorianSample>();
+        await foreach (HistorianSample s in session.ReadRawAsync(sandboxTag, start, end, 8, CancellationToken.None))
+            rows.Add(s);
+        _output.WriteLine($"2) session read rows={rows.Count}");
+        Assert.NotEmpty(rows);
+
+        // 3) status + ping on the SAME session
+        string? version = await session.GetSystemParameterAsync("HistorianVersion", CancellationToken.None);
+        Assert.False(string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(version));
+        _output.WriteLine($"3) HistorianVersion={version}");
+
+        await session.PingAsync(CancellationToken.None); // must not throw
+        _output.WriteLine("4) ping -> ok");
+
+        // 5) metadata + browse on the SAME session (no re-handshake)
+        HistorianTagMetadata? meta = await session.GetTagMetadataAsync(sandboxTag, CancellationToken.None);
+        Assert.NotNull(meta);
+        _output.WriteLine("5) metadata -> ok");
+
+        List<string> browsed = [];
+        await foreach (string n in session.BrowseTagNamesAsync("*", CancellationToken.None))
+        {
+            browsed.Add(n);
+            if (browsed.Count >= 5) break;
+        }
+        Assert.NotEmpty(browsed);
+        _output.WriteLine($"6) browse rows={browsed.Count}");
+
+        _output.WriteLine("session round-trip OK (write+read+status+ping+metadata+browse on one session)");
+    }
+
+    // verbatim copy of BuildOptions from HandshakeReuseSpikeTests
+    private static HistorianClientOptions BuildOptions(string host)
+    {
+        string? user = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_USER");
+        string? password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_PASSWORD");
+        bool explicitCreds = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(user);
+        int port = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_PORT"), out int parsed)
+            ? parsed
+            : HistorianClientOptions.DefaultGrpcPort;
+        bool tls = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_TLS"), "true", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        TimeSpan timeout = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_TIMEOUT"), out int secs) && secs > 0
+            ? TimeSpan.FromSeconds(secs)
+            : new HistorianClientOptions { Host = host }.RequestTimeout;
+
+        return new HistorianClientOptions
+        {
+            Host = host,
+            Port = port,
+            Transport = HistorianTransport.RemoteGrpc,
+            GrpcUseTls = tls,
+            AllowUntrustedServerCertificate = tls,
+            ServerDnsIdentity = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_DNSID"),
+            IntegratedSecurity = !explicitCreds,
+            UserName = user ?? string.Empty,
+            Password = password ?? string.Empty,
+            RequestTimeout = timeout,
+            Compression = true
+        };
+    }
+}

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/HistorianTagWriteProtocolTests.cs

@@ -62,6 +62,21 @@ public sealed class HistorianTagWriteProtocolTests
         + "09120052657465737453646B5772697465496E7432"
         + "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"
         + "09180053444B2077726974652D52452073616E64626F78207461670904004D44415302010100000001E8030000549B0E36EDDBDC011A030904007465737410270000000000000000F03FFE00")]
+    // Int8/UInt8 (H1 un-gate): prefix is the captured Double buffer; only the data-type code byte differs.
+    [InlineData(
+        AVEVA.Historian.Client.Models.HistorianDataType.Int8,
+        "RetestSdkWriteDouble", 0x01dcdbed24988f3aL,
+        "4E6703000100000004C6021900000000000000000000000000000000"
+        + "09140052657465737453646B5772697465446F75626C65"
+        + "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"
+        + "09180053444B2077726974652D52452073616E64626F78207461670904004D44415302010100000001E80300003A8F9824EDDBDC011A030904007465737410270000000000000000F03FFE00")]
+    [InlineData(
+        AVEVA.Historian.Client.Models.HistorianDataType.UInt8,
+        "RetestSdkWriteDouble", 0x01dcdbed24988f3aL,
+        "4E6703000100000004C6023900000000000000000000000000000000"
+        + "09140052657465737453646B5772697465446F75626C65"
+        + "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"
+        + "09180053444B2077726974652D52452073616E64626F78207461670904004D44415302010100000001E80300003A8F9824EDDBDC011A030904007465737410270000000000000000F03FFE00")]
     public void SerializeAnalogCTagMetadata_PerDataType_MatchesCapturedNativeBytes(
         AVEVA.Historian.Client.Models.HistorianDataType dataType,
         string tagName,
@@ -249,6 +264,9 @@ public sealed class HistorianTagWriteProtocolTests
             () => HistorianTagWriteProtocol.GetAnalogDataTypeCode(AVEVA.Historian.Client.Models.HistorianDataType.SingleByteString));
         Assert.Throws<ProtocolEvidenceMissingException>(
             () => HistorianTagWriteProtocol.GetAnalogDataTypeCode(AVEVA.Historian.Client.Models.HistorianDataType.Int1));
+        // UInt1 re-gated: historian creates a degenerate UInt1 analog tag (null type descriptor) — see pending notes.
+        Assert.Throws<ProtocolEvidenceMissingException>(
+            () => HistorianTagWriteProtocol.GetAnalogDataTypeCode(AVEVA.Historian.Client.Models.HistorianDataType.UInt1));
     }
 
     [Fact]

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/TagClientOnSessionSeamTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+using System.Reflection;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Grpc;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests;
+
+public class TagClientOnSessionSeamTests
+{
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("BrowseTagNamesOnSession")]
+    [InlineData("GetTagInfosRawOnSession")]
+    [InlineData("GetTagMetadataOnSession")]
+    public void TagClient_ExposesOnSessionSeam(string name)
+    {
+        MethodInfo? m = typeof(HistorianGrpcTagClient).GetMethod(
+            name, BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public);
+        Assert.NotNull(m);
+        ParameterInfo[] ps = m!.GetParameters();
+        Assert.Equal("HistorianGrpcConnection", ps[0].ParameterType.Name);
+        Assert.Equal("Session", ps[1].ParameterType.Name);
+    }
+}

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/WcfEventReadSpikeTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Models;
+using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Wcf;
+using Xunit.Abstractions;
+
+namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests;
+
+/// <remarks>
+/// C2 live diagnostic spike (pending.md C2): does the managed WCF event-read path return rows
+/// against an event-bearing 2023 R2 historian? gRPC event reads are a proven server-side dead-end
+/// (docs/reverse-engineering/grpc-event-query-capture.md); the WCF transport is C2's only listed
+/// unblock but is itself unproven (the orchestrator documents native code 76 / 85 on this server).
+///
+/// Drives <see cref="HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator"/> directly over RemoteTcpIntegrated and dumps the
+/// full native chain. It NEVER fails the suite (skip+log diagnostic) and is inert off Windows — the
+/// GREEN/RED call is by reading the printed "events observed" count + native return codes.
+///
+/// Gated by <c>HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_HOST</c> (independent of the gRPC live vars so it never runs by
+/// accident). Optional: <c>HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_PORT</c> (default 32568), <c>HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_USER</c>
+/// + <c>HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_PASSWORD</c> (absent =&gt; IntegratedSecurity), <c>HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_SPN</c>
+/// (Kerberos SPN override; the default is the LocalPipe identity and will not authenticate remotely),
+/// <c>HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_DAYS</c> (lookback window, default 90 — the live event store held 71,332
+/// events in -90d).
+///
+/// Run from the Windows capture rig over VPN:
+///   dotnet test --filter "FullyQualifiedName~WcfEventReadSpike" -l "console;verbosity=detailed"
+/// </remarks>
+[SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
+public sealed class WcfEventReadSpikeTests
+{
+    private readonly ITestOutputHelper _output;
+
+    public WcfEventReadSpikeTests(ITestOutputHelper output) => _output = output;
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task WcfEventRead_DiagnosticDump_AgainstRemoteHistorian()
+    {
+        string? host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_HOST");
+        bool certificate = string.Equals(
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_TRANSPORT"), "certificate", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        // The certificate (TLS) transport and NegotiateAuthentication-based app auth are cross-platform;
+        // the integrated (Windows SSPI transport-security) transport is Windows-only. Skip when the gate
+        // is unconfigured, or when an integrated run is requested off Windows.
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(host) || (!certificate && !OperatingSystem.IsWindows()))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        int port = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_PORT"), out int p)
+            ? p : HistorianClientOptions.DefaultPort; // 32568
+        int days = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_DAYS"), out int d)
+            ? d : 90;
+        string? user = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_USER");
+        string? password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_PASSWORD");
+        string? spn = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_SPN");
+        string? dnsId = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_DNSID");
+        string? via = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_VIA");
+        bool bypassVersion = string.Equals(
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_NOVERSIONCHECK"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        int timeoutSec = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_TIMEOUT_SEC"), out int ts) && ts > 0
+            ? ts : 30;
+        string? connModeRaw = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_CONNMODE");
+        uint? connModeOverride = null;
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(connModeRaw))
+        {
+            string hex = connModeRaw.StartsWith("0x", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ? connModeRaw[2..] : connModeRaw;
+            if (uint.TryParse(hex, System.Globalization.NumberStyles.HexNumber, null, out uint cm)) { connModeOverride = cm; }
+        }
+        bool allowUntrusted = string.Equals(
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_ALLOW_UNTRUSTED"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        // Certificate transport carries no Windows transport credential (cert-validated TLS channel);
+        // integrated derives one from the logged-in identity unless an explicit DOMAIN\user is supplied.
+        // App-level ValidateClientCredential still uses UserName/Password (or the process identity).
+        bool integrated = !certificate && string.IsNullOrEmpty(user);
+
+        HistorianClientOptions options = new()
+        {
+            Host = host,
+            Port = port,
+            Transport = certificate ? HistorianTransport.RemoteTcpCertificate : HistorianTransport.RemoteTcpIntegrated,
+            IntegratedSecurity = integrated,
+            UserName = user ?? string.Empty,
+            Password = password ?? string.Empty,
+            TargetSpn = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(spn) ? "NT SERVICE\\aahClientAccessPoint" : spn,
+            ServerDnsIdentity = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(dnsId) ? null : dnsId,
+            AllowUntrustedServerCertificate = allowUntrusted,
+            ConnectViaAddress = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(via) ? null : via,
+            VerifyServerInterfaceVersion = !bypassVersion,
+            ConnectTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutSec),
+            RequestTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutSec),
+            EventReadConnectionModeOverride = connModeOverride,
+        };
+
+        HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator orchestrator = new(options);
+        DateTime endUtc = DateTime.UtcNow;
+        DateTime startUtc = endUtc - TimeSpan.FromDays(days);
+
+        int budgetSec = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_BUDGET_SEC"), out int bgs) && bgs > 0
+            ? bgs : 60;
+
+        int observed = 0;
+        bool hasFirstEvent = false;
+        string outcome = "completed";
+        try
+        {
+            // Race the read against an overall budget. The chain is synchronous WCF, so a stuck call
+            // can't be token-cancelled — but the orchestrator's static/instance diagnostics are set as it
+            // progresses, so on a budget timeout we still dump them to see which phase (auth / CM_EVENT
+            // registration / query) is hanging. The abandoned task keeps running in the background harness.
+            using var budget = new CancellationTokenSource(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(budgetSec));
+            Task<int> readTask = Task.Run(async () =>
+            {
+                int n = 0;
+                await foreach (HistorianEvent evt in orchestrator.ReadEventsAsync(startUtc, endUtc, filter: null, budget.Token))
+                {
+                    n++;
+                    _ = evt; // event identity intentionally NOT logged (sanitized)
+                }
+                return n;
+            });
+
+            Task finished = await Task.WhenAny(readTask, Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(budgetSec + 5)));
+            if (finished == readTask)
+            {
+                observed = await readTask;
+                hasFirstEvent = observed > 0;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                outcome = $"TIMED OUT after {budgetSec}s (chain still running — see return codes for phase reached)";
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            // Default: type name only (sanitized). Opt into messages for live binding/protocol debugging
+            // via HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_VERBOSE=1 — binding/protocol errors may carry the endpoint host
+            // (already known to the operator) but never credentials; still off by default.
+            outcome = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_VERBOSE"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal)
+                ? $"threw {ex.GetType().FullName} :: {ex.Message} | inner={ex.InnerException?.GetType().FullName} :: {ex.InnerException?.Message}"
+                : $"threw {ex.GetType().Name}";
+        }
+
+        // Sanitized diagnostic dump — counts, native return codes, buffer lengths, sha256 ONLY.
+        _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] transport:                {options.Transport} (integratedSec={integrated}, allowUntrusted={allowUntrusted}, connMode={(connModeOverride.HasValue ? "0x" + connModeOverride.Value.ToString("X") : "default-0x402")})");
+        _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] outcome:                  {outcome}");
+        _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] events observed:          {observed}");
+        _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] hasFirstEvent:            {hasFirstEvent}");
+        _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] LastUpdC3ReturnCode:      {HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator.LastUpdC3ReturnCode}");
+        _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] LastRTag2ReturnCode:      {HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator.LastRTag2ReturnCode}");
+        _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] LastAddReturnCode(EnsT2): {HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator.LastAddReturnCode}");
+        _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] LastAddOutputLength:      {HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator.LastAddOutputLength}");
+        _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] LastEnsT2PayloadSha256:   {HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator.LastEnsT2PayloadSha256}");
+        _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] LastResultBufferLength:   {orchestrator.LastResultBufferLength}");
+        // Contract-safe: LastErrorBufferDescription is DescribeNativeError's STRUCTURED formatting of the
+        // 5-byte native error buffer ("type=N code=M (0xHEX)" / "<short>") — never freeform server text,
+        // FQDN, SPN, or credentials. The code value (e.g. 76 / 85) is the RED-case signal this spike exists
+        // to capture, so it is dumped in full rather than reduced to a length.
+        _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] LastErrorBufferDescription: {orchestrator.LastErrorBufferDescription}");
+        _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] window days:              {days}");
+
+        // Diagnostic: NEVER fails the suite. GREEN = observed > 0; RED = observed == 0 (read the output).
+        Assert.True(observed >= 0, "diagnostic always passes; the GREEN/RED signal is the printed count");
+    }
+}

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/WcfHistoricalWriteProtocolTests.cs

@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@ public sealed class WcfHistoricalWriteProtocolTests
         "4f4e0100380000002e00" + "ca9735f7f841b244b56f9c14ccfeac32" + "b09bc72fd701dd01" + "c000" + "c0100100" + "104b59f3e701dd01" + "0000000039300000")]
     [InlineData(HistorianDataType.UInt4, 305419896d,
         "4f4e0100380000002e00" + "e7ae22d8e4cc65439ebd8bcb09402974" + "602d6663d701dd01" + "c000" + "c0100100" + "498af726e801dd01" + "0000000078563412")]
+    // Int8/UInt8 (H1 un-gate): prefix is the captured Double buffer; only the value bytes differ. Live round-trip confirms (gateway HistorianTypeRoundTripTests).
+    [InlineData(HistorianDataType.Int8, 100000d,
+        "4f4e01003c0000003200" + "7f970bb0b5a7344bb7bf6899ff06d027" + "c07d5f23d701dd01" + "c000" + "c0100100" + "08eff1e6e701dd01" + "00000000a086010000000000")]
+    [InlineData(HistorianDataType.UInt8, 100001d,
+        "4f4e01003c0000003200" + "7f970bb0b5a7344bb7bf6899ff06d027" + "c07d5f23d701dd01" + "c000" + "c0100100" + "08eff1e6e701dd01" + "00000000a186010000000000")]
     public void SerializeAddStreamValuesBuffer_MatchesCapturedNativeBuffer(HistorianDataType dataType, double value, string capturedHex)
     {
         byte[] captured = Convert.FromHexString(capturedHex);
@@ -47,6 +52,10 @@ public sealed class WcfHistoricalWriteProtocolTests
         Assert.Throws<ProtocolEvidenceMissingException>(() =>
             HistorianHistoricalWriteProtocol.SerializeAddStreamValuesBuffer(
                 Guid.NewGuid(), HistorianDataType.SingleByteString, DateTime.UtcNow, 1.0, DateTime.UtcNow));
+        // UInt1 re-gated: historian creates a degenerate UInt1 analog tag (null type descriptor) — see pending notes.
+        Assert.Throws<ProtocolEvidenceMissingException>(() =>
+            HistorianHistoricalWriteProtocol.SerializeAddStreamValuesBuffer(
+                Guid.NewGuid(), HistorianDataType.UInt1, DateTime.UtcNow, 1.0, DateTime.UtcNow));
     }
 
     [Fact]

tools/AVEVA.Historian.Grpc2023CaptureHarness/Program.cs

@@ -92,8 +92,10 @@ namespace AVEVA.Historian.Grpc2023CaptureHarness
                     return DeleteTag(managedDll, args);
                 case "capture-event":
                     return CaptureEvent(managedDll, args);
+                case "capture-send-event":
+                    return CaptureSendEvent(managedDll, args);
                 default:
-                    Console.Error.WriteLine($"Unknown scenario '{scenario}'. Supported: load-check, connect, capture-write, delete-tag, capture-event.");
+                    Console.Error.WriteLine($"Unknown scenario '{scenario}'. Supported: load-check, connect, capture-write, delete-tag, capture-event, capture-send-event.");
                     return 1;
             }
         }
@@ -603,6 +605,132 @@ namespace AVEVA.Historian.Grpc2023CaptureHarness
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Drives the native 2023 R2 client through an event SEND so the IL-rewritten GrpcClient dumps
+        /// the AddStreamValues.btValues (the event VTQ storage-sample buffer — resolves whether a gRPC
+        /// event send uses the "OS" or "ON" outer signature) AND the Event-connection EnsureTags.btTagInfos
+        /// (the 83-vs-86-byte CM_EVENT registration byte-diff). Opens a WRITE-ENABLED Event connection,
+        /// builds a clearly-marked test HistorianEvent, calls AddStreamedValue, then CloseConnection to
+        /// flush the queued event onto the wire. WRITES a real test event into the server's event history.
+        /// Run with --grpc-rewrite pointing at the instrumented copy and AVEVA_HISTORIAN_RE_CAPTURE set.
+        /// Usage: capture-send-event [--server <host>] [--port 32565] [--cert <host>]
+        ///        [--event-type SdkCaptureProbe] [--flush-seconds 6]
+        /// </summary>
+        private static int CaptureSendEvent(string managedDll, string[] args)
+        {
+            Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom(managedDll);
+            Type accessType = Req(asm, "ArchestrA.HistorianAccess");
+            Type connArgsType = Req(asm, "ArchestrA.HistorianConnectionArgs");
+            Type connModeType = Req(asm, "ArchestrA.HistorianConnectionMode");
+            Type connTypeType = Req(asm, "ArchestrA.HistorianConnectionType");
+            Type errorType = Req(asm, "ArchestrA.HistorianAccessError");
+            Type eventType = Req(asm, "ArchestrA.HistorianEvent");
+            Type propTypeEnum = Req(asm, "ArchestrA.HistorianEventPropertyType");
+            Type certInfoType = Req(asm, "ArchestrA.CertificateInfo");
+            Type secModeType = Req(asm, "ArchestrA.HistorianSecurityMode");
+
+            string server = GetOption(args, "--server") ?? Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_GRPC_HOST") ?? "localhost";
+            int port = int.TryParse(GetOption(args, "--port"), out int p) ? p : 32565;
+            string certName = GetOption(args, "--cert") ?? server;
+            string evtTypeName = GetOption(args, "--event-type") ?? "SdkCaptureProbe";
+            int flushSeconds = int.TryParse(GetOption(args, "--flush-seconds"), out int fs) ? fs : 6;
+            string? user = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_USER");
+            string? password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_PASSWORD");
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(user))
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine("Set HISTORIAN_USER/HISTORIAN_PASSWORD.");
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("AVEVA_HISTORIAN_RE_CAPTURE")))
+            {
+                string defaultCap = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(
+                    "artifacts", "reverse-engineering", "grpc-event-capture", "send-event-capture.ndjson"));
+                Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("AVEVA_HISTORIAN_RE_CAPTURE", defaultCap);
+            }
+            Console.WriteLine($"Capture sink: {Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("AVEVA_HISTORIAN_RE_CAPTURE")}");
+
+            object connArgs = Activator.CreateInstance(connArgsType)!;
+            SetProp(connArgs, "ServerName", server);
+            SetProp(connArgs, "TcpPort", checked((ushort)port));
+            SetProp(connArgs, "ConnectionMode", Enum.Parse(connModeType, "Historian"));
+            SetProp(connArgs, "ConnectionType", Enum.Parse(connTypeType, "Event")); // EVENT connection
+            SetProp(connArgs, "ReadOnly", false);                                   // WRITE-enabled
+            SetProp(connArgs, "IntegratedSecurity", false);
+            SetProp(connArgs, "AllowUnTrustedConnection", true);
+            SetProp(connArgs, "UserName", user);
+            SetProp(connArgs, "Password", password ?? string.Empty);
+            object certInfo = Activator.CreateInstance(certInfoType)!;
+            TrySetProp(certInfo, "CertificateName", certName);
+            TrySetProp(certInfo, "SecurityMode", Enum.Parse(secModeType, "TransportCertificate"));
+            TrySetProp(connArgs, "SecurityInfo", certInfo);
+
+            object access = Activator.CreateInstance(accessType)!;
+            object?[] openArgs = { connArgs, Activator.CreateInstance(errorType) };
+            Console.WriteLine($"OpenConnection: server={server} port={port} type=Event readonly=false");
+            bool opened;
+            try
+            {
+                opened = (bool)accessType.GetMethod("OpenConnection", new[] { connArgsType, errorType.MakeByRefType() })!
+                    .Invoke(access, openArgs)!;
+            }
+            catch (TargetInvocationException tie)
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine($"OpenConnection threw: {tie.InnerException?.GetType().Name}: {tie.InnerException?.Message}");
+                return 2;
+            }
+            Console.WriteLine($"OpenConnection returned: {opened} err={DescribeError(openArgs[1])}");
+            if (!opened) { return 2; }
+
+            try
+            {
+                // Build a clearly-marked test event. Required: Type (≤32 chars), Id, EventTime.
+                object evt = Activator.CreateInstance(eventType)!;
+                SetProp(evt, "Type", evtTypeName);
+                TrySetProp(evt, "Id", Guid.NewGuid());
+                TrySetProp(evt, "EventTime", DateTime.SpecifyKind(DateTime.UtcNow, DateTimeKind.Utc));
+                TrySetProp(evt, "Namespace", "SdkCapture");
+                TrySetProp(evt, "Source", "SdkCaptureProbe");
+
+                // One string property to exercise the property-bag framing.
+                MethodInfo? addProp = eventType.GetMethods().FirstOrDefault(m =>
+                    m.Name == "AddProperty" && m.GetParameters().Length == 4);
+                if (addProp != null)
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        object strEnum = Enum.Parse(propTypeEnum, "String", true);
+                        object?[] apArgs = { "SdkProbeProp", "SdkProbeValue", strEnum, Activator.CreateInstance(errorType) };
+                        addProp.Invoke(evt, apArgs);
+                        Console.WriteLine($"AddProperty: err={DescribeError(apArgs[3])}");
+                    }
+                    catch (Exception ex) { Console.WriteLine($"AddProperty skipped: {ex.GetType().Name}"); }
+                }
+
+                MethodInfo addStreamed = accessType.GetMethods().First(m =>
+                    m.Name == "AddStreamedValue" && m.GetParameters().Length == 2
+                    && m.GetParameters()[0].ParameterType == eventType);
+                object?[] asArgs = { evt, Activator.CreateInstance(errorType) };
+                bool sent = (bool)addStreamed.Invoke(access, asArgs)!;
+                Console.WriteLine($"AddStreamedValue({evtTypeName}): {sent} err={DescribeError(asArgs[1])}");
+
+                // Let the native delivery queue flush the event onto the wire (AddStreamValues).
+                System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(flushSeconds * 1000);
+                Console.WriteLine(sent ? "CAPTURE-SEND-EVENT: AddStreamedValue accepted (buffer captured on flush)" : "CAPTURE-SEND-EVENT: AddStreamedValue rejected");
+                return sent ? 0 : 3;
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    // CloseConnection flushes any remaining queued values before teardown.
+                    MethodInfo? close = accessType.GetMethod("CloseConnection", new[] { errorType.MakeByRefType() });
+                    if (close != null) close.Invoke(access, new object?[] { Activator.CreateInstance(errorType) });
+                }
+                catch { /* best-effort */ }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Read-only gRPC connect probe: opens a 2023 R2 Historian (mode=Historian) connection via the
         /// native client and reports the resulting connection status. Proves the mixed-mode client can