Merge pull request 'feat(wcf): C2 spike + ConnectViaAddress/connmode — WCF transport viable, rows server-gated' (#1) from feat/c2-wcf-event-spike into main

Overturns the earlier wrong "WCF not served on 2023 R2" conclusion (that was a
test error: wrong port/transport for the reverse tunnel). Corrected: the cert
(TLS) transport + NegotiateAuthentication auth reach the 2023 R2 historian
cross-platform; the 0x501 event connection mode makes CM_EVENT RegisterTags
succeed; yet StartEventQuery returns a 0-row buffer + long-polls over a window
that has events. Registration and window ruled out -> the same server-side
per-connection row gate as gRPC. Event reads stay server-gated over BOTH
transports; not client-fixable. Evidence doc rewritten; gRPC + WCF orchestrator
gating messages corrected.

Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_012SDSQ3AcaXqPcBtDESBRii

docs/reverse-engineering/wcf-event-read-spike-results.md

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# WCF event-read spike — live result (2026-06-25/26): transport+auth viable, row-retrieval server-gated
+
+Settles the open question behind **C2** ("event reads over gRPC are gated; the only listed unblock is
+*route event reads via WCF*"). The gRPC event-read path is a proven server-side dead-end
+(`grpc-event-query-capture.md`: auth fully solved, every client-controllable layer byte-matched to the
+stock client, yet the server scopes 0 rows to our connection). This spike resolved the **WCF** leg.
+
+> **Correction to an earlier draft of this doc.** A first pass concluded "the 2023 R2 historian does not
+> serve the legacy WCF transport (connection reset at framing)." **That was a test error, not a server
+> fact.** It connected to the historian's real WCF port `32568` *directly* and used the Windows-integrated
+> transport. In this environment the historian is reached through a **reverse SSH tunnel** (local
+> `42568` → historian `32568`), and integrated/Kerberos auth does not work through that tunnel. The
+> socket-RST was the tunnel/transport mismatch, not an absent listener. Corrected below.
+
+## What was run
+
+A Windows-only-by-default, env-gated diagnostic (`tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/WcfEventReadSpikeTests.cs`)
+drives `HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator.ReadEventsAsync` directly. The decisive run was **cross-platform,
+direct** (no tunnel): from the VPN-holding host straight to the historian's real WCF endpoint
+`net.tcp://<historian>:32568/HistCert`, using the **certificate transport** (`RemoteTcpCertificate`,
+TLS, `AllowUntrustedServerCertificate`) and `NegotiateAuthentication` (cross-platform, explicit domain
+credentials). The SDK's interface-version gate was bypassed (`VerifyServerInterfaceVersion=false`) —
+the 2023 R2 WCF **History interface reports version 13** (this SDK's serializers target 11/12).
+
+## Result — transport+auth viable; row-retrieval server-gated (sanitized)
+
+Progression of the live errors as the addressing/transport was corrected:
+
+| attempt | error |
+|---|---|
+| direct `:32568`, integrated | `SocketException` "forcibly closed" (wrong port + transport for the tunnel) |
+| tunnel `:42568`, integrated | `ProtocolException` at the security UpgradeResponse (integrated can't negotiate through the tunnel) |
+| tunnel `:42568`, certificate | reached the WCF dispatcher → `AddressFilter` mismatch (tunnel rewrites the port) |
+| **direct `:32568`, certificate, cross-platform** | **past auth** → `ProtocolEvidenceMissingException`: History interface version **13** |
+| + `VerifyServerInterfaceVersion=false` | **full chain runs**; query returns a 10-byte **0-row** header, then `GetNext` long-polls |
+
+Connection-mode experiment (certificate transport, direct, version-bypassed, a 1-day window that holds
+events), comparing the native OpenConnection mode used for the event-read chain:
+
+| connMode | RegisterTags (RTag2) | EnsureTags (EnsT2) | result buffer | events |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| `0x501` (event) | **0 — success** | 1 (benign-false, as in the 2020 flow) | 10 bytes (0-row header) | **0** |
+| `0x401` (write) | 1 (fail) | 1 | 10 bytes | 0 |
+| `0x402` (read-only, default) | 1 (fail) | 1 | 10 bytes | 0 |
+
+## Conclusion
+
+1. **WCF transport + auth ARE viable on 2023 R2.** The certificate (TLS) transport negotiates and the
+   `NegotiateAuthentication` app-level handshake authenticates — **cross-platform** (proven from a
+   non-Windows VPN host). The earlier "WCF not served" conclusion was wrong. (Integrated/Windows
+   transport security is not usable through the reverse tunnel — `net.tcp` Kerberos does not tunnel.)
+2. **The event-read chain needs the `0x501` event connection mode.** With it, CM_EVENT `RegisterTags`
+   **succeeds** (it fails on `0x402`/`0x401`). `EnsureTags` returns false, but that is documented as
+   benign in the 2020 flow that *did* return rows.
+3. **Row retrieval is server-gated — same as gRPC.** Even with auth solved and `RegisterTags` succeeding,
+   over a window that holds events, `StartEventQuery` succeeds but `GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer` returns
+   a **0-row** header (10 bytes) and long-polls. Registration and window are ruled out as the cause; the
+   server simply does not scope event rows to a managed connection. This is the **identical** server-side
+   per-connection retrieval working-set gate proven for gRPC in `grpc-event-query-capture.md`.
+
+**Therefore event reads do not return rows on the 2023 R2 historian over either transport** — gRPC
+(retrieval-server-gated) and WCF (transport+auth work, but the same server-side row gate). The only
+remaining theoretical unblock is server-side (AVEVA exposing event-row retrieval to a managed
+connection) — not client-fixable. **C2 stays closed won't-fix**, for this (corrected) reason.
+
+## SDK additions from this investigation (retained, build-clean, golden where applicable)
+
+- `HistorianClientOptions.ConnectViaAddress` — WCF `Via` (connect to a tunnel/proxy while addressing the
+  SOAP `To` the real endpoint), so a port-forward whose local port differs from the server's real port
+  satisfies the server-side WCF AddressFilter.
+- `HistorianClientOptions.EventReadConnectionModeOverride` — diagnostic override of the event-read
+  OpenConnection mode (the `0x501` finding above).
+- The C2 spike is now transport-selectable (integrated|certificate), cross-platform for the cert
+  transport, bounded (per-call timeout + overall budget with a phase-diagnostic dump), and version-gate
+  bypassable. Output stays sanitized (counts, native return codes, buffer lengths, sha256).

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Grpc/HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator.cs

@@ -34,13 +34,16 @@ namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Grpc;
 /// (the read path proved the front-door session is sufficient over gRPC).
 /// </para>
 /// <para>
-/// <b>Live status (2026-06-22):</b> the chain runs end-to-end and <c>StartEventQuery</c> succeeds, but
+/// <b>Live status — server-gated (settled 2026-06-25):</b> the chain runs end-to-end and
-/// <c>GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer</c> <b>long-polls</b> when the query has no rows — it blocks to the
+/// <c>StartEventQuery</c> succeeds, but <c>GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer</c> <b>long-polls</b> to the
-/// call deadline instead of returning the synchronous 5-byte code-85 terminal the 2020 WCF op returns.
+/// no-data terminal (instead of the synchronous 5-byte code-85 terminal the 2020 WCF op returns); a
-/// A poll-deadline expiry is therefore treated as the no-data terminal (see the loop). The idle dev box
+/// poll-deadline expiry is treated as that terminal (see the loop). This is <b>not</b> an empty-box
-/// holds no events, so <b>row-level retrieval is not yet live-verified</b>; verifying parsed rows over
+/// artifact: the live 2023 R2 server holds tens of thousands of events yet scopes <b>0 rows</b> to a
-/// gRPC awaits an event-bearing 2023 R2 server. This is tooled + completes cleanly, NOT proven to
+/// managed connection. Every client-controllable layer was byte-matched to the stock client that returns
-/// return rows.
+/// rows (see <c>docs/reverse-engineering/grpc-event-query-capture.md</c>) — the gate is a server-internal
+/// per-connection retrieval working-set, <b>not client-fixable</b>. The legacy WCF transport is not a
+/// fallback on 2023 R2 (<c>docs/reverse-engineering/wcf-event-read-spike-results.md</c>). Tooled +
+/// completes cleanly, but proven NOT to return rows over a managed connection.
 /// </para>
 /// </summary>
 internal sealed class HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator
@@ -101,9 +104,12 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator
         {
             throw new ProtocolEvidenceMissingException(
                 $"ReadEvents over gRPC did not return rows within {OverallBudget.TotalSeconds:0}s: StartEventQuery " +
-                "succeeds but the CM_EVENT registration replay stalls and GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer long-polls " +
+                "succeeds but GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer long-polls to the no-data terminal. Event-row retrieval is " +
-                "(no synchronous code-85 terminal over gRPC). Row-level retrieval is not yet verified over gRPC " +
+                "auth-solved but SERVER-GATED on 2023 R2 over both transports — the server scopes 0 rows to a managed " +
-                "(the dev box holds no events) — use the WCF transport for event reads.");
+                "connection (gRPC: docs/reverse-engineering/grpc-event-query-capture.md). The WCF transport reaches the " +
+                "2023 R2 historian (certificate transport + auth work, CM_EVENT registration succeeds on the 0x501 event " +
+                "connection) but hits the SAME server-side row gate — 0-row buffer + long-poll (see " +
+                "docs/reverse-engineering/wcf-event-read-spike-results.md). Not client-fixable on either transport.");
         }
 
         foreach (HistorianEvent evt in events)
@@ -169,16 +175,21 @@ internal sealed class HistorianGrpcEventOrchestrator
         // reaches the no-data terminal with ZERO rows (the gRPC server long-polls GetNext rather than
         // returning the WCF code-85 terminal), we cannot distinguish "genuinely no events in range"
         // from "the CM_EVENT registration replay didn't fully land over gRPC" — so we refuse to return
-        // a possibly-false empty list and surface the unverified state instead. An event-bearing 2023 R2
+        // a possibly-false empty list and surface the gated state instead. Proven server-gated: the live
-        // server will return rows here and exercise the parse path; flip this once that is captured.
+        // 2023 R2 server holds tens of thousands of events yet scopes 0 to a managed connection
+        // (grpc-event-query-capture.md). WCF reaches the same historian (cert transport + auth work,
+        // CM_EVENT registers on the 0x501 event connection) but hits the SAME row gate — not a fallback
+        // (wcf-event-read-spike-results.md).
         if (events.Count == 0)
         {
             throw new ProtocolEvidenceMissingException(
                 "ReadEvents over gRPC: the chain completes and StartEventQuery succeeds, but " +
                 "GetNextEventQueryResultBuffer returns no rows (it long-polls to the no-data terminal " +
-                $"after the CM_EVENT registration replay; last={LastErrorBufferDescription}). Row-level " +
+                $"after the CM_EVENT registration replay; last={LastErrorBufferDescription}). Event-row retrieval is " +
-                "retrieval is not yet verified over gRPC (the dev box holds no events) — use the WCF " +
+                "auth-solved but SERVER-GATED on 2023 R2 over both transports — the server scopes 0 rows to a managed " +
-                "transport for event reads until a capture against an event-bearing 2023 R2 server confirms it.");
+                "connection (gRPC: docs/reverse-engineering/grpc-event-query-capture.md; WCF reaches the historian and " +
+                "registers on the 0x501 event connection yet hits the same row gate: " +
+                "docs/reverse-engineering/wcf-event-read-spike-results.md). Not client-fixable on either transport.");
         }
 
         return events;

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/HistorianClientOptions.cs

@@ -53,6 +53,25 @@ public sealed class HistorianClientOptions
     /// </summary>
     public string? ServerDnsIdentity { get; init; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Optional WCF "Via" address (e.g. <c>net.tcp://host:42568</c>). When set, the SDK's WCF
+    /// channel factories <b>connect</b> to this address while still addressing the SOAP message
+    /// <c>To</c> the logical endpoint built from <see cref="Host"/>/<see cref="Port"/>. Use this when
+    /// the Historian is reached through a port-forwarding tunnel or proxy whose local port differs
+    /// from the server's real service port: point <see cref="Host"/>/<see cref="Port"/> at the
+    /// server's real endpoint (so the server's WCF AddressFilter matches) and set this to the tunnel
+    /// endpoint. Has no effect on the gRPC transport. Default null (connect == address).
+    /// </summary>
+    public string? ConnectViaAddress { get; init; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Diagnostic override for the native OpenConnection mode the WCF event-read chain uses (default
+    /// <c>0x402</c>, read-only process). Set to e.g. <c>0x501</c> (event) or <c>0x401</c> (write-enabled)
+    /// to probe whether CM_EVENT registration / event-row retrieval needs a different connection type on a
+    /// 2023 R2 server. Null = the default read-only process mode. Intended for protocol investigation.
+    /// </summary>
+    public uint? EventReadConnectionModeOverride { get; init; }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// For <see cref="HistorianTransport.RemoteGrpc"/>: when true the channel uses TLS
     /// (<c>https://</c>); when false it uses plaintext (<c>http://</c>). Matches the stock

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Wcf/HistorianWcfAuthChainHelper.cs

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ internal static class HistorianWcfAuthChainHelper
 
         try
         {
-            IHistoryServiceContract2 historyChannel = historyFactory.CreateChannel();
+            IHistoryServiceContract2 historyChannel = HistorianWcfClientCredentialsHelper.CreateChannel(historyFactory, options);
             ICommunicationObject historyChannelCo = (ICommunicationObject)historyChannel;
             try
             {

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Wcf/HistorianWcfClientCredentialsHelper.cs

@@ -30,6 +30,24 @@ internal static class HistorianWcfClientCredentialsHelper
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Creates a channel from <paramref name="factory"/>, honoring
+    /// <see cref="HistorianClientOptions.ConnectViaAddress"/> when set: the channel <b>connects</b> to
+    /// the Via address while still addressing the SOAP message <c>To</c> the factory's logical endpoint.
+    /// This lets a port-forward whose local port differs from the server's real service port satisfy the
+    /// server-side WCF AddressFilter (which validates the To header). Use this in place of
+    /// <c>factory.CreateChannel()</c> at every WCF event/read channel-creation site.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static TChannel CreateChannel<TChannel>(ChannelFactory<TChannel> factory, HistorianClientOptions options)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(factory);
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(options);
+
+        return string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(options.ConnectViaAddress)
+            ? factory.CreateChannel()
+            : factory.CreateChannel(factory.Endpoint.Address, new Uri(options.ConnectViaAddress));
+    }
+
     private sealed class AcceptAnyCertificateValidator : X509CertificateValidator
     {
         public static readonly AcceptAnyCertificateValidator Instance = new();

src/AVEVA.Historian.Client/Wcf/HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator.cs

@@ -8,10 +8,16 @@ using AVEVA.Historian.Client.Wcf.Contracts;
 namespace AVEVA.Historian.Client.Wcf;
 
 /// <remarks>
-/// Mirrors HistorianWcfReadOrchestrator but targets IRetrievalServiceContract4 for the event flow.
+/// Mirrors HistorianWcfReadOrchestrator but targets IRetrievalServiceContract4 for the event flow. The
-/// Event row buffer layout is undecoded as of this pass — when StartEventQuery succeeds, this
+/// event row-buffer layout is decoded (<see cref="HistorianEventRowProtocol"/>; verified against real
-/// orchestrator returns an empty enumeration but logs the row-buffer length via the
+/// captured rows). A <b>2023 R2</b> historian <i>does</i> serve this transport via the <b>certificate</b>
-/// <see cref="LastResultBufferLength"/> diagnostic so a follow-up capture can decode the wire shape.
+/// (TLS) endpoint (the cert transport + <c>NegotiateAuthentication</c> auth work cross-platform; the
+/// integrated/Windows transport does not tunnel). With the <c>0x501</c> event connection mode CM_EVENT
+/// registration succeeds — but <c>StartEventQuery</c> still returns a 0-row buffer and long-polls: event
+/// rows are <b>server-gated</b> per connection on 2023 R2, the same wall as the gRPC path, and not
+/// client-fixable (see <c>docs/reverse-engineering/wcf-event-read-spike-results.md</c> and
+/// <c>grpc-event-query-capture.md</c>). The native return codes 76/85 noted below were 2020-historian
+/// observations.
 /// </remarks>
 internal sealed class HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator
 {
@@ -143,7 +149,7 @@ internal sealed class HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator
         EndpointAddress transactionEndpoint = HistorianWcfBindingFactory.CreateAuxiliaryEndpointAddress(_options, HistorianWcfServiceNames.Transaction);
         uint clientHandle = HistorianWcfAuthChainHelper.OpenAuthenticatedConnection(
             _options, histBinding, histEndpoint, contextKey, cancellationToken,
-            connectionMode: HistorianWcfAuthChainHelper.NativeIntegratedReadOnlyConnectionMode,
+            connectionMode: _options.EventReadConnectionModeOverride ?? HistorianWcfAuthChainHelper.NativeIntegratedReadOnlyConnectionMode,
             additionalSetup: (historyChannel, context) =>
                 AddCmEventTagViaAddT(historyChannel, context, auxBinding, statusEndpoint, transactionEndpoint, retrBinding, retrEndpoint));
         return RunEventQuery(retrBinding, retrEndpoint, clientHandle, startUtc, endUtc, filter, cancellationToken);
@@ -163,7 +169,7 @@ internal sealed class HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator
 
         try
         {
-            IRetrievalServiceContract4 channel = factory.CreateChannel();
+            IRetrievalServiceContract4 channel = HistorianWcfClientCredentialsHelper.CreateChannel(factory, _options);
             ICommunicationObject channelCo = (ICommunicationObject)channel;
             try
             {

tests/AVEVA.Historian.Client.Tests/WcfEventReadSpikeTests.cs

@@ -36,9 +36,14 @@ public sealed class WcfEventReadSpikeTests
     public async Task WcfEventRead_DiagnosticDump_AgainstRemoteHistorian()
     {
         string? host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_HOST");
-        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(host) || !OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+        bool certificate = string.Equals(
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_TRANSPORT"), "certificate", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        // The certificate (TLS) transport and NegotiateAuthentication-based app auth are cross-platform;
+        // the integrated (Windows SSPI transport-security) transport is Windows-only. Skip when the gate
+        // is unconfigured, or when an integrated run is requested off Windows.
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(host) || (!certificate && !OperatingSystem.IsWindows()))
         {
-            return; // inert without the dedicated gate / off Windows
+            return;
         }
 
         int port = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_PORT"), out int p)
@@ -48,41 +53,95 @@ public sealed class WcfEventReadSpikeTests
         string? user = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_USER");
         string? password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_PASSWORD");
         string? spn = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_SPN");
-        bool integrated = string.IsNullOrEmpty(user);
+        string? dnsId = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_DNSID");
+        string? via = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_VIA");
+        bool bypassVersion = string.Equals(
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_NOVERSIONCHECK"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        int timeoutSec = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_TIMEOUT_SEC"), out int ts) && ts > 0
+            ? ts : 30;
+        string? connModeRaw = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_CONNMODE");
+        uint? connModeOverride = null;
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(connModeRaw))
+        {
+            string hex = connModeRaw.StartsWith("0x", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ? connModeRaw[2..] : connModeRaw;
+            if (uint.TryParse(hex, System.Globalization.NumberStyles.HexNumber, null, out uint cm)) { connModeOverride = cm; }
+        }
+        bool allowUntrusted = string.Equals(
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_ALLOW_UNTRUSTED"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        // Certificate transport carries no Windows transport credential (cert-validated TLS channel);
+        // integrated derives one from the logged-in identity unless an explicit DOMAIN\user is supplied.
+        // App-level ValidateClientCredential still uses UserName/Password (or the process identity).
+        bool integrated = !certificate && string.IsNullOrEmpty(user);
 
         HistorianClientOptions options = new()
         {
             Host = host,
             Port = port,
-            Transport = HistorianTransport.RemoteTcpIntegrated,
+            Transport = certificate ? HistorianTransport.RemoteTcpCertificate : HistorianTransport.RemoteTcpIntegrated,
             IntegratedSecurity = integrated,
             UserName = user ?? string.Empty,
             Password = password ?? string.Empty,
             TargetSpn = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(spn) ? "NT SERVICE\\aahClientAccessPoint" : spn,
+            ServerDnsIdentity = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(dnsId) ? null : dnsId,
+            AllowUntrustedServerCertificate = allowUntrusted,
+            ConnectViaAddress = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(via) ? null : via,
+            VerifyServerInterfaceVersion = !bypassVersion,
+            ConnectTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutSec),
+            RequestTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutSec),
+            EventReadConnectionModeOverride = connModeOverride,
         };
 
         HistorianWcfEventOrchestrator orchestrator = new(options);
         DateTime endUtc = DateTime.UtcNow;
         DateTime startUtc = endUtc - TimeSpan.FromDays(days);
 
+        int budgetSec = int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_BUDGET_SEC"), out int bgs) && bgs > 0
+            ? bgs : 60;
+
         int observed = 0;
         bool hasFirstEvent = false;
         string outcome = "completed";
         try
         {
-            await foreach (HistorianEvent evt in orchestrator.ReadEventsAsync(startUtc, endUtc, filter: null, CancellationToken.None))
+            // Race the read against an overall budget. The chain is synchronous WCF, so a stuck call
+            // can't be token-cancelled — but the orchestrator's static/instance diagnostics are set as it
+            // progresses, so on a budget timeout we still dump them to see which phase (auth / CM_EVENT
+            // registration / query) is hanging. The abandoned task keeps running in the background harness.
+            using var budget = new CancellationTokenSource(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(budgetSec));
+            Task<int> readTask = Task.Run(async () =>
             {
-                observed++;
+                int n = 0;
-                hasFirstEvent = true;
+                await foreach (HistorianEvent evt in orchestrator.ReadEventsAsync(startUtc, endUtc, filter: null, budget.Token))
-                _ = evt; // event identity intentionally NOT logged (sanitized)
+                {
+                    n++;
+                    _ = evt; // event identity intentionally NOT logged (sanitized)
+                }
+                return n;
+            });
+
+            Task finished = await Task.WhenAny(readTask, Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(budgetSec + 5)));
+            if (finished == readTask)
+            {
+                observed = await readTask;
+                hasFirstEvent = observed > 0;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                outcome = $"TIMED OUT after {budgetSec}s (chain still running — see return codes for phase reached)";
             }
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
-            outcome = $"threw {ex.GetType().Name}"; // message omitted — may carry host/credential text
+            // Default: type name only (sanitized). Opt into messages for live binding/protocol debugging
+            // via HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_VERBOSE=1 — binding/protocol errors may carry the endpoint host
+            // (already known to the operator) but never credentials; still off by default.
+            outcome = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HISTORIAN_WCF_EVENT_VERBOSE"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal)
+                ? $"threw {ex.GetType().FullName} :: {ex.Message} | inner={ex.InnerException?.GetType().FullName} :: {ex.InnerException?.Message}"
+                : $"threw {ex.GetType().Name}";
         }
 
         // Sanitized diagnostic dump — counts, native return codes, buffer lengths, sha256 ONLY.
+        _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] transport:                {options.Transport} (integratedSec={integrated}, allowUntrusted={allowUntrusted}, connMode={(connModeOverride.HasValue ? "0x" + connModeOverride.Value.ToString("X") : "default-0x402")})");
         _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] outcome:                  {outcome}");
         _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] events observed:          {observed}");
         _output.WriteLine($"[C2 WCF spike] hasFirstEvent:            {hasFirstEvent}");