CachedWrite buffered ALL write failures and retried forever, never returning a
synchronous failure to the script — permanent SQL errors (constraint/syntax/
permission) were treated as transient. Mirror the External-System API path:
attempt immediately, return Failed synchronously on permanent SQL errors (no
buffering), buffer only transient errors; the S&F retry path parks permanent
failures instead of retrying forever. New SqlErrorClassifier + PermanentDatabaseException.